Papers by ALCHEMY Journal of Chemistry
ABSTRACT
Zat antibakteri merupakan suatu zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan metabolisme b... more ABSTRACT
Zat antibakteri merupakan suatu zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan metabolisme bakteri, sehingga zat tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhanatau bahkan membunuh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan bahan alam sebagai antibakteri alami. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui bahwa daun teh (Camellia sinensis L. var assamica) yang efektif sebagai antibakteri alami dapat menghambat bakteri Micrococcus luteus. Penelitian ini meliputi ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakansampel daun teh. Pemisahan ekstrak katekin dilakukan dengan KLT Analitik dengan variasi eluen yaitu etil asetat:air:asam format (18:1:1), toluena:aseton:asam format (3:3:1) dan kloroform:metanol:air (6,5:3,5:1), untuk mencari eluen terbaik yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk KLT Preparatif. Selanjutnya hasil dari KLT Preparatif digunakan untuk uji antibakteri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstrak katekin dari daun teh ± 3,34 gram dari 50 gram sampel. Hasil KLT Analitik menunjukkan bahwa eluen terbaik untuk KLT Preparatif adalah etil asetat:air: asam format. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat 5 dari ekstrak daun teh memberikan efektivitas terbaik sebagai antibakteri Micrococcus luteus.
Kata Kunci: daun teh, katekin, antibakteri, Micrococcus luteus
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ABSTRACT
Antioxidant and antibacterial activity assay and active compound identification red alg... more ABSTRACT
Antioxidant and antibacterial activity assay and active compound identification red algae Euchema spinosum extract was conducted. Active compound extraction was conducted using maceration method with methanol. Antioxidant activity assay using DPPH method with determining EC50 value. Antibacterial activity assay using diffusion method toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The results show that antioxidant activity of Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract has EC50 value 22.13 ppm. Antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria had inhibitation in 80 mg/mL concentration at the amount of 4 mm and 3 mm respectively. The result of phytochemical essay shows that compounds which discoveried in Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract were flavonoids, triterpenoids and ascorbic acid.
Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum, Antioxidant activity, DPPH, antibacterial activity, E. coli, S. aureus.
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ABSTRACT
Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were one of the trace element found in sugar that comes from ... more ABSTRACT
Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were one of the trace element found in sugar that comes from the manufacturing process such as corrosion processes in the circuit of the equipment. This study aims to find the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest, to find the analytical performance of the standard curve and standard addition curve and test compatibility the results.
This research include determining optimum temperature and time of microwave destruction for sugar with temperature variation of 160, 180, 200 0C, time variation 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes and storage time 1 until 5 days. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu and Pb includes linearity, LOD, LOQ, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, continued by determination of the analytical performance using the standard addition curve with optimum temperature and time.
The study obtained that the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Cu analysis is 200 0C and 15 minutes with maximum storage time 3 days, while optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Pb analysis 180 0C and 10 minutes with maximum storage time only one day. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu includes r2 = 0.9993; LOD 0.0011 ppm; LOQ 0.0036 ppm; sensitivity 0.2; average accuracy of 99,96 %, and precision of 9.46%. Analytical performance of the standard addition curve for copper (Cu) includes r2 = 0.9999; LOD 0.0012 ppm; LOQ 0.004 ppm; sensitivity of 0.1729, an average accuracy of 100,07 and precision of 5.38%. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Pb includes r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0019 ppm, LOQ 0.0066 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1069, the average accuracy of 99.56%, 2.32% and the precision of the analytical performance of the standard curve addition includes standard r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0018 ppm, LOQ 0.0060 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1090, the average accuracy of 100.01%, and precision of 1.94%.
Key words : Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Sugar, Microwave Digest, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
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ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane crude extract of brown a... more ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare from Kapong beach Pamekasan has been conducted against S. aureus and E. coli. The purpose of this research was to know the crude solvent extract showing antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli and to identifity active compound groups content.
The extraction of brown algae S. vulgare was performed by maseration ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvent. The crude extract were assayed an actibacterial activity by disk diffusion methode. The extract showing the best antibacterial activities were tested phytochemicals assay and TLC to identifity active compound groups.
This result showed that chloroform crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare inhibited S. aureus in concentration of 1 % and E. coli in concentration of 5%. Phytochemical assay showed that chloroform crude extract was containing flavonoids and steroid groups. For the separation using TLC chloroform-methanol (99:1) yielded 9 spots with Rf 0,017−0,46 while chloroform-methanol (9:1) was generated 7 spots with Rf 0,17−0,91.
