Žw The equation of state developed by Bowers and Helgeson Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1983. Cal... more Žw The equation of state developed by Bowers and Helgeson Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1983. Calculation of the thermodynamic and geochemical consequences of nonideal mixing in the system H O–CO –NaCl on phase relations in 2 2 geological systems: equation of state for H O–CO –NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. 2 2 x w Acta, 47, 1247–1275. and Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1985. Fortran programs for generating fluid inclusion isochores and fugacity coefficients for the system H O–CO –NaCl at high pressures and temperatures. Computers and Geosciences, 2 2 x. 11, 203–213. , which was originally designed for H O–CO –NaCl fluids, has been extended to CH and N bearing 2 2 4 2 fluids. Available experimental P–V–T–X data in the H O–CO –CH –N –NaCl fluid system are accurately reproduced by 2 2 4 2 this equation of state, and, therefore, isochores and fugacity coefficients can be accurately calculated up to 1000 MPa and 1300 K. This equation of state cannot b...
Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine density of gases, because the
energy of fundamental v... more Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine density of gases, because the energy of fundamental vibrational modes is affected by intermolecular distances. The key problem is the estimation of exact peak positions of Raman bands, because the analyses require a precision that is mostly less than the pixel resolution of modern Raman spectrometers. A new method to determine peak positions of Raman bands and atomic emission lines in a discontinuous spectrum without numerical manipulations is tested in this study: modified scanning multichannel technique. Relocation of the gratings with a Sinus Arm Drive can be performed over a distance that is only a fraction of the pixel size that allows peak position estimations with precisions smaller than the pixel resolution and to determine the uncertainty in this estimation. This uncertainty was not determined in previous studies about gas densimeters, resulting in a large variety of inconsistent data. The new method is tested with fluid inclusions in quartz. A CO2 density of 0.1477 ± 0.0006 gcm-3 and 0.8880 ± 0.0007 gcm-3 determined with microthermometry correspond to a Fermi dyad of 103.12 ± 0.27 cm-1 and 104.71 ± 0.26 cm-1. A CH4 density of 0.3461 ± 0.0002 gcm-3 and 0.4011 ± 0.0001 gcm-3 correspond to peak positions of 2910.66 ± 0.12 cm-1 and 2910.57 ± 0.12 cm-1. The error in these numbers must be regarded as the best estimated uncertainties of peak positions, which are probably slightly adjusted to higher values due to mechanical irregularities of the Sinus Arm Drive in modern Raman systems.
High-grade metamorphic rocks underlying the intrusive layered dunite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite East... more High-grade metamorphic rocks underlying the intrusive layered dunite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite East-Khabarny Complex (EKC) are integrated in the complex Khabarny mafic–ultramafic Massif in the Sakmara Allochthon zone in the Southern Urals. These rocks are associated with high-temperature shear zones. Garnetites from the upper part of the metamorphic unit close to the contact with EKC gabbronorite are chemically and texturally analysed to estimate their formation conditions and fluid regime. Fluids provide crucial information of formation conditions and evolution of these garnetites during high-grade metamorphism, and are preserved in channel positions within Si6O1812- rings of cordierite, and in fluid inclusions in quartz and garnet. Minerals and fluid inclusions of the garnetites are studied with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, electron microprobe analyses, Raman spectroscopy, and microthermometry. The garnetites mainly consist of garnet (up to 80 vol. %), cordierite and quartz. Acc...
Thalhammerite, Pd9Ag2Bi2S4, is a new sulphide discovered in galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite and miller... more Thalhammerite, Pd9Ag2Bi2S4, is a new sulphide discovered in galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite and millerite-bornite-chalcopyrite vein-disseminated ores from the Komsomolsky mine of the Talnakh and Oktyabrsk deposits, Noril’sk region, Russia. It forms tiny inclusions (from a few μm up to about 40–50 μm) intergrown in galena, chalcopyrite, and also in bornite. Thalhammerite is brittle and has a metallic lustre. In plane-polarized light, thalhammerite is light yellow with weak bireflectance, weak pleochroism, in shades of slightly yellowish brown and weak anisotropy; it exhibits no internal reflections. Reflectance values of thalhammerite in air (R1, R2 in %) are: 41.9/43.0 at 470 nm, 43.9/45.1 at 546 nm, 44.9/46.1 at 589 nm, and 46.3/47.5 at 650 nm. Three spot analyses of thalhammerite give an average composition: Pd 52.61, Bi 22.21, Pb 3.92, Ag 14.37, S 7.69, and Se 0.10, total 100.90 wt %, corresponding to the empirical formula Pd8.46Ag2.28(Bi1.82Pb0.32)Σ2.14(S4.10Se0.02)Σ4.12 based on 17 ...
