The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The the... more The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, th...
The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectives... more The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectivesby suffix [-an] in Toba Batak. Comparative forms of adjectives by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak areconstructed without considering the number of syllables of the base forms of adjectives as those inEnglish. Besides, the attachments of suffix [-an] to adjectives in Toba Batak to constructcomparative forms do not require any phonological rules as those when attaching prefix [um-] toconstruct comparative form in Toba Batak. The stress of the words modified with suffix [-an] is insuffix [-an] itself. The meaning of suffix [-an] denotes comparative forms. It signifies moremeaning than what is indicated in the base forms of the adjectives to which suffix [-an] is attached.In short, word formation of comparative form by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak can be done to alladjective bases in very simple way inflectionally.
LANGUAGE LITERACY: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching, 2018
The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the ... more The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The data were analysed by applying modified theory with reference to Halle’s model as the main theory. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings show that adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language are done by attaching (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [maN-], (3) prefix [mar-], (4) affix combination [-umal-], and (5) affix combination [-umar-] to stems. The results of the affixation processes generate complex words which have new grammatical and lexical meanings. Phoneme ass...
The objective of this paper is to explore adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language. The theo... more The objective of this paper is to explore adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is structural morphology which was first proposed by Nida (1949). Structuralists state that morphologically words can be analyzed and described based on structural phenomena of a language. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. Morphologically, there are two types of adjectives in Toba Batak language, namely, adjectival bases and adjectival derivations. Affixes, such as prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and confixes can be attached only to adjectival bases to generate adjectives. In other words, such affixes cannot be attached to other types of parts of speech to form adjectives. The results show that there are 7 adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) one prefix (um-), (ii) one infix (-um-), (iii) one suffix (-an), and (iv) four confixes (mar...
This research deals with the investigation of sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in B... more This research deals with the investigation of sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language. The major issues in this descriptive microlinguistic study were the application of sociolinguistic routines in aspects of social interaction where sociolinguistic routines were found. Besides, this research also found the way sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language are expressed. The results show that sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language are found in many aspects, they are: (1) greetings, (2) self introduction, (3) offer, (4) giving, (5) apologizing, (6) permissions, (7) invitations, (8) reply, (9) requests, (10) regrets, and (11) leave taking. As far as the research had been done, the way sociolinguistic routines in Batak Toba language are expressed by using terms of kinship such as amang, inang, tulang, nantulang, amang boru, namboru, ito, lae, hela, parumaen, amang bao, inang bao, bere, paraman, appara,...
This paper aims at exploring the urgency of linguistic communication in social interactions in re... more This paper aims at exploring the urgency of linguistic communication in social interactions in relation with the theory of model of linguistic communication. Linguistics as the scientific study of language can be viewed theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it is considered as scientific study of language, and practically, linguistics is largely a way of talking about language, and, therefore, a precise vocabulary is required so that specialists in the field can communicate accurately with each other. Communication is a must which is required in verbal and written communication. Integrating language skills is the only approach to be done in interactive communication. Communication and language seem to be a two-side coin. That is to say, where there is communication, there is, at least, one language, and vice versa, where there is a language, there is communication as well. The urgency of linguistic com¬munication is even more important in many other aspects of social life. L...
The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from th... more The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from the view of generative transformational study. The major issue in this microlinguistic study is word formations through the processes of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Most studies done morphologically are structural based theory which explore language phenomena unsatisfactorily. For instance, in Indonesian language the following forms are never found: *ambilan “something taken”, *berpesawat “go by aeroplane”, *keobatan “being dead or sick because of consuming too much medicine”. We, on the other hand, will find the words kiriman “something sent”, bersepeda “go by bicycle”, keracunan “being dead or sick because of consuming something poisonous”. In Toba Batak language, for example, we will not find the words *lehonan “a give”, *marsintua “visit a church functionary to consult something”, *mamiso “use a knife to cut something”. Whereas the forms tongosan “something sent”, marda...
This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of gene... more This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are vo...
This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The... more This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped int...
