Fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well–appreciated for their ref... more Fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well–appreciated for their refreshing juice and health benefits. This study of Citrus paradisi (peels) of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts was carried out to show phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. Plants and plant products are continuously being explored in medicine against the increasing number of antibiotic resistant organisms. The antibacterial activity of plant under study has been done by suing agar well diffusion method against bacteria. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids , alkaloids , flavoniods , tannins , reducing sugars and glycosides. Citrus paradisi extracts at a concentration of 100 mg/ml was determined by agar well diffusion method against pathogenic microorganisms; (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococus aureus). The crude extract of Citrus paradisi was very active against Bacillus subtilis strains (IZ = 25 mm zone of ...
Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry, 2020
Moringa oleifera is a robust and fast growing tree considered as one of the most beneficial trees... more Moringa oleifera is a robust and fast growing tree considered as one of the most beneficial trees worldwide since almost all parts of it used as food, medicines and for industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of M. oleifera seed oil. The oil was extracted by Soxhlet using n-hexane; the physicochemical properties of the seed oil were assessed by standard and established methods, as well the fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined by GC-MS. The golden yellow with characteristic odor oil obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yield, 42.87%; freezing point, 0 °C; melting point, 21 °C; boiling point, 225 °C; refractive index (25 °C), 1.447; iodine value, 96.6 g/100g of oil; peroxide value, 7.6 meq.O2/kg of oil; free fatty acids, 0.07%; acid value, 1.4 mg of KOH/g of oil; saponification value, 185.2 mg KOH/g of oil; unsaponifiable matter, 3.2; moisture and volatile ...
Cockroaches are considered to be among natures’ most adaptable creatures, which could pose a seri... more Cockroaches are considered to be among natures’ most adaptable creatures, which could pose a serious health issues in many countries. Their inclination for destruction and spreading pathogenic organism and disease has earned mans’ loathing. The study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and potential of the essential oils from genius Zingiber of which Z. officinale (Family: Zingiberaceae) against German cockroaches. The essential oils were obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the chemical compositions of the oils. Modified Ebeling Choice-Box test used in the repel test. Four concentrations; 10, 30, 50, and 100%(v/v) of the oils were prepared in water, used tween-80 to dissolve the oils; 1% tween-80 and naphthalene were negative and positive controls, respectively. The oils yields were 4.43 and 0.69 (w/w%) for SFE and SE, respectively. Thirty-five and sixty-six co...
ABSTRACT The increasing demand of essential oil has opened up wide opportunities for global marke... more ABSTRACT The increasing demand of essential oil has opened up wide opportunities for global marketing and this leads to the requirement of competitive product in market which comes with all the advantages in term of cost, quality and its production time. Essential oil is a volatile component. Therefore, it is vital to identify a best extraction technique. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), an advanced distillation method that take advantage of microwave heating with the conventional hydrodistillation, recently been widely used for the extraction of essential oil from medicinal plants and herbs due to its economic and green technology. This study was carried out to determine the performance of MAHD in the extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus). The effect of three main factors which were microwave power, extraction time and water to raw material ratio were investigated. As a result, the best condition that has been determined for maximum essential oil production were under 250 W microwave power for 90 minutes of extraction at water to raw material ratio of 8:1. This optimum condition was finalized based on its maximum yield from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) which was 1.37% (w/w). Then, the oil samples have been analyzed by using GC-MS to authenticate that the microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of essential oils. The components detected in the essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) were Citral, (Z) Citral, β-mycrene and Borneol. The dominant component in the essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was Citral. The maximum oil yield from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was obtained at shorter extraction period without significant effect on their chemical constituents. Moreover, this extraction has been successfully done without any chemical aid with a significant yield. This may prove MAHD as a cost effective method and also expected would bring volume of worth in the essential oil production industry.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia effecting the aging population of th... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia effecting the aging population of the world. It is more fatal than other diseases like cancer, stroke, and heart disease. Enhancement of acetylcholine levels in the brain is one means of treating the disease. However, the drugs presently used in the management of the disease have various drawbacks. New treatments are required to get the potential inhibitors. In this study, extract of Capsicum annuum were evaluated to determine their antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity. The DPPH and β-carotene assays were used to determine antioxidant activity and Ellman’s colorimetric method to quantify AChEI activity. Although both ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed activity in both assays, the ethanolic extract of C. annuum was found to contain the highest AChEI activity (IC = 0.03 ± 0.08 mg/ml) and the antioxidant activity (β-carotene;IC 50 50 = 0.14 ± 0.08 mg/ml and DPPH; IC = 0.23 ± 0.01 mg/ml). The res...
