The carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of Thermoactinomyces sp., strain YX, were pr... more The carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of Thermoactinomyces sp., strain YX, were produced simultaneously with cell growth. Throughout the growth phase these activities were primarily extracellular, with up to 50% adsorbed to residual cellulosic substrate at any one time. On the other hand, the β-glucosidase activity was associated with the culture solids throughout the entire fermentation and appears to be intracellular. Preparative isoelectric focusing of the culture filtrate, in the pH range 3 to 5, separated three major fractions with cellulolytic activities towards both carboxymethyl-cellulose and Avicel. Based on the carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of these separated fractions, it was not possible to discriminate between endo- and exoglucanases produced by Thermoactinomyces sp. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrates obtained throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicated that all the extracellular cellulolytic enzymes are...
Abstract
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are e... more Abstract
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philad... more Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Pen n sy 1 LW n ici I 9 I 04 ... The stabilities and optima with respect to temperature and pH of the ...
The saccharification of cellulosic substrates by cellulase from Thermomonospora fusca, strain YX,... more The saccharification of cellulosic substrates by cellulase from Thermomonospora fusca, strain YX, was influenced by the presence of various substances. Cellobiose was strongly inhibitory, reducing the activity against swollen cellulose to 25% at 5% concentration. Glucose had much less effect, reducing activity to 40% at 20% concentration. Ethanol was found to be only slightly inhibitory to the cellulase, reducing activity by about 15% at 6% concentration, but much more inhibitory to the cell-bound beta-glucosidase activity. Of the numerous metal ions examined, Ca(2+) and Co(2+) at 0.1mM-1.0mM concentration were found to be slightly activating under assay conditions, while 1.0mM Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) were the most inhibitory ions. The implications of these results for the design of commercial processes for ethanol production from cellulose are discussed.
To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will ... more To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will have to increase 60% by the year 2020. Much of this increase could come from resource-poor farms, partly through new applications of agricultural biotechnology. Further national capacity building in R&D is essential to develop agricultural biotechnology. Agricultural networks play an important role in information transfer and training in specialized areas. Appropriate Technology International (ATI) is sponsoring a program to promote the demonstration and commercialization of mature agricultural biotechnologies that can benefit resource-poor farmers. A new Asia Network for Small-Scale Agricultural Biotechnology will be established with membership representative of R & D, NGO/farmer, business and financial, and policy organizations. Biotechnologies such as plant tissue culture, soil inoculants, blue-green algae biofertilizer, mushroom spawn and biopesticides are targeted. Trends and potential impact of these biotechnologies are reviewed.
in Ed Soltes (ed.), Wood and Agricultural Residues: Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Chemical... more in Ed Soltes (ed.), Wood and Agricultural Residues: Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press, 1983
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular... more The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
ABSTRACT
With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large
additional amounts o... more ABSTRACT With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large additional amounts of starch derived from feed corn, surplus and distressed grain, and set-aside land could presently be used for ethanol production. The quantity of ethanol that could be produced would be sufficient to replace anywhere from 5 percent to 27 percent (5.5-30 billion gallons) of present gasoline requirements. Thus, the ethanol requirement for total gasohol use (10 percent in the U.S.) could be met in the short period of time required for facility construction with no evident impact on food production. Increased supplies of ethanol will make feasible the introduction of ethanol fueled engines. High yield sugar crops planted on new acreage could provide an additional 10 billion gallons of ethanol by the year 2000; conversion of the waste biomass from this crop to ethanol could also add substantially to this amount. Utilization of novel cellulose conversion technology can provide fermentable sugars from municipal wastes, agricultural and forest wastes, and ultimately, highly productive silvicultural operations. The wastes alone could yield over 36 billion gallons of 192º PR ethanol fuel by the year 2000. Fast-growing woody species from silviculture are expected to yield a conservative average of 10 oven-dry tons per acre per year, convertible to 710 gallons of ethanol in a process that has 37 percent yield. Advantages over sugar/starch crops include year-round harvesting, and use of marginal acreage. Commercial forest land presently suitable for silviculture is about 100 million acres in large tracts, plus 200 million acres in small private tracts. The potential additional yield of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass appears to be well in excess of liquid fuel requirements of an enhanced efficiency transport sector in the United States at present mileage demands. No conflict with food production would be necessary.