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali Daftar Morfem Dalam dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif ... more Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali Daftar Morfem Dalam dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif Bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang kajian transformasi generatif. Issu utama dalam kajian mikrolinguistik ini adalah pembentukan kata melalui proses afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan komposisi. Sebagian besar kajian morfologi dilakukan dengan teori morfologi struktural yang mengangkat fenomena bahasa yang diteliti dengan tidak memuaskan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan berlandaskan morfologi generatif yang dipelopori oleh Halle (1973), Aronoff (1976), dan Dardjowidjojo (1988). Teori morfologi generatif mensyaratkan adanya empat komponen terpisah, yaitu (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Kaidah Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, dan (4) Kamus. Morfologi generatif memiliki predictive power untuk menghasilkan kata-kata aktual dan kata-kata potensial. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada komponen pertama teori morfologi generatif yaitu Daftar Morfem dalam Bahasa Batak Toba. Dalam Bahasa Batak Toba Daftar Morfem direa...
The central issue in this research is denominal verbs in Toba Batak language that is the formatio... more The central issue in this research is denominal verbs in Toba Batak language that is the formations of verbs from nominal bases through affixations and through lexical form. The morphological process occured in this kind of formation is derivational because it brings about new different word class from its base. In other words, derivational process produces different lexical identity and therefore, it has different lexical meaning. In Toba Batak language denominal verbs can be classified into nine categories, they are: (1) base-zero category, (2) base-hon category, (3) base-i category, (4) mar-base category, (5) mampar-base-hon category, (6) tar-base category, (7) tar-base-i category, (8) hona-base category, and (9) marsi-base-an category. In Toba Batak language it was found that the form of the nominal base and the form of the verb produced is the same in base-zero category. Therefore, the word class of the word will be known as noun or verb from sentence valency or from the contex...
This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in t... more This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of ...
The objectives of this study are to investigate comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in To... more The objectives of this study are to investigate comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak. The results show that comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak result invarious morphological and phonological processesas follows: (1) if prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives preceded by vowels, the last phoneme of the prefix is doubled ([um-]→[umm-]). (2) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial plosive voiced consonant [b], prefix [um-] is pronounced [ub-] as its allomorph. (3) if the initial phoneme is a velarplosive voiced consonant [g], prefix [um-] →[uŋ-]. (4)ifthe initial phoneme is a palato alveolar affricate voiced consonant [j]prefix [um-]→[un-] in spellingbut [uj-] in pronunciation. (5) ifthe initial phoneme is a bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] prefix [um-] does not change. (6) ifthe initial phoneme is analveolar nasal voiced consonant [n]prefix [um-]→[un-] both in spelling and in pronunciation. (7)ifthe initial phoneme isa bilabial plosive voicel...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari ... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang transformasi generatif model Halle. Analisis sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dititikberatkan pada empat rumusan masalah penelitian, yaitu (1) Bagaimanakah afiksasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, (2) Bagaimanakah proses reduplikasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? (3) Bagaimanakah proses pemajemukan dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, dan (4) Bagaimanakah bentuk kata-kata potensial dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan metode cakap beserta teknik-tekniknya. Data yang diperoleh adalah data lisan dan data tulisan. Mengingat kaidah proses morfologis bahasa Batak Toba sangat berbeda dari kaidah bahasa Inggris sebagai objek kajian Halle (1973) yang melahirkan teori morfologi generatif, peneliti memandang sangat perlu memodifikasi teori Halle. Peneliti menambahkan dua komponen baru yaitu Kaidah Ortografi dan Kaidah Fonologis di antara komponen 'saringan' dan 'kamus'. Dengan demikian perangkat kaidah transformasi generatif sebagai teori modifikasi dalam disertasi ini ada enam komponen yaitu: (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Aturan Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, (4) Kaidah Ortografi, (5) Kaidah Fonologis, dan (6) Kamus. Analis data dilakukan dengan teori modifikasi tetapi tetap mengacu pada teori Halle sebagai teori utama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 85 afiks dalam sistem morfologi generatif bahasa Batak Toba yang terdiri atas 46 afiks infleksi dan 39 afiks derivasi. Keseluruhan afiks ini ditemukan melalui: (1) prefiksasi, (2) infiksasi, (3) sufiksasi, (4) konfiksasi, dan (5) kombinasi afiksasi. Ke 46 proses afiks infleksi terdiri atas 6 afiks pembentuk N yang terdiri atas PREF [