Keywords : Brown algae S. vulgare, antibacterial test, E. coli, S. aureus, phytochemical test, TLC
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ABSTRACT
Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is one kind of sea cucumbers that contains of bioactiv... more ABSTRACT
Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is one kind of sea cucumbers that contains of bioactive compound that can inhibit bacteria growth. This research aim to know the effect of methanol and n-hexane extract towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli bacterial growth and to identification estimation active compound group.
Sea cucumbers active compound extraction using maceration method with methanol and n-hexane as a solvent. Methanol and n-hexane crude extract conducted antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and continued with reagent test to knowing active compound group.
The result of this research indicated that n-hexane extracts provide the best inhibition zone toward bacterium Escherichia coli at concentration 2000 ppm with among of inhibition zone 1,75 mm, while at bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi does not provide inhibition zone. Methanol extract does not provide inhibition zone towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The result of reagent test indicated compound that detected in n-hexane extract is saponins.
Keywords: sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra), disk diffusion, extraction, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, and Escherichia coli.
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ABSTRACT
Sea cucumber (H.Scabra) is a species of marine biota providing high economical and medi... more ABSTRACT
Sea cucumber (H.Scabra) is a species of marine biota providing high economical and medical values. It has been hundreds years consumed for drug to cure various diseases in China. The aim of this research was to determine the level of the toxicity against brine shrimp larvae A.salina Leach in each dried sea cucumber (H.scabra) extract collected from Kenjeran Coast, Surabaya. The information would be beneficial for anticancer drug discovery .
The research was conducted by extracting samples using both ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The concentrated extract obtained then were used for the toxicity test against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach (BSLT). The mortality data of A.salina Leach was analysed using probit analysis to determine the value of LC50 on each extract. The phytochemical assay and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was also apllied for both extracts.
The result showed that both ethanol and n-hexane exctracts performed toxicity level against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach with LC50 less than 1000 ppm.The n-hexane extract indicated LC50 of 189.093 ppm, higher than the ethanol extract, 286.031 ppm. The presence of steroids were detected in both extract whilst the alkaloids were only detected in the ethanol extract. Further separation of the n-hexane exctrat using TLC in n-hexane;ethyl acetate;amonia (66:33:0.8) yielded 5 spots with the Rf of 0.3;0.44;0.54;0.72 and 0.78, respectively.
Keywords : sea cucumber (holothuria scabra), artemia salina leach, toxicity test, phytochemical test
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ABSTRACT
Malaria is one of the infectious disease is still a problem of the world with high mort... more ABSTRACT
Malaria is one of the infectious disease is still a problem of the world with high mortality. Therapeutic purpose of uncomplicated malaria is to eliminate plasmodium cause infection to prevent infection severity, complications and break the chain of transmission. While the purpose therapy of severe malaria is to prevent mortality. Recommended therapy of malaria is a combination of two or more antimalarial drugs that mechanisms action kills malarial parasites in the blood and the amount of each drug works on different receptors. The use of a combination of several antimalarial drugs has become a necessity for prevention of malaria parasite strains that are resistant to certain drugs. Combination therapy include: ACTs (artemisinin combination therapies); artesunate and amodiaquin; artesunate and mefloquin; artesunate with one of the SP, lumefantrin, piperaquin, pyronaridin; antibiotic (doxyciclin, clindamycine, azithromycin), artemether-lumefantrine (AL); chloroquine and SP; atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone)
Key words: malaria, mechanisms action, antimalarial drug
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ABSTRACT
Tape is one of the products of fermentation. Of the agreement MUI, foods and beverages ... more ABSTRACT
Tape is one of the products of fermentation. Of the agreement MUI, foods and beverages containing alcohol should not exceed 1%, so the food / drinks that contain high levels of alcohol exceeding 1% are included in the category of haram for consumption. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on ethanol content of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai. The method that is used to separate the two or more component of volatile and non volatile from tapai is called distillation while to analyze an ethanol level used gas chromatography (GC) method. To examine the data which differentiate the base concentration of alcohol (%) in cassava tapai since fermentation
process which were analyzed by variants analysis (ANOVA). In the next experiment, if there was different significant result, then continued by the test of BNT which the level for about 1%.
The samples of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai fermented for about 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Those tapai were mashed and added the aquades. The mixed materials were distillated, then entered into the bottle and considered as gram unit. The considered distillations were being analyzed used gas chromatography (GC) method.The result of the research showed that there is the influence of long fermentation to ethanol level’s of cassava (Manihot utilissima Phol) tapai. The level of cassava ethanol was 0.844%, 2.182%, 4.904%, 6.334% and 11.811%. The long fermentation was for about 120 hours and it was an indeed influence (p < 0,01) to the level of cassava’s ethanol among the period of long fermentation.