A program for training Village Animal Health Workers has been developed in Nepal, as the "first l... more A program for training Village Animal Health Workers has been developed in Nepal, as the "first links" in the animal health care chain. The VAHWs supplement the degreed animal health professionals by providing services that would otherwise be unavailable, due to the scarcity of professionals, to rural poverty, and to the difficulty of accessing many parts of the country. Working with the government, UMN's Rural Development Centre has now assisted in developing standards for curricula development, skills testing, and an official Certification process for VAHWs.
To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will ... more To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will have to increase 60% by the year 2020. Much of this increase could come from resource-poor farms, partly through new applications of agricultural biotechnology. Further national capacity building in R&D is essential to develop agricultural biotechnology. Agricultural networks play an important role in information transfer and training in specialized areas. Appropriate Technology International (ATI) is sponsoring a program to promote the demonstration and commercialization of mature agricultural biotechnologies that can benefit resource-poor farmers. A new Asia Network for Small-Scale Agricultural Biotechnology will be established with membership representative of R & D, NGO/farmer, business and financial, and policy organizations. Biotechnologies such as plant tissue culture, soil inoculants, blue-green algae biofertilizer, mushroom spawn and biopesticides are targeted. Trends and potential impact of these biotechnologies are reviewed.
The carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of Thermoactinomyces sp., strain YX, were pr... more The carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of Thermoactinomyces sp., strain YX, were produced simultaneously with cell growth. Throughout the growth phase these activities were primarily extracellular, with up to 50% adsorbed to residual cellulosic substrate at any one time. On the other hand, the β-glucosidase activity was associated with the culture solids throughout the entire fermentation and appears to be intracellular. Preparative isoelectric focusing of the culture filtrate, in the pH range 3 to 5, separated three major fractions with cellulolytic activities towards both carboxymethyl-cellulose and Avicel. Based on the carboxymethyl-cellulase and Avicelase activities of these separated fractions, it was not possible to discriminate between endo- and exoglucanases produced by Thermoactinomyces sp. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrates obtained throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicated that all the extracellular cellulolytic enzymes are...
Abstract
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are e... more Abstract
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philad... more Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, Pen n sy 1 LW n ici I 9 I 04 ... The stabilities and optima with respect to temperature and pH of the ...
The saccharification of cellulosic substrates by cellulase from Thermomonospora fusca, strain YX,... more The saccharification of cellulosic substrates by cellulase from Thermomonospora fusca, strain YX, was influenced by the presence of various substances. Cellobiose was strongly inhibitory, reducing the activity against swollen cellulose to 25% at 5% concentration. Glucose had much less effect, reducing activity to 40% at 20% concentration. Ethanol was found to be only slightly inhibitory to the cellulase, reducing activity by about 15% at 6% concentration, but much more inhibitory to the cell-bound beta-glucosidase activity. Of the numerous metal ions examined, Ca(2+) and Co(2+) at 0.1mM-1.0mM concentration were found to be slightly activating under assay conditions, while 1.0mM Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) were the most inhibitory ions. The implications of these results for the design of commercial processes for ethanol production from cellulose are discussed.