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari ... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang transformasi generatif model Halle. Analisis sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dititikberatkan pada empat rumusan masalah penelitian, yaitu (1) Bagaimanakah afiksasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, (2) Bagaimanakah proses reduplikasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? (3) Bagaimanakah proses pemajemukan dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, dan (4) Bagaimanakah bentuk kata-kata potensial dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan metode cakap beserta teknik-tekniknya. Data yang diperoleh adalah data lisan dan data tulisan. Mengingat kaidah proses morfologis bahasa Batak Toba sangat berbeda dari kaidah bahasa Inggris sebagai objek kajian Halle (1973) yang melahirkan teori morfologi generatif, peneliti memandang sangat perlu memodifikasi teori Halle. Peneliti menambahkan dua komponen baru yaitu Kaidah Ortografi dan Kaidah Fonologis di antara komponen 'saringan' dan 'kamus'. Dengan demikian perangkat kaidah transformasi generatif sebagai teori modifikasi dalam disertasi ini ada enam komponen yaitu: (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Aturan Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, (4) Kaidah Ortografi, (5) Kaidah Fonologis, dan (6) Kamus. Analis data dilakukan dengan teori modifikasi tetapi tetap mengacu pada teori Halle sebagai teori utama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 85 afiks dalam sistem morfologi generatif bahasa Batak Toba yang terdiri atas 46 afiks infleksi dan 39 afiks derivasi. Keseluruhan afiks ini ditemukan melalui: (1) prefiksasi, (2) infiksasi, (3) sufiksasi, (4) konfiksasi, dan (5) kombinasi afiksasi. Ke 46 proses afiks infleksi terdiri atas 6 afiks pembentuk N yang terdiri atas PREF [
ABSTRAK Makalah ini bertujuan menggali urgensi komunikasi linguistik dalam interaksi sosial terka... more ABSTRAK Makalah ini bertujuan menggali urgensi komunikasi linguistik dalam interaksi sosial terkait dengan teori model komunikasi linguistik. Linguistik sebagai kajian ilmiah bahasa dapat ditinjau secara teorestis dan secara praktis. Secara teoretis, linguistik dipandang sebagai kajian ilmiah bahasa, dan secara praktis, linguistik merupakan suatu cara membicarakan bahasa. Dengan demikian, pemilihan diksi yang tepat dibutuhkan sehingga para pihak yang terlibat dalam interaksi dapat berkomunikasi dengan akurat. Komunikasi merupakan keharusan yang dibutuhkan dalam komunikasi lisan dan verbal. Memadukan keahlian berbahasa merupakan satu-satunya pendekatan dalam komunikasi yang interaktif. Komunikasi dan bahasa adalah ibarat koin dua sisi. Artinya, di mana ada komunikasi, di situ ada bahasa, dan sebaliknya di mana ada bahasa di situ pula ditemukan komunikasi. Urgensi komunikasi linguistik bahkan lebih penting dalam banyak aspek kehidupan sosial. Komunikasi linguistik bukanlah sekedar menyampaikan dan menerima pesan, tetapi juga melibatkan sensitifitas terhadap faktor-faktor emosional dan dinamika yang kompleks dan substansif yang beroperasi di kalangan komunikan. Dalam interaksi sosial, manusia selalu menggunakan bahasa dalam komunikasi baik secara verbal atau non verbal. Komunikasi verbal diistilahkan dengan sebutan komunikasi linguistik. Dalam komunikasi linguistik, secara umum ujaran yang diucapkan dapat dipahami langsung oleh pihak komunikan lainnya karena komunikasi yang digunakan adalah bahasa lisan. Artinya, mana kala ada ujaran yang tidak dipahami penerima pesan, dia bisa langsung mengklarifikasinya kepada pemberi pesan. Ada banyak hal yang terlibat dalam komunikasi linguistik, yaitu identitas pribadi, struktur sosial, budaya, dan interaksi sosial. Kata kunci: Komunikasi linguistik, interaksi sosial
The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The the... more The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, th...
The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectives... more The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectivesby suffix [-an] in Toba Batak. Comparative forms of adjectives by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak areconstructed without considering the number of syllables of the base forms of adjectives as those inEnglish. Besides, the attachments of suffix [-an] to adjectives in Toba Batak to constructcomparative forms do not require any phonological rules as those when attaching prefix [um-] toconstruct comparative form in Toba Batak. The stress of the words modified with suffix [-an] is insuffix [-an] itself. The meaning of suffix [-an] denotes comparative forms. It signifies moremeaning than what is indicated in the base forms of the adjectives to which suffix [-an] is attached.In short, word formation of comparative form by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak can be done to alladjective bases in very simple way inflectionally.