Key words : fermentation, alcohol levels,tapes
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ABSTRACT
Effort that can maximize the working of natural zeolite is by activation and modificati... more ABSTRACT
Effort that can maximize the working of natural zeolite is by activation and modification as a carrier of active metals or commonly called impregnation. Modified zeolite by impregnation using titanium metal is to increase the performance of a pure metal catalysts such as low in thermal stability, decreasing surface area and sintering occurs (clotting) and expensive in the application. Bearers Treatment in the metallic solids by impregnating the zeolite would make the metals in zeolites as bifungsional catalysts.
Modified Malang’s natural zeolite starting with the activation process using a solution of NH4NO3 2 M, continued by the addition of titanium metal used in zeolite TiO2 solution with a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M. Modified zeolite crystallinity characterized analized by XRD analysis. Methylen blue adsorption on Ti-zeolite is to measure the specific surface area. SEM surface morphology analysis is used to determine the content of the element is by using XRF analysis.
Characterization using XRD analysis results indicate that Malang’s natural zeolite not changed in the structure, but it changes the intensity due to the addition of titanium. The largest surface area measurement obtained from the treatment of Ti-zeolite 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M are : 23.159; 23.077 and 20.848 m2/gr. SEM analysis showed that titanium metal dispersion fairly evenly after the modification. While from the XRF analysis showed that the ratio of Si / Al increased to 4.354 and content of titanium in the Ti-natural zeolite Malang is 13.6%.
Key words: impregnation, titanium metal , surface area, nature zeolite Malang
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ABSTRACT
It had been conducted a study on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid isolate... more ABSTRACT
It had been conducted a study on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid isolated from peat soil from village of Sambutan, the subdistrict of Samarinda Ilir, East Kalimantan. Aspects studied covered adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid in water medium.
Adsorption process carried out by batch method. Kinetics study conducted by intracting metal adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) with humic acid at various times, meanwhile studying the adsorption isotherm is done by interacting Cd (II) and Pb (II) at various concentrations with humic acid.
The results showed the adsorption rate of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed first order with rate constants of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of 0.0012 and 0.0038 mg menit-1/10 humic acid. Carboxylic groups of humic acid as the main groups which were actively involved in the interaction of metal-humic acid and have experienced deprotonation is hard nucleophile. It made Pb (II) was more quickly and easily adsorbed than Cd (II). Adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed the pattern of Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacities of Pb (II) of 1.66 x10-3 mol / g and for Cd (II) 3.83 x10-3 mol / g . The adsorption energy of both metals is relatively small that is equal to 16.1 for Cd(II) and 21.4 kJ / mol for Pb(II)
Key words : adsorption rate, adsorption isotherm, Cd(II), Pb(II), humic acid
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ABSTRACT
Bran rice is a by-product of rice into rice milling process, the cellulose content of 4... more ABSTRACT
Bran rice is a by-product of rice into rice milling process, the cellulose content of 40-60%, so the potential as a carbon source for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria to produce enzymes particularly cellulolytic bacteria. The purpose of the study was to determine the diversity of the characters from the cellulolytic bacterial isolates and optimum conditions enzyme (cellulase enzymes rough) so that they can hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose with either rice bran. The characterization includes the determination of pH, temperature and time of optimum crude extract of bacterial cellulolytic enzyme cellulase, determination of Vmax and Km and molecular mass determination of cellulase.
Research methods include making media, regeneration of isolates, bacterial growth curve manufacturing, production of cellulase enzymes from bacterial cellulolytic rough at the optimum conditions, the kinetics of enzymatic reaction: substrate concentration factor of the reaction rate (with variation of the concentration of 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00%, 1.25% and 1.50% (w / v)) followed by calculating the Vmax and Km.
The results showed that the enzyme cellulase of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from rice bran result that has optimum conditions at pH 7.5, temperature 50 ° C, 40 min incubation time to produce Vmax 0.0086 units / mL and Km 1.694%.
