Papers by John Schulenberg
JAMA, Sep 26, 2017
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017
To assess the prospective 17-year relationship between the medical and nonmedical use of prescrip... more To assess the prospective 17-year relationship between the medical and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during adolescence (age 18 years) and educational attainment and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms in adulthood (age 35 years). A survey was self-administered by nationally representative probability samples of US high school seniors from the Monitoring the Future study; 8,362 of these individuals were followed longitudinally from adolescence (age 18, high school senior years 1976-1996) to adulthood (age 35, 1993-2013). An estimated 8.1% reported medical use of prescription stimulants, and 16.7% reported nonmedical use of prescription stimulants by age 18 years. Approximately 43% of adolescent medical users of prescription stimulants had also engaged in nonmedical use of prescription stimulants during adolescence. Among past-year adolescent nonmedical users of prescription stimulants, 97.3% had used at least one other substance during the past year. Medical users of p...
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The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1989
The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of the timing and number of school tran... more The aim of this investigation was to determine the impact of the timing and number of school transitions on young adolescents' subsequent adjustment. Three groups of adolescents (total N = 253) were compared: those making a single early school transition prior to sixth grade, those making a single later transition prior to seventh grade, and those making a double transition prior to both sixth and seventh grades. Adjustment was assessed in terms of course grades and self-image. Negative effects were found for both early and repeated school transitions, with the double transition being especially debilitating. In addition, effects were seen primarily with course grades. Few gender differences were observed in the response to early and double transitions, but those that emerged suggest that girls may be more adversely affected than boys.
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Research in human development
Our wish is for more long-term longitudinal studies specifically designed to demonstrate the impo... more Our wish is for more long-term longitudinal studies specifically designed to demonstrate the importance of adolescence in the life course. Specifically, we wish for our science to document as rigorously as possible the individual and contextual characteristics and experiences that matter the most during adolescence for long-term adult health and well-being. Recent research has shown the early childhood effects on adult outcomes, including effects from intervention programs, bringing needed scientific evidence to inform social policy about the importance of optimizing early development. In most of these efforts, there is little emphasis on adolescence, and thus there is little understanding about the effects of adolescence over and above the effects of childhood on adult outcomes. Our view is that adolescence matters a great deal for long-term health and well-being and we summarize what it will take to make our wish come true.
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Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016
The study describes the most common reasons for using vaporizers (such as e-cigarettes) among US ... more The study describes the most common reasons for using vaporizers (such as e-cigarettes) among US adolescents and investigates how reasons for use differ by grade, lifetime cigarette use, frequency of vaporizer use, gender, race/ethnicity, and parent education. Data were collected from 4066 students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in 2015 as part of the Monitoring the Future study, a cross-sectional and nationally representative US survey. Common reasons for vaporizer use reported by respondents who had ever used a vaporizer were experimentation (53.0%), taste (37.2%), boredom (23.5%), having a good time (22.4%), and relaxation (21.6%). Reasons differed little across grades or parent education; reasons differed by lifetime use of regular cigarettes, frequency of vaping, gender, and race/ethnicity. Overall, results suggest that decisions to vape are based on curiosity, taste, and pleasure, rather than for reasons such as quitting regular cigarettes or substituting for regular cigare...
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Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, Jan 4, 2016
This study is the first to examine the developmental course of high-intensity drinking (i.e., con... more This study is the first to examine the developmental course of high-intensity drinking (i.e., consuming 10+ drinks in a row) across late adolescence and the transition to adulthood. National longitudinal data (N = 3,718) from Monitoring the Future were used to examine trajectories of 10+ high-intensity drinking from age 18 through 25/26 overall and across sociodemographic subgroups; results were compared with similar analysis of 5+ binge drinking trajectories. Results document that 10+ drinkers consume not just a greater quantity of alcohol on a given drinking occasion, but also engage in 5+ drinking more frequently than drinkers who do not report having 10 or more drinks. Developmental patterns for 10+ and 5+ drinking were similar, with peak frequencies reported at age 21/22. Greater peaks in both 10+ and 5+ drinking were documented among men and among college attenders, compared with women and nonattenders, respectively. However, there was a steeper decline in 10+ drinking after a...
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Addictive behaviors, Jan 15, 2016
This study assessed the longitudinal associations between medical and nonmedical use of prescript... more This study assessed the longitudinal associations between medical and nonmedical use of prescription sedatives/anxiolytics (NMPSA) during adolescence (age 18) and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms during adulthood (age 35). Multiple cohorts of nationally representative samples of U.S. high school seniors (n=8373) were surveyed via self-administered questionnaires and followed longitudinally from adolescence (age 18, 1976-1996) to adulthood (age 35, 1993-2013). An estimated 20.1% of adolescents reported lifetime medical or nonmedical use of prescription sedatives/anxiolytics. Among adolescents who reported medical use of prescription sedatives/anxiolytics, 44.9% also reported NMPSA by age 18. Based on multivariate analyses that included age 18 sociodemographic and other substance use controls, medical use of prescription sedatives/anxiolytics without any history of NMPSA during adolescence was not associated with SUD symptoms in adulthood relative to adolescents with no prescript...