LANGUAGE LITERACY: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching, 2018
The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the ... more The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The data were analysed by applying modified theory with reference to Halle’s model as the main theory. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings show that adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language are done by attaching (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [maN-], (3) prefix [mar-], (4) affix combination [-umal-], and (5) affix combination [-umar-] to stems. The results of the affixation processes generate complex words which have new grammatical and lexical meanings. Phoneme ass...
The objective of this paper is to explore adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language. The theo... more The objective of this paper is to explore adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is structural morphology which was first proposed by Nida (1949). Structuralists state that morphologically words can be analyzed and described based on structural phenomena of a language. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. Morphologically, there are two types of adjectives in Toba Batak language, namely, adjectival bases and adjectival derivations. Affixes, such as prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and confixes can be attached only to adjectival bases to generate adjectives. In other words, such affixes cannot be attached to other types of parts of speech to form adjectives. The results show that there are 7 adjectival affixations in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) one prefix (um-), (ii) one infix (-um-), (iii) one suffix (-an), and (iv) four confixes (mar...
This research deals with the investigation of sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in B... more This research deals with the investigation of sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language. The major issues in this descriptive microlinguistic study were the application of sociolinguistic routines in aspects of social interaction where sociolinguistic routines were found. Besides, this research also found the way sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language are expressed. The results show that sociolinguistic routines in social interaction in Batak Toba language are found in many aspects, they are: (1) greetings, (2) self introduction, (3) offer, (4) giving, (5) apologizing, (6) permissions, (7) invitations, (8) reply, (9) requests, (10) regrets, and (11) leave taking. As far as the research had been done, the way sociolinguistic routines in Batak Toba language are expressed by using terms of kinship such as amang, inang, tulang, nantulang, amang boru, namboru, ito, lae, hela, parumaen, amang bao, inang bao, bere, paraman, appara,...
This paper aims at exploring the urgency of linguistic communication in social interactions in re... more This paper aims at exploring the urgency of linguistic communication in social interactions in relation with the theory of model of linguistic communication. Linguistics as the scientific study of language can be viewed theoretically and practically. Theoretically, it is considered as scientific study of language, and practically, linguistics is largely a way of talking about language, and, therefore, a precise vocabulary is required so that specialists in the field can communicate accurately with each other. Communication is a must which is required in verbal and written communication. Integrating language skills is the only approach to be done in interactive communication. Communication and language seem to be a two-side coin. That is to say, where there is communication, there is, at least, one language, and vice versa, where there is a language, there is communication as well. The urgency of linguistic com¬munication is even more important in many other aspects of social life. L...
The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from th... more The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from the view of generative transformational study. The major issue in this microlinguistic study is word formations through the processes of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Most studies done morphologically are structural based theory which explore language phenomena unsatisfactorily. For instance, in Indonesian language the following forms are never found: *ambilan “something taken”, *berpesawat “go by aeroplane”, *keobatan “being dead or sick because of consuming too much medicine”. We, on the other hand, will find the words kiriman “something sent”, bersepeda “go by bicycle”, keracunan “being dead or sick because of consuming something poisonous”. In Toba Batak language, for example, we will not find the words *lehonan “a give”, *marsintua “visit a church functionary to consult something”, *mamiso “use a knife to cut something”. Whereas the forms tongosan “something sent”, marda...
This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of gene... more This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are vo...
This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The... more This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped int...
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali Daftar Morfem Dalam dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif ... more Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali Daftar Morfem Dalam dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif Bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang kajian transformasi generatif. Issu utama dalam kajian mikrolinguistik ini adalah pembentukan kata melalui proses afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan komposisi. Sebagian besar kajian morfologi dilakukan dengan teori morfologi struktural yang mengangkat fenomena bahasa yang diteliti dengan tidak memuaskan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan berlandaskan morfologi generatif yang dipelopori oleh Halle (1973), Aronoff (1976), dan Dardjowidjojo (1988). Teori morfologi generatif mensyaratkan adanya empat komponen terpisah, yaitu (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Kaidah Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, dan (4) Kamus. Morfologi generatif memiliki predictive power untuk menghasilkan kata-kata aktual dan kata-kata potensial. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada komponen pertama teori morfologi generatif yaitu Daftar Morfem dalam Bahasa Batak Toba. Dalam Bahasa Batak Toba Daftar Morfem direa...