Background: Obesity has been identified an epidemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and yet the number... more Background: Obesity has been identified an epidemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and yet the numbers of overweight and obese adults and children continue to grow. The disease is associated with several serious health conditions including: diabetes mellitus type 2, heart disease, high blood pressure, Cancer, Hypoxia, Sleep apnea, Hernia and Arthritis. Objectives: To assess the effect of obesity on other diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol levels, heart disease, insomnia, eating habits, exercise and family history of gout among university students. Materials and methods: This study was done among 300 students from different departments of the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University. The descriptive analytical method was used which is based on the interview and observation and collection of information through a questionnaire. Results: The results showed hypertension in 11% of obese students, while 9% of them have diabetes mellitus. Further findings ...
The efficiency of heating mechanism of microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) in the extract... more The efficiency of heating mechanism of microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) in the extraction of essential oil is presented. The theoretical study on the microwave heating mechanism is also reported in terms of dielectric properties, volume rate of heat generation and penetration depth. MAHD extraction method has the advantages of being rapid, less solvent consuming, environmental friendly and green technology. Detailed information on the heating mechanism of MAHD is therefore presented herein alongside the potential of MAHD.
In this research, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) was used to extract essential oil f... more In this research, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) was used to extract essential oil from Cinnamomum Cassia (cinnamon). The effect of different parameters, such as water to raw material ratio (6:1, 8:1 & 10:1), microwave power (200 W, 225 W & 250 W) and extraction time (30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min & 150 min) on the extraction yield and its major constituents were investigated. The essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric (GC-MS) to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the content of its main constituent which was trans-Cinnamaldehyde. The optimum condition was found at water to raw material ratio of 8:1, microwave power of 250 W and extraction time of 90 min and the yield obtained under this condition was about 2.55%. The result obtained from GC-MS analysis revealed that the use of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of the essential oil. The main constituents found through MAHD was more desirable in ter...
Abstract. Dengue, yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever are health problems in many countrie... more Abstract. Dengue, yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever are health problems in many countries. The Aedesaegypti mosquito is the major vector for these diseases. The development of insect resistance and side effects associated with synthetic pesticides make essential oils the focus of intense research efforts because of their biological activities and long, safe use as natural products. In this study, the essential oils from two basil (O. basilicum) accessions were tested in a laboratory bioassay for larvicidal activity against third instar A. aegypti larvae. The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, and their chemical compositions were determined by GC-MS. Approximately 13 compounds (>1%) were detected; most compounds were oxygenated monoterpenes. Methyl chavicol and geranial were the predominant compounds in the two observed accessions. For the bioassay, six concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg/ml) of essential oil solutions were prepared from th...
Adansonia digitata L (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of var... more Adansonia digitata L (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many African countries for thousands of years. In this study, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanol crude extracts from leaves, bark and root of Adansonia digitata were investigated. The chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), while the antibacterial activity was assessed by agar disc diffusion method against six microorganisms namely: Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecalis , Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli . GC-MS results showed formation of 17, 16 and 14 compounds in the leaves, root and bark, respectively. The major constituents in the leaves were found to be squalene (27%) and phytol (13%), in the bark were, palmitic acid (37%) and oleic acid (21%) and in the root were, palmitic acid (30%) and oleic acid (24%). Highest antibacterial activi...