A set of Palaeozoic diopside–titanite veins are present in Mesoproterozoic metagranites and metas... more A set of Palaeozoic diopside–titanite veins are present in Mesoproterozoic metagranites and metasediments that constitute the basement (Mt Painter Inlier) of the Adelaide Fold Belt (South Australia). These massive veins (up to 1 m) of pegmatitic nature contain large crystals of diopside, LREE–Yenriched titanite (up to 40 cm in length) and minor amounts of quartz. They can be used to trace the system’s development from a high-temperature magmatic stage through to a massive hydrothermal event. The pegmatitic origin of these veins is evident from a complex fluid-melt inclusion assemblage, consisting of a highly saline inhomogeneous fluid and relicts of melt. Immiscibility of melt and heterogeneous highly saline fluids (exceeding 61 eq. mass% NaCl) is preserved in primary inclusions in diopside and secondary inclusions in titanite, indicating relatively shallow conditions of formation (510 ± 20°C and 130 ± 10 MPa). Graphic intergrowth of diopside and albite occurs at the contact with granitic pegmatites. The system evolved into hydrothermal conditions, which can be deduced from a later population of only fluid inclusions (homogeneous and less saline, 40 eq. mass% NaCl), trapped around 350 ± 20°C and 80 ± 10 MPa. During quartz crystallization, the conditions moved across the halite liquidus resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of brine and halite crystals, which were trapped at 200 ± 20°C and 50 ± 10 MPa. Brecciation and a palaeo-geothermal system overprinted the pegmatitic veins with an epithermal hematite–quartz assemblage and lesser amounts of bladed calcite and fluorite, in an intermittently boiling hydrothermal system of fairly pure H2O at 100–140°C and 1–5 MPa. Remobilization of LREEs and Y from titanite and/or the granitic host rock is evidenced by precipitation of apatite, allanite and wakefieldite in an intermediate stage. Occasional incorporation of radioactive elements or minerals, presumably U-rich, in the fluorite is responsible for radiolysis of H2O to H2.
Žw The equation of state developed by Bowers and Helgeson Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1983. Cal... more Žw The equation of state developed by Bowers and Helgeson Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1983. Calculation of the thermodynamic and geochemical consequences of nonideal mixing in the system H O–CO –NaCl on phase relations in 2 2 geological systems: equation of state for H O–CO –NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. 2 2 x w Acta, 47, 1247–1275. and Bowers, T.S., Helgeson, H.C., 1985. Fortran programs for generating fluid inclusion isochores and fugacity coefficients for the system H O–CO –NaCl at high pressures and temperatures. Computers and Geosciences, 2 2 x. 11, 203–213. , which was originally designed for H O–CO –NaCl fluids, has been extended to CH and N bearing 2 2 4 2 fluids. Available experimental P–V–T–X data in the H O–CO –CH –N –NaCl fluid system are accurately reproduced by 2 2 4 2 this equation of state, and, therefore, isochores and fugacity coefficients can be accurately calculated up to 1000 MPa and 1300 K. This equation of state cannot b...
Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine density of gases, because the
energy of fundamental v... more Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine density of gases, because the energy of fundamental vibrational modes is affected by intermolecular distances. The key problem is the estimation of exact peak positions of Raman bands, because the analyses require a precision that is mostly less than the pixel resolution of modern Raman spectrometers. A new method to determine peak positions of Raman bands and atomic emission lines in a discontinuous spectrum without numerical manipulations is tested in this study: modified scanning multichannel technique. Relocation of the gratings with a Sinus Arm Drive can be performed over a distance that is only a fraction of the pixel size that allows peak position estimations with precisions smaller than the pixel resolution and to determine the uncertainty in this estimation. This uncertainty was not determined in previous studies about gas densimeters, resulting in a large variety of inconsistent data. The new method is tested with fluid inclusions in quartz. A CO2 density of 0.1477 ± 0.0006 gcm-3 and 0.8880 ± 0.0007 gcm-3 determined with microthermometry correspond to a Fermi dyad of 103.12 ± 0.27 cm-1 and 104.71 ± 0.26 cm-1. A CH4 density of 0.3461 ± 0.0002 gcm-3 and 0.4011 ± 0.0001 gcm-3 correspond to peak positions of 2910.66 ± 0.12 cm-1 and 2910.57 ± 0.12 cm-1. The error in these numbers must be regarded as the best estimated uncertainties of peak positions, which are probably slightly adjusted to higher values due to mechanical irregularities of the Sinus Arm Drive in modern Raman systems.