To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will ... more To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will have to increase 60% by the year 2020. Much of this increase could come from resource-poor farms, partly through new applications of agricultural biotechnology. Further national capacity building in R&D is essential to develop agricultural biotechnology. Agricultural networks play an important role in information transfer and training in specialized areas. Appropriate Technology International (ATI) is sponsoring a program to promote the demonstration and commercialization of mature agricultural biotechnologies that can benefit resource-poor farmers. A new Asia Network for Small-Scale Agricultural Biotechnology will be established with membership representative of R & D, NGO/farmer, business and financial, and policy organizations. Biotechnologies such as plant tissue culture, soil inoculants, blue-green algae biofertilizer, mushroom spawn and biopesticides are targeted. Trends and potential impact of these biotechnologies are reviewed.
in Ed Soltes (ed.), Wood and Agricultural Residues: Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Chemical... more in Ed Soltes (ed.), Wood and Agricultural Residues: Research on Use for Feed, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press, 1983
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular... more The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
ABSTRACT
With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large
additional amounts o... more ABSTRACT With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large additional amounts of starch derived from feed corn, surplus and distressed grain, and set-aside land could presently be used for ethanol production. The quantity of ethanol that could be produced would be sufficient to replace anywhere from 5 percent to 27 percent (5.5-30 billion gallons) of present gasoline requirements. Thus, the ethanol requirement for total gasohol use (10 percent in the U.S.) could be met in the short period of time required for facility construction with no evident impact on food production. Increased supplies of ethanol will make feasible the introduction of ethanol fueled engines. High yield sugar crops planted on new acreage could provide an additional 10 billion gallons of ethanol by the year 2000; conversion of the waste biomass from this crop to ethanol could also add substantially to this amount. Utilization of novel cellulose conversion technology can provide fermentable sugars from municipal wastes, agricultural and forest wastes, and ultimately, highly productive silvicultural operations. The wastes alone could yield over 36 billion gallons of 192º PR ethanol fuel by the year 2000. Fast-growing woody species from silviculture are expected to yield a conservative average of 10 oven-dry tons per acre per year, convertible to 710 gallons of ethanol in a process that has 37 percent yield. Advantages over sugar/starch crops include year-round harvesting, and use of marginal acreage. Commercial forest land presently suitable for silviculture is about 100 million acres in large tracts, plus 200 million acres in small private tracts. The potential additional yield of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass appears to be well in excess of liquid fuel requirements of an enhanced efficiency transport sector in the United States at present mileage demands. No conflict with food production would be necessary.
A program for training Village Animal Health Workers has been developed in Nepal, as the "first l... more A program for training Village Animal Health Workers has been developed in Nepal, as the "first links" in the animal health care chain. The VAHWs supplement the degreed animal health professionals by providing services that would otherwise be unavailable, due to the scarcity of professionals, to rural poverty, and to the difficulty of accessing many parts of the country. Working with the government, UMN's Rural Development Centre has now assisted in developing standards for curricula development, skills testing, and an official Certification process for VAHWs.
To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will ... more To meet projected population growth, agricultural yields in less developed countries (LDCs) will have to increase 60% by the year 2020. Much of this increase could come from resource-poor farms, partly through new applications of agricultural biotechnology. Further national capacity building in R&D is essential to develop agricultural biotechnology. Agricultural networks play an important role in information transfer and training in specialized areas. Appropriate Technology International (ATI) is sponsoring a program to promote the demonstration and commercialization of mature agricultural biotechnologies that can benefit resource-poor farmers. A new Asia Network for Small-Scale Agricultural Biotechnology will be established with membership representative of R & D, NGO/farmer, business and financial, and policy organizations. Biotechnologies such as plant tissue culture, soil inoculants, blue-green algae biofertilizer, mushroom spawn and biopesticides are targeted. Trends and potential impact of these biotechnologies are reviewed.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RECENT ADVANCES IN MASS CLONAL MULTIPLICATION OF FOREST ... more PROCEEDINGS OF THE REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RECENT ADVANCES IN MASS CLONAL MULTIPLICATION OF FOREST TREES FOR PLANTATION PROGRAMMES. John Davidson (ed). 1- 8 Dec 1992, Cisarua, Bogor, Indonesia. UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improved Productivity of Man-Made Forests Through Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation (FORTIP). UNDP/FAO Project RAS/91/004, FIELD DOCUMENT No.4. FAO: Los Banos, Philippines, March 1993.