Swietenia macrophylla King, a plant used extensively in many countries for medicinal purposes. Th... more Swietenia macrophylla King, a plant used extensively in many countries for medicinal purposes. The objective of the present study was to investigate in vitro antifungal activity of the extract as well as bioassay-guided isolation and identification of compounds from most active fraction of S. macrophylla seeds. In the antifungal assay, three clinical fungal strains; namely, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were tested by disc diffusion method. Solvent partitioning followed by Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (prep-HPLC) of the most active fraction afforded four known limonoids and identified by spectroscopic techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) analyses. The compounds were: swietenolide (1), proceranolide (2), 3-O-tigloyl-6-O-acetylswietenolide (3) and swietenine acetate (4). Among the fractions, ethyl acetate was the most dominant and ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is known locally in Sudan as “rihan”. The plant is aromatic and exists i... more Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is known locally in Sudan as “rihan”. The plant is aromatic and exists in Sudan as a wild plant, widely spread, as well as cultivated for ornamental purposes. There is no use for basil herb in Sudan. The main objectives of this study, to analyze the chemical constituents of basils especially essential oil components accordingly, it will be possible to classify Sudanese basils according to the world-wide known classifications and to investigate some biological activities of basil oils. The seed (fixed) oil is another economic product from basil plants since this oil has potential industrial uses. However, Sudanese basils have so far not been chemically evaluated or investigated to determine essential oil composition and subsequently classify Sudanese basils into chemical groups or profiles in order to suit world market requirements especially if ever basil is to be commercially produced in Sudan as an agricultural crop for export. Such classification will hel...
The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsion creates many problems in petroleum industry such as ... more The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsion creates many problems in petroleum industry such as decreasing the oil recovery efficiency, high pumping cost, and piping corrosion, which needs to be treated before processing. Microwave irradiation was employed to demulsify the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, which encountered in refinery industries. Three types of crude oils consisted of heavy and light crude oil used in this study to compare the effectiveness of microwave and conventional heating. The optimal conditions for microwave irradiation were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) for each crude oil. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression models indicated that quadratic model could be employed to optimize the microwave irradiation in each crude oil. The optimal conditions for crude oil A were microwave power of 714 W, time processing in microwave irradiation of 2.53 min with 0.15 wt% of demulsifier and the percentage yield of water separation was 45.00%. Wh...
With the increasing energy prices and the drives to reduce CO2 emissions, universities and indust... more With the increasing energy prices and the drives to reduce CO2 emissions, universities and industries are challenged to find new technologies in order to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal requirements on emissions, and for cost reduction and increased quality. The presence of water within diesel fuel in the form of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion reduces both particulate matter (PM) and nitrous oxide (NOx), by lowering the combustion temperature and altering the combustion pattern to more completely burn the carbon in the fuel. In this study, emulsion of W/D was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and the physical properties (density, viscosity, flash point, surface tension, dynamic viscosity) were investigated. Results show that the emulsions of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% W/D were stabilized for two months, under the conditions of 2% surfactant, 3000 rpm and 15 minutes of mixing time. Under the same conditions, the stability period was limited to four weeks for emulsions with...
Deep fry cooking method is desirable to many consumers as it gives valuable sensory characteristi... more Deep fry cooking method is desirable to many consumers as it gives valuable sensory characteristic such as crispy texture, golden brown color and good aroma. The cooking oil is usually replenished and reused several times prior discarded for lower cost purpose by food manufacturer, fast food outlets and eateries operators. However, reusing and recycling the oil will degrade the nutritional and sensory quality of the oil as several processes occur such hydrolysis, polymerization, formation of conjugated dienes, formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides. The study aimed to investigate degradation level in cooking oil by the distribution of fatty acids and the presence of short chain fatty acids. The method involved converting fatty acids in oil to methyl ester prior analyzed by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Then investigated the distribution of fatty acids and compared in fresh oil, waste oil collected from food outlets and the oil subjected to heating and frying in...
International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The need of energy never comes to an end so; the challenge is to procure power source sufficient ... more The need of energy never comes to an end so; the challenge is to procure power source sufficient to offer for our energy needs. Besides, this energy source must be dependable, renewable, recurring and non-contributing to climate change. Aims: This study was aimed to produce biodiesel from Roselle seed oil and to investigate its quality. Methodology: The Roselle seeds were clean from dirt, milled to proper size and the oil was extracted using soxhlet with n-hexane as solvent. The extracted oil was subjected to physiochemical analysis tests and then transesterified using methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst; with ratio of oil to alcohol 1:8 at 65°C. The quality of produced biodiesel was investigated and compared to international standards. The fatty acid composition of the produced biodiesel was determined by GC-MS. Results: Based on the experimental results, the yellow with characteristic odor oil was obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yiel...
