I ntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been a use-ful treatment modality since its introd... more I ntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been a use-ful treatment modality since its introduction in the early 1980s. It has many clinical indications and holds promise in many medical conditions. Mild adverse reactions, such as headache, fever, and chills, remain ...
Many mechanisms may be involved in the mediation of immunologically induced vascular injury. Thes... more Many mechanisms may be involved in the mediation of immunologically induced vascular injury. These mechanisms can be classified as humoral or cellular (Table 26.1). Humoral mechanisms involve deposition or in situ formation of immune complexes and the intravascular activation of complement. Cellular mechanisms lead to granulomatous reactions. This chapter will review the pathophysiology of vascular injury mediated by immune complexes, complement and specific and non-specific cellular effector mechanisms. Some of the functional and immunological characteristics of endothelial cells will also be considered, since the clinical features of inflammatory vascular injury depend to a large extent on the absence (as in post-capillary venules and glomerular capillaries) or presence (as in arteries) of an intact non-fenestrated continuous layer of endothelial cells.
Drugs can produce blood disorders in many ways. At one end of the spectrum are dose-dependent eff... more Drugs can produce blood disorders in many ways. At one end of the spectrum are dose-dependent effects which can be explained in pharmacological terms as 'toxic' reactions. At the other end of the spectrum are dose-independent effects which cannot be predicted. With the discovery of the causal relationship between amidopyrine intake and agranulocytosis in certain patients, increasing attention has been paid to the latter phenomena and a number of distinct immune mechanisms have been elucidated in drug-induced blood dyscrasias. The first mechanism is similar to that encountered in experimental serum sickness (Cochrane and Koffler, 1973). The thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in this condition is probably due to the effect of immune complexes on the cells: platelets and leucocytes, coated with antigen-antibody complexes, are eliminated from the circulating blood, presumably through phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system (Miescher, 1955; Mannick Haakenstad, and Arend, 1974...
Objectives Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) ... more Objectives Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) possess diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in a variety of diseases. We aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for platelet indices (PI) in seniors. Methods We established direct and indirect RI for MPV, PDW, and PCT in selected reference individuals aged 60 years and older. Abnormal PI were assessed in a population-based setting in the Principality of Liechtenstein, where 37.7% of the whole nation’s population aged 60 years and older had PI determined by hematology analyzers from Sysmex (Horgen, Switzerland). Results Among 689 female and 542 male participants, MPV and PDW did not exhibit age- and gender-specific differences, whereas PCT in females also displayed no age-specific differences. Age- and sex-independent RI were 9.3–12.5 fl for MPV and 10.1–16.7% for PDW, whereas the age-independent RI for PCT in women was 0.18–0.37. In males, age-specific RI for PCT were 0.16–0.30 (...
I ntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been a use-ful treatment modality since its introd... more I ntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been a use-ful treatment modality since its introduction in the early 1980s. It has many clinical indications and holds promise in many medical conditions. Mild adverse reactions, such as headache, fever, and chills, remain ...
Many mechanisms may be involved in the mediation of immunologically induced vascular injury. Thes... more Many mechanisms may be involved in the mediation of immunologically induced vascular injury. These mechanisms can be classified as humoral or cellular (Table 26.1). Humoral mechanisms involve deposition or in situ formation of immune complexes and the intravascular activation of complement. Cellular mechanisms lead to granulomatous reactions. This chapter will review the pathophysiology of vascular injury mediated by immune complexes, complement and specific and non-specific cellular effector mechanisms. Some of the functional and immunological characteristics of endothelial cells will also be considered, since the clinical features of inflammatory vascular injury depend to a large extent on the absence (as in post-capillary venules and glomerular capillaries) or presence (as in arteries) of an intact non-fenestrated continuous layer of endothelial cells.
Drugs can produce blood disorders in many ways. At one end of the spectrum are dose-dependent eff... more Drugs can produce blood disorders in many ways. At one end of the spectrum are dose-dependent effects which can be explained in pharmacological terms as 'toxic' reactions. At the other end of the spectrum are dose-independent effects which cannot be predicted. With the discovery of the causal relationship between amidopyrine intake and agranulocytosis in certain patients, increasing attention has been paid to the latter phenomena and a number of distinct immune mechanisms have been elucidated in drug-induced blood dyscrasias. The first mechanism is similar to that encountered in experimental serum sickness (Cochrane and Koffler, 1973). The thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in this condition is probably due to the effect of immune complexes on the cells: platelets and leucocytes, coated with antigen-antibody complexes, are eliminated from the circulating blood, presumably through phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system (Miescher, 1955; Mannick Haakenstad, and Arend, 1974...
Objectives Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) ... more Objectives Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) possess diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in a variety of diseases. We aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for platelet indices (PI) in seniors. Methods We established direct and indirect RI for MPV, PDW, and PCT in selected reference individuals aged 60 years and older. Abnormal PI were assessed in a population-based setting in the Principality of Liechtenstein, where 37.7% of the whole nation’s population aged 60 years and older had PI determined by hematology analyzers from Sysmex (Horgen, Switzerland). Results Among 689 female and 542 male participants, MPV and PDW did not exhibit age- and gender-specific differences, whereas PCT in females also displayed no age-specific differences. Age- and sex-independent RI were 9.3–12.5 fl for MPV and 10.1–16.7% for PDW, whereas the age-independent RI for PCT in women was 0.18–0.37. In males, age-specific RI for PCT were 0.16–0.30 (...
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