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The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large
additional amounts of starch derived from feed corn, surplus and
distressed grain, and set-aside land could presently be used for ethanol
production. The quantity of ethanol that could be produced would
be sufficient to replace anywhere from 5 percent to 27 percent (5.5-30
billion gallons) of present gasoline requirements. Thus, the ethanol
requirement for total gasohol use (10 percent in the U.S.) could be met
in the short period of time required for facility construction with
no evident impact on food production. Increased supplies of ethanol
will make feasible the introduction of ethanol fueled engines. High yield
sugar crops planted on new acreage could provide an additional
10 billion gallons of ethanol by the year 2000; conversion of the waste
biomass from this crop to ethanol could also add substantially to
this amount. Utilization of novel cellulose conversion technology
can provide fermentable sugars from municipal wastes, agricultural
and forest wastes, and ultimately, highly productive silvicultural
operations. The wastes alone could yield over 36 billion gallons of
192º PR ethanol fuel by the year 2000. Fast-growing woody species
from silviculture are expected to yield a conservative average of 10
oven-dry tons per acre per year, convertible to 710 gallons of ethanol
in a process that has 37 percent yield. Advantages over sugar/starch
crops include year-round harvesting, and use of marginal acreage.
Commercial forest land presently suitable for silviculture is about
100 million acres in large tracts, plus 200 million acres in small
private tracts. The potential additional yield of ethanol from lignocellulosic
biomass appears to be well in excess of liquid fuel requirements
of an enhanced efficiency transport sector in the United States at
present mileage demands. No conflict with food production would be
necessary.
The CM-cellulase and Avicelase activities in a culture of Thermoactinomyces sp. are extracellular throughout the entire growth phase and are produced simultaneously with cell growth. The β-glucosidase activity, however, appears to be intracellular. Three major fractions with equal proportions of CM-cellulase and Avicelase activity can be separated from the crude culture filtrate by preparative isoelectric focusing in the pH range 3-5. Analytical isoelectric focusing of culture filtrate samples taken throughout the growth phase of Thermoactinomyces indicates that all extracellular proteins are produced and released into the culture filtrate simultaneously. The stability of cellulolytic activities as a function of temperature and time is in the order CM-cellulase > Avicelase > β-glucosidase. Saccharifications using the enzyme system from Thermoactinomyces are discussed.
With relatively minor adjustments in the agricultural sector, large
additional amounts of starch derived from feed corn, surplus and
distressed grain, and set-aside land could presently be used for ethanol
production. The quantity of ethanol that could be produced would
be sufficient to replace anywhere from 5 percent to 27 percent (5.5-30
billion gallons) of present gasoline requirements. Thus, the ethanol
requirement for total gasohol use (10 percent in the U.S.) could be met
in the short period of time required for facility construction with
no evident impact on food production. Increased supplies of ethanol
will make feasible the introduction of ethanol fueled engines. High yield
sugar crops planted on new acreage could provide an additional
10 billion gallons of ethanol by the year 2000; conversion of the waste
biomass from this crop to ethanol could also add substantially to
this amount. Utilization of novel cellulose conversion technology
can provide fermentable sugars from municipal wastes, agricultural
and forest wastes, and ultimately, highly productive silvicultural
operations. The wastes alone could yield over 36 billion gallons of
192º PR ethanol fuel by the year 2000. Fast-growing woody species
from silviculture are expected to yield a conservative average of 10
oven-dry tons per acre per year, convertible to 710 gallons of ethanol
in a process that has 37 percent yield. Advantages over sugar/starch
crops include year-round harvesting, and use of marginal acreage.
Commercial forest land presently suitable for silviculture is about
100 million acres in large tracts, plus 200 million acres in small
private tracts. The potential additional yield of ethanol from lignocellulosic
biomass appears to be well in excess of liquid fuel requirements
of an enhanced efficiency transport sector in the United States at
present mileage demands. No conflict with food production would be
necessary.