High-grade metamorphic rocks underlying the intrusive layered dunite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite East... more High-grade metamorphic rocks underlying the intrusive layered dunite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite East-Khabarny Complex (EKC) are integrated in the complex Khabarny mafic–ultramafic Massif in the Sakmara Allochthon zone in the Southern Urals. These rocks are associated with high-temperature shear zones. Garnetites from the upper part of the metamorphic unit close to the contact with EKC gabbronorite are chemically and texturally analysed to estimate their formation conditions and fluid regime. Fluids provide crucial information of formation conditions and evolution of these garnetites during high-grade metamorphism, and are preserved in channel positions within Si6O1812- rings of cordierite, and in fluid inclusions in quartz and garnet. Minerals and fluid inclusions of the garnetites are studied with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, electron microprobe analyses, Raman spectroscopy, and microthermometry. The garnetites mainly consist of garnet (up to 80 vol. %), cordierite and quartz. Acc...
Thalhammerite, Pd9Ag2Bi2S4, is a new sulphide discovered in galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite and miller... more Thalhammerite, Pd9Ag2Bi2S4, is a new sulphide discovered in galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite and millerite-bornite-chalcopyrite vein-disseminated ores from the Komsomolsky mine of the Talnakh and Oktyabrsk deposits, Noril’sk region, Russia. It forms tiny inclusions (from a few μm up to about 40–50 μm) intergrown in galena, chalcopyrite, and also in bornite. Thalhammerite is brittle and has a metallic lustre. In plane-polarized light, thalhammerite is light yellow with weak bireflectance, weak pleochroism, in shades of slightly yellowish brown and weak anisotropy; it exhibits no internal reflections. Reflectance values of thalhammerite in air (R1, R2 in %) are: 41.9/43.0 at 470 nm, 43.9/45.1 at 546 nm, 44.9/46.1 at 589 nm, and 46.3/47.5 at 650 nm. Three spot analyses of thalhammerite give an average composition: Pd 52.61, Bi 22.21, Pb 3.92, Ag 14.37, S 7.69, and Se 0.10, total 100.90 wt %, corresponding to the empirical formula Pd8.46Ag2.28(Bi1.82Pb0.32)Σ2.14(S4.10Se0.02)Σ4.12 based on 17 ...
A set of Palaeozoic diopside–titanite veins are present in Mesoproterozoic metagranites and metas... more A set of Palaeozoic diopside–titanite veins are present in Mesoproterozoic metagranites and metasediments that constitute the basement (Mt Painter Inlier) of the Adelaide Fold Belt (South Australia). These massive veins (up to 1 m) of pegmatitic nature contain large crystals of diopside, LREE–Yenriched titanite (up to 40 cm in length) and minor amounts of quartz. They can be used to trace the system’s development from a high-temperature magmatic stage through to a massive hydrothermal event. The pegmatitic origin of these veins is evident from a complex fluid-melt inclusion assemblage, consisting of a highly saline inhomogeneous fluid and relicts of melt. Immiscibility of melt and heterogeneous highly saline fluids (exceeding 61 eq. mass% NaCl) is preserved in primary inclusions in diopside and secondary inclusions in titanite, indicating relatively shallow conditions of formation (510 ± 20°C and 130 ± 10 MPa). Graphic intergrowth of diopside and albite occurs at the contact with granitic pegmatites. The system evolved into hydrothermal conditions, which can be deduced from a later population of only fluid inclusions (homogeneous and less saline, 40 eq. mass% NaCl), trapped around 350 ± 20°C and 80 ± 10 MPa. During quartz crystallization, the conditions moved across the halite liquidus resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of brine and halite crystals, which were trapped at 200 ± 20°C and 50 ± 10 MPa. Brecciation and a palaeo-geothermal system overprinted the pegmatitic veins with an epithermal hematite–quartz assemblage and lesser amounts of bladed calcite and fluorite, in an intermittently boiling hydrothermal system of fairly pure H2O at 100–140°C and 1–5 MPa. Remobilization of LREEs and Y from titanite and/or the granitic host rock is evidenced by precipitation of apatite, allanite and wakefieldite in an intermediate stage. Occasional incorporation of radioactive elements or minerals, presumably U-rich, in the fluorite is responsible for radiolysis of H2O to H2.
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energy of fundamental vibrational modes is affected by intermolecular distances.