Key words : kinetics of enzymatic reaction, selullase enzyme and rice bran
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ABSTRACT
Probiotic is a product containing non-pathogenic microbes live, which was given to anim... more ABSTRACT
Probiotic is a product containing non-pathogenic microbes live, which was given to animals or humans to fix the rate of growth, efficiency, and increase conversion ration of animal or human health by affecting positively the balance of the gut microbes and microbial pathogen control in the digestive tract. In order to potentially lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates must pass the test selection among others such as probiotic test resistance to acid pH, the bile salts, against pathogenic bacteria. This experimental research methods for descriptive use that aim to provide information about the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from the small intestine Mojosari duck (Anas plathyrinchos) with the tests in vitro i.e. the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on the condition of the acidic pH (2, 3, and 4), bile salt concentration of 0.3% (b/v), inhibition of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi) The results showed that on pH 2 the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 4.3. 107 CFU/ml, pH 3 was 3.8. 109 CFU/ml and pH 4 was 2.7. 1010 CFU/ml, the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on bile salt showed the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 1.2. 109 CFU/ml. inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria showed that Lactobacillus plantarum could inhibited strong on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameter of zone was 12.7 mm and 13.3 mm but not Salmonella typhi with diameter of zone was 9.3 mm.
Key words : probiotic, in vitro, lactobacillus plantarum
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ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) is pollutant found in canned foods. It is derived from the soldering between ... more ABSTRACT
Lead (Pb) is pollutant found in canned foods. It is derived from the soldering between the can and the lid. This study aims to find out the analytical performance of standar curves , the better method between dry ashing dan wet ashing, the best oxidant solution in wet ashing ang determine lead in canned sausage and canned lychee. This research including : Performance determination of the standard addition curve analysis includes linearity, limits of detection and limits of quantitation, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, sample destruction using dry ash 500 oC and wet destruction with a variety of oxidizing subtrace such as HNO3 p.a; HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a (3:1), and HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a, H2O2 p.a (6:2:1), and determine the concentration of lead in canned sausage and canned lychee
The results of this research of the standard curve analysis of lead (Pb) are r =0,9999, LOD 0,028 ppm, LOQ 0,0933 ppm, and sensitivity of 0,00757 the average accuracy of 98%, and precision 2,74%. Wet ashing is more stabil than dry ashing. The best oxidizing substance of canned sausage comes from HNO3, H2SO4 and H2O2 (6:2:1) and lead was found 0,64 ppm while best oxidizing substance of canned lychee comes from HNO3, H2SO4 (3:1) and lead was found 0,72 ppm.
Key words : lead (Pb), canned food, wet ashing, dry ashing
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ABSTRACT
The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more ac... more ABSTRACT
The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more active than other fatty acids to inhibit cell membrane damages, formation and growth of brain functions, antiinflamatory and prevent several cronic deseases like lung desease and arthrytis. Some research explain that geometri of omega-3 fatty acids had effect on its bioactivity. This research purpose was to isolate α-linolenic acid with geometry Z,Z,Z (9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadekatrienoat).
O. basilicum seeds oil was isolated from O. basilicum seeds using Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, then hidrolized by 12 % solution of KOH in aquadest. The α-linolenic acid was separated from other fatty acids by urea inclusion methods. The optimum condition of urea inclusion was determined in various temperature (+ 5, + 3, + 1, + (-1), + (-3), + (-5)) 0C and ratio of fatty acid : urea 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:3,5; 1:4.
From this research, extraction of O. basilicum seeds oil with n-hexane as solvent resulted clear yellow-brown oil with refractive indeks 1,466 and density 0,855 g/mL. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acids hidrolyzed from O. basilicum oil showed peak at tR= 19,949 minutes with relative percentage 70,72 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,949 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid. Isolation of α-linolenic acid from other fatty acids using urea inclusion at temperature 0-2 0C dan rasio fatty acid: urea 1:1,5 showed nonadduct fraction contains compound with tR= 19,980 minutes and relative percentage 88,51 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,980 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid.
Keywords : conjugated double bond, methyl linolenate, O.basilicum seeds, toxicity
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ABSTRACT
Chlorella sp. is one of the low-level plants that have the potential to be utilized, as... more ABSTRACT
Chlorella sp. is one of the low-level plants that have the potential to be utilized, as stated in al Quran surah asy Syu’ara: 7. Chlorella sp. is one species of microalgae containing antioxidant compound, such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. Purpose this research was to determine potential antioxidant activity and active compound of Chlorella sp.
Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting at 10th day. Extraction of Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using two variationsolvent, methanol and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity of crude extract Chlorella sp. wasestimated by DPPH assay with spectrofotometryUV-Vis. Identification of active compound was estimated by phytochemical reagent assay, as alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, tanin, and ascorbic acid.
The result showed that the highest number of cells (4,6 x 105 cell/mL) when Chlorella sp. cultivation in TEM occured at 10th day. The rendemen of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of Chlorellasp. as follows7,001 % and 3,673 %. EC50 value of methanol and ethyl acetate extract Chlorellasp. were 18,610 ppm and 27,320 ppm. The identification result of active compound of crude extract Chlorellasp. showed that methanol extract contains steroid, tannin, and ascorbic acid, while ethyl acetate extract contains tannin and ascorbic acid.