The demand of essential oil in current industry has increased due to its bioactive compound that ... more The demand of essential oil in current industry has increased due to its bioactive compound that shows various therapeutic effects. Therefore, the qualities of essential oil mainly depend on its constituents. This study was carried out to determine the effects of Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) methods on yield, chemical composition and toxicity of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). A pale yellow oil yield of 1.46 % (90 min) and 1.38% (180 min) were obtained from MAHD and HD methods, respectively. GC-MS results shows a total of twenty compounds in MAHD oil and seven compound in HD oil. MAHD oil contained slightly higher amount of citral, which is the key component of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), compared to HD oil, 86.48% and 83.15%, respectively. However, hydrodistilled oil showed the presence of higher β-Myrcene, 9.91%, and only 3.96% were found in the MAHD oil. Other identified constituents, include Linalool, 1,6-Octa...
This study characterized the essential oil compositions of 19 accessions of basil, of which 14 ar... more This study characterized the essential oil compositions of 19 accessions of basil, of which 14 are grown in Sudan as ornamental plants, 3 were introduced from abroad as seeds and 2 were collected from wild Sudanese basil. All were collected as seeds and grown at the ...
Direct discharge of slaughterhouse wastewater causes serious environmental pollution due to its h... more Direct discharge of slaughterhouse wastewater causes serious environmental pollution due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted membrane anaerobic system was used as a novel method for treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Six steady states were achieved, using concentrations of 7,800–13,620 mg/l for mixed liquor suspended solids and 5,359–11,424 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Kinetic equations were used to describe the kinetics of treatment at organic loading rates of 3–11 kg COD/m3/d. The removal efficiency of COD was 94.8–96.5% with hydraulic retention times of 308.6–8.7 days. The growth yield coefficient was found to be 0.52 g VSS/g. COD was 0.21 d−1 and methane gas production rate was 0.24–0.56 l/g COD/d. Steady-state influent COD concentrations increased from 8,000 mg/l in the first steady state to 25,400 mg/l in the sixth steady state. The minimum solid...
Fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well–appreciated for their ref... more Fruits are the main fruit trees grown throughout the world and are well–appreciated for their refreshing juice and health benefits. This study of Citrus paradisi (peels) of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts was carried out to show phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. Plants and plant products are continuously being explored in medicine against the increasing number of antibiotic resistant organisms. The antibacterial activity of plant under study has been done by suing agar well diffusion method against bacteria. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids , alkaloids , flavoniods , tannins , reducing sugars and glycosides. Citrus paradisi extracts at a concentration of 100 mg/ml was determined by agar well diffusion method against pathogenic microorganisms; (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococus aureus). The crude extract of Citrus paradisi was very active against Bacillus subtilis strains (IZ = 25 mm zone of ...
Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry, 2020
Moringa oleifera is a robust and fast growing tree considered as one of the most beneficial trees... more Moringa oleifera is a robust and fast growing tree considered as one of the most beneficial trees worldwide since almost all parts of it used as food, medicines and for industrial purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of M. oleifera seed oil. The oil was extracted by Soxhlet using n-hexane; the physicochemical properties of the seed oil were assessed by standard and established methods, as well the fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined by GC-MS. The golden yellow with characteristic odor oil obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yield, 42.87%; freezing point, 0 °C; melting point, 21 °C; boiling point, 225 °C; refractive index (25 °C), 1.447; iodine value, 96.6 g/100g of oil; peroxide value, 7.6 meq.O2/kg of oil; free fatty acids, 0.07%; acid value, 1.4 mg of KOH/g of oil; saponification value, 185.2 mg KOH/g of oil; unsaponifiable matter, 3.2; moisture and volatile ...
Cockroaches are considered to be among natures’ most adaptable creatures, which could pose a seri... more Cockroaches are considered to be among natures’ most adaptable creatures, which could pose a serious health issues in many countries. Their inclination for destruction and spreading pathogenic organism and disease has earned mans’ loathing. The study aimed to determine the chemical compositions and potential of the essential oils from genius Zingiber of which Z. officinale (Family: Zingiberaceae) against German cockroaches. The essential oils were obtained by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the chemical compositions of the oils. Modified Ebeling Choice-Box test used in the repel test. Four concentrations; 10, 30, 50, and 100%(v/v) of the oils were prepared in water, used tween-80 to dissolve the oils; 1% tween-80 and naphthalene were negative and positive controls, respectively. The oils yields were 4.43 and 0.69 (w/w%) for SFE and SE, respectively. Thirty-five and sixty-six co...