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Addiction, 2016
To test, among US students: 1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, ... more To test, among US students: 1) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana has changed over time, 2) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana changed post-passage of state medical marijuana laws (MML) compared with pre-passage; 3) whether perceived harmfulness of marijuana statistically mediates and/or modifies the relation between MML and marijuana use as a function of grade level. Cross-sectional nationally-representative surveys of U.S. students, conducted annually, 1991-2014, in the Monitoring The Future study. Surveys conducted in schools in all coterminous states; 21 states passed MML between 1996-2014. The sample included 1,134,734 adolescents in 8(th) , 10(th) , and 12(th) grades. State passage of MML; perceived harmfulness of marijuana use (perceiving great or moderate risk to health from smoking marijuana occasionally versus slight or no risk); and marijuana use (prior 30 days). Data were analyzed using time-varying multi-level regression modeling. Perceived harmfulness of marijuana significantly decreased since 1991 (from an estimated 84.0% in 1991 to 53.8% in 2014, p < 0.01), and, across time, perceived harmfulness was lower in states that passed MML (OR = 0.86, 95% C.I. 0.75-0.97). In states with MML, perceived harmfulness of marijuana increased among 8(th) graders after MML passage (OR = 1.21, 95% C.I. 1.08-1.36), while marijuana use decreased (OR = 0.81, 95% C.I. 0.72-0.92). Results were null for other grades, and for all grades combined. Increases in perceived harmfulness among 8(th) graders after MML passage was associated with ~33% of the decrease in use. When adolescents were stratified by perceived harmfulness, use in 8(th) graders decreased to a greater extent among those who perceived marijuana as harmful. While perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the United States, passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) is associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents, and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.
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J Bus Psychol, 2010
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, Jun 1, 2004
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, Sep 1, 2010
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Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 2016
This study used national multicohort panel data from the Monitoring the Future study (N = 25,536 ... more This study used national multicohort panel data from the Monitoring the Future study (N = 25,536 from senior year classes 1977-1997 followed up to the age of 35 years in 1994-2014) to examine how early midlife (age 35 years) alcohol use disorder (AUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are associated with adolescent and adult sociodemographics and health and well-being risk factors. Survey items adapted from DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were used to identify individuals who (a) showed symptoms consistent with criteria for AUD or CUD at age 35 years, (b) used the substance without qualifying for a disorder (nondisordered users), and (c) abstained from using alcohol or marijuana during the past five years. At age 35 years, the estimated prevalence of past five-year AUD was 28.0%, and that of CUD was 6.1%. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify variations in the relative risk of disorder symptoms as a function of sociodemographic characteristics, age 18 educational and social indices and substance use, and age 35 health and satisfaction indices and substance use. In the full models, age 18 binge drinking and marijuana use were found to be among the strongest predictors of age 35 AUD and CUD, respectively. Among age 35 health and well-being indicators, lower overall health, more frequent cognitive difficulties, and lower satisfaction with spouse/partner were consistently associated with greater risks of AUD and CUD. Some evidence was found for a J-shaped association between age 35 AUD or CUD status and health and well-being indices, such that nondisordered users were sometimes better off than both abstainers and those experiencing disorder. Finally, nondisordered cannabis use, but not CUD, was found to be more common in more recent cohorts. Implications are discussed regarding the importance of placing early midlife substance use disorder within the context of both adolescent substance use and adult health and well-being.
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Psychology Press Taylor Francis Group, Aug 1, 2007
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National Institutes of Health, Apr 1, 2005
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Addiction (Abingdon, England), Jan 24, 2016
To identify the developmental course of nonmedical use of four separate prescription drug classes... more To identify the developmental course of nonmedical use of four separate prescription drug classes (opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers) by examining the general functional growth and related covariates during the transition from adolescence to adulthood in the United States. Nationally representative probability samples of high school seniors were followed longitudinally across five waves (waves 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5: modal ages 18, 19/20, 21/22, 23/24, and 25/26 years respectively). Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires to high school seniors and young adults in the United States. The sample consisted of over 71,000 individuals in 30 cohorts (high school senior years of 1977-2006) who participated in at least one wave. Self-reports of annual nonmedical use of prescription opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers. The annual nonmedical use of prescription opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and tranquilizers was highest at wave 1 over the five waves....
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National Institutes of Health, May 1, 2010
ED508287 - Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use. Overview of Key Findin... more ED508287 - Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use. Overview of Key Findings, 2008.
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, May 1, 2010
ED508287 - Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use. Overview of Key Findin... more ED508287 - Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use. Overview of Key Findings, 2008.
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nov 1, 2010
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National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nov 1, 2009
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Papers by John Schulenberg