The Harvard Books on Astronomy, a series of crimson clad, fully illustrated volumes, cornered, fo... more The Harvard Books on Astronomy, a series of crimson clad, fully illustrated volumes, cornered, for more than a generation, the market of readers interested in astronomy. A large number of astronomers owe their first serious initiation to the literature of astronomy to these books. Their style, presentation, design, and tone marked a clear departure from the inherited traditions in the field. Each summed up a field, awarded points for merit, and staked out paths for future study. No doubt each of the more mature readers of this abstract has his or her favorite volume, and even his or her own favorite edition of a particular volume. How the volumes evolved and what happened to the series with Harlow Shapley's retirement are not only questions in the history of the book but also form a commentary on the standards of scientific writing for the educated public. For this the major evidence comes from the volumes by Shapley himself, Leo Goldberg and Lawrence Aller, and the Boks. This ...
The Harvard Books on Astronomy, a series of crimson clad, fully illustrated volumes, cornered, fo... more The Harvard Books on Astronomy, a series of crimson clad, fully illustrated volumes, cornered, for more than a generation, the market of readers interested in astronomy. A large number of astronomers owe their first serious initiation to the literature of astronomy to these books. Their style, presentation, design, and tone marked a clear departure from the inherited traditions in the field. Each summed up a field, awarded points for merit, and staked out paths for future study. No doubt each of the more mature readers of this abstract has his or her favorite volume, and even his or her own favorite edition of a particular volume. How the volumes evolved and what happened to the series with Harlow Shapley's retirement are not only questions in the history of the book but also form a commentary on the standards of scientific writing for the educated public. For this the major evidence comes from the volumes by Shapley himself, Leo Goldberg and Lawrence Aller, and the Boks. This ...
Les États sédentaires ont longtemps éprouvé des difficultés à contrôler les populations pastorale... more Les États sédentaires ont longtemps éprouvé des difficultés à contrôler les populations pastorales et nomades. Cet article aborde certains des efforts de l'État ottoman pour mieux ordonner et prévoir la vie des pasteurs en Anatolie. Il existe des traits fondamentaux du mode de vie pastorale qui rendent les nomades imprévisibles, puissants et à l'occasion menaçants, en particulier s'ils ont accès à des pâturages et de l'eau en quantité suffisante pour un groupe de chevaux. Les Ottomans arrivèrent au pouvoir en étant issus d'un milieu nomade, et après avoir établi un État et une armée sédentaires, le contrôle des populations pastorales devint une préoccupation récurrente, surtout après le soutien qu'apportèrent nombre de nomades d'Anatolie au pouvoir ennemi des Safavides dans l'Iran voisin. Le gouvernement d'Istanbul tenta de sédentariser les pasteurs et de canaliser leurs activités dans un cadre bien établi en usant de la force et en imposant une série d'impôts. Ces tentatives rencontrèrent un certain succès, mais en raison du manque de compréhension des besoins des pasteurs, elles nécessitèrent une attention permanente jusqu'à la fin du xix e siècle. Abstract Sedentary governments have long had difficulties controlling pastoral and nomadic populations. This essay discusses some of the efforts of the Ottoman government better to order and render predictable the lives of Anatolian pastoralists. There are basic considerations of the pastoral adaptation that render nomads unpredictable, powerful, and potentially threatening, specifically if they have access to sufficient pasture and water for a string of horses. The Ottomans rose to power from a nomadic background, and after they established a sedentary government and army, control over pastoral populations became a continuing concern, especially after a number of Anatolian nomads supported the hostile Safavid power in neighboring Iran. The government in Istanbul attempted to settle pastoralists and confine their activities to a well defined routine through the use of force and the application of a series of taxes. These attempts had some success but, due to a lack of understanding of pastoral needs, required continued attention until the later nineteenth century.
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