ABSTRACT The increasing demand of essential oil has opened up wide opportunities for global marke... more ABSTRACT The increasing demand of essential oil has opened up wide opportunities for global marketing and this leads to the requirement of competitive product in market which comes with all the advantages in term of cost, quality and its production time. Essential oil is a volatile component. Therefore, it is vital to identify a best extraction technique. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), an advanced distillation method that take advantage of microwave heating with the conventional hydrodistillation, recently been widely used for the extraction of essential oil from medicinal plants and herbs due to its economic and green technology. This study was carried out to determine the performance of MAHD in the extraction of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus). The effect of three main factors which were microwave power, extraction time and water to raw material ratio were investigated. As a result, the best condition that has been determined for maximum essential oil production were under 250 W microwave power for 90 minutes of extraction at water to raw material ratio of 8:1. This optimum condition was finalized based on its maximum yield from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) which was 1.37% (w/w). Then, the oil samples have been analyzed by using GC-MS to authenticate that the microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of essential oils. The components detected in the essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) were Citral, (Z) Citral, β-mycrene and Borneol. The dominant component in the essential oil of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was Citral. The maximum oil yield from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was obtained at shorter extraction period without significant effect on their chemical constituents. Moreover, this extraction has been successfully done without any chemical aid with a significant yield. This may prove MAHD as a cost effective method and also expected would bring volume of worth in the essential oil production industry.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia effecting the aging population of th... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia effecting the aging population of the world. It is more fatal than other diseases like cancer, stroke, and heart disease. Enhancement of acetylcholine levels in the brain is one means of treating the disease. However, the drugs presently used in the management of the disease have various drawbacks. New treatments are required to get the potential inhibitors. In this study, extract of Capsicum annuum were evaluated to determine their antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity. The DPPH and β-carotene assays were used to determine antioxidant activity and Ellman’s colorimetric method to quantify AChEI activity. Although both ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed activity in both assays, the ethanolic extract of C. annuum was found to contain the highest AChEI activity (IC = 0.03 ± 0.08 mg/ml) and the antioxidant activity (β-carotene;IC 50 50 = 0.14 ± 0.08 mg/ml and DPPH; IC = 0.23 ± 0.01 mg/ml). The res...
Background: Obesity has been identified an epidemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and yet the number... more Background: Obesity has been identified an epidemic in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and yet the numbers of overweight and obese adults and children continue to grow. The disease is associated with several serious health conditions including: diabetes mellitus type 2, heart disease, high blood pressure, Cancer, Hypoxia, Sleep apnea, Hernia and Arthritis. Objectives: To assess the effect of obesity on other diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol levels, heart disease, insomnia, eating habits, exercise and family history of gout among university students. Materials and methods: This study was done among 300 students from different departments of the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University. The descriptive analytical method was used which is based on the interview and observation and collection of information through a questionnaire. Results: The results showed hypertension in 11% of obese students, while 9% of them have diabetes mellitus. Further findings ...
The efficiency of heating mechanism of microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) in the extract... more The efficiency of heating mechanism of microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) in the extraction of essential oil is presented. The theoretical study on the microwave heating mechanism is also reported in terms of dielectric properties, volume rate of heat generation and penetration depth. MAHD extraction method has the advantages of being rapid, less solvent consuming, environmental friendly and green technology. Detailed information on the heating mechanism of MAHD is therefore presented herein alongside the potential of MAHD.
In this research, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) was used to extract essential oil f... more In this research, Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) was used to extract essential oil from Cinnamomum Cassia (cinnamon). The effect of different parameters, such as water to raw material ratio (6:1, 8:1 & 10:1), microwave power (200 W, 225 W & 250 W) and extraction time (30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min & 150 min) on the extraction yield and its major constituents were investigated. The essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometric (GC-MS) to evaluate the effect of extraction method on the content of its main constituent which was trans-Cinnamaldehyde. The optimum condition was found at water to raw material ratio of 8:1, microwave power of 250 W and extraction time of 90 min and the yield obtained under this condition was about 2.55%. The result obtained from GC-MS analysis revealed that the use of microwave irradiation did not adversely influence the composition of the essential oil. The main constituents found through MAHD was more desirable in ter...