The key problem is the estimation of exact peak positions of Raman
bands, because the analyses require a precision that is mostly less than the
pixel resolution of modern Raman spectrometers. A new method to determine
peak positions of Raman bands and atomic emission lines in a discontinuous
spectrum without numerical manipulations is tested in this study: modified
scanning multichannel technique. Relocation of the gratings with a Sinus Arm
Drive can be performed over a distance that is only a fraction of the pixel size
that allows peak position estimations with precisions smaller than the pixel
resolution and to determine the uncertainty in this estimation. This uncertainty
was not determined in previous studies about gas densimeters, resulting
in a large variety of inconsistent data. The new method is tested with fluid
inclusions in quartz. A CO2 density of 0.1477 ± 0.0006 gcm-3 and 0.8880
± 0.0007 gcm-3 determined with microthermometry correspond to a Fermi
dyad of 103.12 ± 0.27 cm-1 and 104.71 ± 0.26 cm-1. A CH4 density of 0.3461
± 0.0002 gcm-3 and 0.4011 ± 0.0001 gcm-3 correspond to peak positions of
2910.66 ± 0.12 cm-1 and 2910.57 ± 0.12 cm-1. The error in these numbers
must be regarded as the best estimated uncertainties of peak positions, which
are probably slightly adjusted to higher values due to mechanical irregularities
of the Sinus Arm Drive in modern Raman systems.
formation (510 ± 20°C and 130 ± 10 MPa). Graphic intergrowth of diopside and albite occurs at the contact with granitic pegmatites. The system evolved into hydrothermal conditions, which can be deduced from a later population of only fluid inclusions (homogeneous and less saline, 40 eq. mass% NaCl), trapped around 350 ± 20°C and 80 ± 10 MPa. During quartz crystallization, the conditions moved across the halite
liquidus resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of brine and halite crystals, which were trapped at 200 ± 20°C and 50 ± 10 MPa. Brecciation and a palaeo-geothermal system overprinted the pegmatitic veins with an epithermal hematite–quartz assemblage and lesser amounts of bladed calcite and fluorite, in an intermittently boiling hydrothermal system of fairly pure H2O at 100–140°C and 1–5 MPa. Remobilization of LREEs and Y from titanite and/or the granitic host rock is evidenced by precipitation of apatite, allanite and wakefieldite in an intermediate stage. Occasional incorporation of radioactive elements or minerals, presumably U-rich, in the fluorite is responsible for
radiolysis of H2O to H2.
energy of fundamental vibrational modes is affected by intermolecular distances.
The key problem is the estimation of exact peak positions of Raman
bands, because the analyses require a precision that is mostly less than the
pixel resolution of modern Raman spectrometers. A new method to determine
peak positions of Raman bands and atomic emission lines in a discontinuous
spectrum without numerical manipulations is tested in this study: modified
scanning multichannel technique. Relocation of the gratings with a Sinus Arm
Drive can be performed over a distance that is only a fraction of the pixel size
that allows peak position estimations with precisions smaller than the pixel
resolution and to determine the uncertainty in this estimation. This uncertainty
was not determined in previous studies about gas densimeters, resulting
in a large variety of inconsistent data. The new method is tested with fluid
inclusions in quartz. A CO2 density of 0.1477 ± 0.0006 gcm-3 and 0.8880
± 0.0007 gcm-3 determined with microthermometry correspond to a Fermi
dyad of 103.12 ± 0.27 cm-1 and 104.71 ± 0.26 cm-1. A CH4 density of 0.3461
± 0.0002 gcm-3 and 0.4011 ± 0.0001 gcm-3 correspond to peak positions of
2910.66 ± 0.12 cm-1 and 2910.57 ± 0.12 cm-1. The error in these numbers
must be regarded as the best estimated uncertainties of peak positions, which
are probably slightly adjusted to higher values due to mechanical irregularities
of the Sinus Arm Drive in modern Raman systems.
formation (510 ± 20°C and 130 ± 10 MPa). Graphic intergrowth of diopside and albite occurs at the contact with granitic pegmatites. The system evolved into hydrothermal conditions, which can be deduced from a later population of only fluid inclusions (homogeneous and less saline, 40 eq. mass% NaCl), trapped around 350 ± 20°C and 80 ± 10 MPa. During quartz crystallization, the conditions moved across the halite
liquidus resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of brine and halite crystals, which were trapped at 200 ± 20°C and 50 ± 10 MPa. Brecciation and a palaeo-geothermal system overprinted the pegmatitic veins with an epithermal hematite–quartz assemblage and lesser amounts of bladed calcite and fluorite, in an intermittently boiling hydrothermal system of fairly pure H2O at 100–140°C and 1–5 MPa. Remobilization of LREEs and Y from titanite and/or the granitic host rock is evidenced by precipitation of apatite, allanite and wakefieldite in an intermediate stage. Occasional incorporation of radioactive elements or minerals, presumably U-rich, in the fluorite is responsible for
radiolysis of H2O to H2.