The central issue in this research is denominal verbs in Toba Batak language that is the formatio... more The central issue in this research is denominal verbs in Toba Batak language that is the formations of verbs from nominal bases through affixations and through lexical form. The morphological process occured in this kind of formation is derivational because it brings about new different word class from its base. In other words, derivational process produces different lexical identity and therefore, it has different lexical meaning. In Toba Batak language denominal verbs can be classified into nine categories, they are: (1) base-zero category, (2) base-hon category, (3) base-i category, (4) mar-base category, (5) mampar-base-hon category, (6) tar-base category, (7) tar-base-i category, (8) hona-base category, and (9) marsi-base-an category. In Toba Batak language it was found that the form of the nominal base and the form of the verb produced is the same in base-zero category. Therefore, the word class of the word will be known as noun or verb from sentence valency or from the contex...
This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in t... more This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of ...
The objectives of this study are to investigate comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in To... more The objectives of this study are to investigate comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak. The results show that comparative form of adjectivesby prefix um- in Toba Batak result invarious morphological and phonological processesas follows: (1) if prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives preceded by vowels, the last phoneme of the prefix is doubled ([um-]→[umm-]). (2) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial plosive voiced consonant [b], prefix [um-] is pronounced [ub-] as its allomorph. (3) if the initial phoneme is a velarplosive voiced consonant [g], prefix [um-] →[uŋ-]. (4)ifthe initial phoneme is a palato alveolar affricate voiced consonant [j]prefix [um-]→[un-] in spellingbut [uj-] in pronunciation. (5) ifthe initial phoneme is a bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] prefix [um-] does not change. (6) ifthe initial phoneme is analveolar nasal voiced consonant [n]prefix [um-]→[un-] both in spelling and in pronunciation. (7)ifthe initial phoneme isa bilabial plosive voicel...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari ... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang transformasi generatif model Halle. Analisis sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dititikberatkan pada empat rumusan masalah penelitian, yaitu (1) Bagaimanakah afiksasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, (2) Bagaimanakah proses reduplikasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? (3) Bagaimanakah proses pemajemukan dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, dan (4) Bagaimanakah bentuk kata-kata potensial dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan metode cakap beserta teknik-tekniknya. Data yang diperoleh adalah data lisan dan data tulisan. Mengingat kaidah proses morfologis bahasa Batak Toba sangat berbeda dari kaidah bahasa Inggris sebagai objek kajian Halle (1973) yang melahirkan teori morfologi generatif, peneliti memandang sangat perlu memodifikasi teori Halle. Peneliti menambahkan dua komponen baru yaitu Kaidah Ortografi dan Kaidah Fonologis di antara komponen 'saringan' dan 'kamus'. Dengan demikian perangkat kaidah transformasi generatif sebagai teori modifikasi dalam disertasi ini ada enam komponen yaitu: (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Aturan Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, (4) Kaidah Ortografi, (5) Kaidah Fonologis, dan (6) Kamus. Analis data dilakukan dengan teori modifikasi tetapi tetap mengacu pada teori Halle sebagai teori utama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 85 afiks dalam sistem morfologi generatif bahasa Batak Toba yang terdiri atas 46 afiks infleksi dan 39 afiks derivasi. Keseluruhan afiks ini ditemukan melalui: (1) prefiksasi, (2) infiksasi, (3) sufiksasi, (4) konfiksasi, dan (5) kombinasi afiksasi. Ke 46 proses afiks infleksi terdiri atas 6 afiks pembentuk N yang terdiri atas PREF [