Abstract. Dengue, yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever are health problems in many countrie... more Abstract. Dengue, yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever are health problems in many countries. The Aedesaegypti mosquito is the major vector for these diseases. The development of insect resistance and side effects associated with synthetic pesticides make essential oils the focus of intense research efforts because of their biological activities and long, safe use as natural products. In this study, the essential oils from two basil (O. basilicum) accessions were tested in a laboratory bioassay for larvicidal activity against third instar A. aegypti larvae. The essential oils were extracted by steam distillation, and their chemical compositions were determined by GC-MS. Approximately 13 compounds (>1%) were detected; most compounds were oxygenated monoterpenes. Methyl chavicol and geranial were the predominant compounds in the two observed accessions. For the bioassay, six concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 µg/ml) of essential oil solutions were prepared from th...
Adansonia digitata L (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of var... more Adansonia digitata L (Malvaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many African countries for thousands of years. In this study, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanol crude extracts from leaves, bark and root of Adansonia digitata were investigated. The chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), while the antibacterial activity was assessed by agar disc diffusion method against six microorganisms namely: Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Enterococcus faecalis , Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli . GC-MS results showed formation of 17, 16 and 14 compounds in the leaves, root and bark, respectively. The major constituents in the leaves were found to be squalene (27%) and phytol (13%), in the bark were, palmitic acid (37%) and oleic acid (21%) and in the root were, palmitic acid (30%) and oleic acid (24%). Highest antibacterial activi...
Swietenia macrophylla King, a plant used extensively in many countries for medicinal purposes. Th... more Swietenia macrophylla King, a plant used extensively in many countries for medicinal purposes. The objective of the present study was to investigate in vitro antifungal activity of the extract as well as bioassay-guided isolation and identification of compounds from most active fraction of S. macrophylla seeds. In the antifungal assay, three clinical fungal strains; namely, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were tested by disc diffusion method. Solvent partitioning followed by Preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (prep-HPLC) of the most active fraction afforded four known limonoids and identified by spectroscopic techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) analyses. The compounds were: swietenolide (1), proceranolide (2), 3-O-tigloyl-6-O-acetylswietenolide (3) and swietenine acetate (4). Among the fractions, ethyl acetate was the most dominant and ...
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is known locally in Sudan as “rihan”. The plant is aromatic and exists i... more Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is known locally in Sudan as “rihan”. The plant is aromatic and exists in Sudan as a wild plant, widely spread, as well as cultivated for ornamental purposes. There is no use for basil herb in Sudan. The main objectives of this study, to analyze the chemical constituents of basils especially essential oil components accordingly, it will be possible to classify Sudanese basils according to the world-wide known classifications and to investigate some biological activities of basil oils. The seed (fixed) oil is another economic product from basil plants since this oil has potential industrial uses. However, Sudanese basils have so far not been chemically evaluated or investigated to determine essential oil composition and subsequently classify Sudanese basils into chemical groups or profiles in order to suit world market requirements especially if ever basil is to be commercially produced in Sudan as an agricultural crop for export. Such classification will hel...
The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsion creates many problems in petroleum industry such as ... more The formation of water-in-crude oil emulsion creates many problems in petroleum industry such as decreasing the oil recovery efficiency, high pumping cost, and piping corrosion, which needs to be treated before processing. Microwave irradiation was employed to demulsify the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, which encountered in refinery industries. Three types of crude oils consisted of heavy and light crude oil used in this study to compare the effectiveness of microwave and conventional heating. The optimal conditions for microwave irradiation were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) for each crude oil. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression models indicated that quadratic model could be employed to optimize the microwave irradiation in each crude oil. The optimal conditions for crude oil A were microwave power of 714 W, time processing in microwave irradiation of 2.53 min with 0.15 wt% of demulsifier and the percentage yield of water separation was 45.00%. Wh...
With the increasing energy prices and the drives to reduce CO2 emissions, universities and indust... more With the increasing energy prices and the drives to reduce CO2 emissions, universities and industries are challenged to find new technologies in order to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal requirements on emissions, and for cost reduction and increased quality. The presence of water within diesel fuel in the form of water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion reduces both particulate matter (PM) and nitrous oxide (NOx), by lowering the combustion temperature and altering the combustion pattern to more completely burn the carbon in the fuel. In this study, emulsion of W/D was prepared by high speed mixing homogenizer and the physical properties (density, viscosity, flash point, surface tension, dynamic viscosity) were investigated. Results show that the emulsions of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% W/D were stabilized for two months, under the conditions of 2% surfactant, 3000 rpm and 15 minutes of mixing time. Under the same conditions, the stability period was limited to four weeks for emulsions with...
Deep fry cooking method is desirable to many consumers as it gives valuable sensory characteristi... more Deep fry cooking method is desirable to many consumers as it gives valuable sensory characteristic such as crispy texture, golden brown color and good aroma. The cooking oil is usually replenished and reused several times prior discarded for lower cost purpose by food manufacturer, fast food outlets and eateries operators. However, reusing and recycling the oil will degrade the nutritional and sensory quality of the oil as several processes occur such hydrolysis, polymerization, formation of conjugated dienes, formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides. The study aimed to investigate degradation level in cooking oil by the distribution of fatty acids and the presence of short chain fatty acids. The method involved converting fatty acids in oil to methyl ester prior analyzed by Gas ChromatographyMass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Then investigated the distribution of fatty acids and compared in fresh oil, waste oil collected from food outlets and the oil subjected to heating and frying in...
International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The need of energy never comes to an end so; the challenge is to procure power source sufficient ... more The need of energy never comes to an end so; the challenge is to procure power source sufficient to offer for our energy needs. Besides, this energy source must be dependable, renewable, recurring and non-contributing to climate change. Aims: This study was aimed to produce biodiesel from Roselle seed oil and to investigate its quality. Methodology: The Roselle seeds were clean from dirt, milled to proper size and the oil was extracted using soxhlet with n-hexane as solvent. The extracted oil was subjected to physiochemical analysis tests and then transesterified using methanol and potassium hydroxide as catalyst; with ratio of oil to alcohol 1:8 at 65°C. The quality of produced biodiesel was investigated and compared to international standards. The fatty acid composition of the produced biodiesel was determined by GC-MS. Results: Based on the experimental results, the yellow with characteristic odor oil was obtained from the seeds had the following physicochemical properties: yiel...
The demand of essential oil in current industry has increased due to its bioactive compound that ... more The demand of essential oil in current industry has increased due to its bioactive compound that shows various therapeutic effects. Therefore, the qualities of essential oil mainly depend on its constituents. This study was carried out to determine the effects of Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and hydrodistillation (HD) methods on yield, chemical composition and toxicity of essential oil from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). A pale yellow oil yield of 1.46 % (90 min) and 1.38% (180 min) were obtained from MAHD and HD methods, respectively. GC-MS results shows a total of twenty compounds in MAHD oil and seven compound in HD oil. MAHD oil contained slightly higher amount of citral, which is the key component of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), compared to HD oil, 86.48% and 83.15%, respectively. However, hydrodistilled oil showed the presence of higher β-Myrcene, 9.91%, and only 3.96% were found in the MAHD oil. Other identified constituents, include Linalool, 1,6-Octa...
This study characterized the essential oil compositions of 19 accessions of basil, of which 14 ar... more This study characterized the essential oil compositions of 19 accessions of basil, of which 14 are grown in Sudan as ornamental plants, 3 were introduced from abroad as seeds and 2 were collected from wild Sudanese basil. All were collected as seeds and grown at the ...
Direct discharge of slaughterhouse wastewater causes serious environmental pollution due to its h... more Direct discharge of slaughterhouse wastewater causes serious environmental pollution due to its high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted membrane anaerobic system was used as a novel method for treating slaughterhouse wastewater. Six steady states were achieved, using concentrations of 7,800–13,620 mg/l for mixed liquor suspended solids and 5,359–11,424 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Kinetic equations were used to describe the kinetics of treatment at organic loading rates of 3–11 kg COD/m3/d. The removal efficiency of COD was 94.8–96.5% with hydraulic retention times of 308.6–8.7 days. The growth yield coefficient was found to be 0.52 g VSS/g. COD was 0.21 d−1 and methane gas production rate was 0.24–0.56 l/g COD/d. Steady-state influent COD concentrations increased from 8,000 mg/l in the first steady state to 25,400 mg/l in the sixth steady state. The minimum solid...
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Papers by Azhari Nour