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari ... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan dan menjelaskan sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dari sudut pandang transformasi generatif model Halle. Analisis sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba dititikberatkan pada empat rumusan masalah penelitian, yaitu (1) Bagaimanakah afiksasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, (2) Bagaimanakah proses reduplikasi dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? (3) Bagaimanakah proses pemajemukan dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba?, dan (4) Bagaimanakah bentuk kata-kata potensial dalam sistem morfologi bahasa Batak Toba? Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan metode cakap beserta teknik-tekniknya. Data yang diperoleh adalah data lisan dan data tulisan. Mengingat kaidah proses morfologis bahasa Batak Toba sangat berbeda dari kaidah bahasa Inggris sebagai objek kajian Halle (1973) yang melahirkan teori morfologi generatif, peneliti memandang sangat perlu memodifikasi teori Halle. Peneliti menambahkan dua komponen baru yaitu Kaidah Ortografi dan Kaidah Fonologis di antara komponen 'saringan' dan 'kamus'. Dengan demikian perangkat kaidah transformasi generatif sebagai teori modifikasi dalam disertasi ini ada enam komponen yaitu: (1) Daftar Morfem, (2) Aturan Pembentukan Kata, (3) Saringan, (4) Kaidah Ortografi, (5) Kaidah Fonologis, dan (6) Kamus. Analis data dilakukan dengan teori modifikasi tetapi tetap mengacu pada teori Halle sebagai teori utama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 85 afiks dalam sistem morfologi generatif bahasa Batak Toba yang terdiri atas 46 afiks infleksi dan 39 afiks derivasi. Keseluruhan afiks ini ditemukan melalui: (1) prefiksasi, (2) infiksasi, (3) sufiksasi, (4) konfiksasi, dan (5) kombinasi afiksasi. Ke 46 proses afiks infleksi terdiri atas 6 afiks pembentuk N yang terdiri atas PREF [
ABSTRAK Makalah ini bertujuan menggali urgensi komunikasi linguistik dalam interaksi sosial terka... more ABSTRAK Makalah ini bertujuan menggali urgensi komunikasi linguistik dalam interaksi sosial terkait dengan teori model komunikasi linguistik. Linguistik sebagai kajian ilmiah bahasa dapat ditinjau secara teorestis dan secara praktis. Secara teoretis, linguistik dipandang sebagai kajian ilmiah bahasa, dan secara praktis, linguistik merupakan suatu cara membicarakan bahasa. Dengan demikian, pemilihan diksi yang tepat dibutuhkan sehingga para pihak yang terlibat dalam interaksi dapat berkomunikasi dengan akurat. Komunikasi merupakan keharusan yang dibutuhkan dalam komunikasi lisan dan verbal. Memadukan keahlian berbahasa merupakan satu-satunya pendekatan dalam komunikasi yang interaktif. Komunikasi dan bahasa adalah ibarat koin dua sisi. Artinya, di mana ada komunikasi, di situ ada bahasa, dan sebaliknya di mana ada bahasa di situ pula ditemukan komunikasi. Urgensi komunikasi linguistik bahkan lebih penting dalam banyak aspek kehidupan sosial. Komunikasi linguistik bukanlah sekedar menyampaikan dan menerima pesan, tetapi juga melibatkan sensitifitas terhadap faktor-faktor emosional dan dinamika yang kompleks dan substansif yang beroperasi di kalangan komunikan. Dalam interaksi sosial, manusia selalu menggunakan bahasa dalam komunikasi baik secara verbal atau non verbal. Komunikasi verbal diistilahkan dengan sebutan komunikasi linguistik. Dalam komunikasi linguistik, secara umum ujaran yang diucapkan dapat dipahami langsung oleh pihak komunikan lainnya karena komunikasi yang digunakan adalah bahasa lisan. Artinya, mana kala ada ujaran yang tidak dipahami penerima pesan, dia bisa langsung mengklarifikasinya kepada pemberi pesan. Ada banyak hal yang terlibat dalam komunikasi linguistik, yaitu identitas pribadi, struktur sosial, budaya, dan interaksi sosial. Kata kunci: Komunikasi linguistik, interaksi sosial
The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from th... more The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from the view of generative transformational study. The major issue in this microlinguistic study is word formations through the processes of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Most studies done morphologically are structural based theory which explore language phenomena unsatisfactorily. For instance, in
The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The the... more The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) six prefixes (par-, na-, sa-, sanha-, hina-, ha-), (ii) two infixes (-ar- ,-al-), (iii) one suffix (-na), (iv) four multiple affixations (ha-…-on, pa-…-an, pa-…-on, par-…-an), and (v) double affixations (par-in-). Nominal word formations derive from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational. Some complex words have to be put into filter to be processed morphophonologically before they are put into dictionary.
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