Keywords : Chlorella sp., Tauge Extract Medium, Antioxidant, DPPH
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research wasto separate and identify the leaf crude extracts esquit... more ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research wasto separate and identify the leaf crude extracts esquiterpene of Sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) using thin layer chromatography.
Sun flower leaf maceration method performed with the solvent methanol. Then performed liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvent. Ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction furth erphyto chemical test. After being test edphyto chemical with reagents, both extracts was followed by sesquiterpene content identification using thin layer chromatography (TLC) analytic.
Phytochemical test result from ethyl acetate extract fraction was positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene and triterpene, while n-hexane extractfraction positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene andsteroid. All egedsesquiterpene with eluentdichloromethane: ethyl acetate (4,8:0,2) is shown with apurplestain. In the ethyl acetate extract fraction all egedsesquiterpene having Rf values of 0.89; 0.94, and 0.96. While n-hexane extract fraction, the resulting eluental legedsesquiterpene Rf 0.49; 0.8,and 0.99.
Key word: Helianthus annuus L., sesquiterpene, phytochemicaltest, TLC
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The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of gelatin by using raw material... more ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of gelatin by using raw materials bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and the Broiler chickens for differences in the concentration of acetic acid immersion process ( curing ).The method used in this study is the preparation and broiler chicken bones , isolation of gelatin with various concentration of acetic acid in the curing process , the process of hydrolysis , extraction temperature rise and gelatin with gelatin obtained include the characterization of protein , water , ash and metal.
The results showed the highest yield of gelatin produced from Broiler chicken bone types with acetic acid concentration of 1 % , ie 3.25%. Gelatin highest protein content of 86.27 % of the types of Broiler chicken bone with acetic acid concentration of 1.5 %. Lowest ash content of 15.7 % gelatin from bone types Broiler chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration , and from analysis using AAS contained Cu at 0.6 % (of the type of chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 0.5 %) and Cu metal content of 1.1 % (of the type of Broiler chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 1 %. highest moisture content of 0.17 % gelatin from bone types Kampung chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration .
Key words: gelatin, protein, ash, water content and Cu
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ABSTRACT
Coagulation process can use synthetic materials and natural coagulant. In this research... more ABSTRACT
Coagulation process can use synthetic materials and natural coagulant. In this research, wastewater treatment derived from PT. SEER PIER Pasuruan through coagulation processes using seed coagulant Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) and Alum (aluminum sulfate). The purpose of this study to determine the effectiveness of coagulant Moringa seed extract in NaCl soluton and alum for wastewater parameters and characterization of coagulant kelor. Firstly 1 g seeds moringa seeds extracted using NaCl solution with various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 M ), the best result of Moringa seed extract in NaCl solution then analyzed the concentration of carbohydrates, protein and fat, then used as kogulan and compared with alum. Variations coagulant dose used (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mL / L) then analyzed pH, nitrate and turbidity levels to determine the effectiveness of each of variations coagulant. optimum concentration of NaCl as extracting solution seeds are 1 M which can reduce turbidity of wastewater samples to 74 %. This solution also contains 909 ppm of carbohydrates, 3348 ppm protein, and 800 ppm fat. The addition of coagulant alum as much as 80 mL / L made a wastewater sample pH dropped to 6.33; 0.66 ppm nitrate levels and to reduce the turbidity to 58 %. Moringa seed as coagulant addition of 80 mL / L wastewater samples were made at pH 7.34 and can reduce turbidity value at 80.7 % but are less effective in lowering nitrate levels.
Key words: Seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), alum, coagulant.
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ABSTRACT
Eucheuma cottonii is a multicellular algae (multicellular) that have bioactive compound... more ABSTRACT
Eucheuma cottonii is a multicellular algae (multicellular) that have bioactive compounds used in medicine, such as anticancer. The purpose of this research is to know the level of toxicity of the crude extract of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) against larvae of shrimp A. salina Leach and to know the active compounds contained in crude extracts of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii).
This research was conducted with the maceration extraction continuing by test toxicity against the shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach (BSLT). The result of the toxicity test then proceeds with the test reagents and phytochemicals with thin layer chromatography for positive test of compound phytochemicals. Thin-layer chromatography using eluen n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7: 3) to ethanol extract and n-hexane: ethyl acetate (17: 3) for n-hexane extract. Data on toxicity of A. salina Leach analyzed by probit analysis to find out the value of LC50 on each extract.
The results of this research indicate that each of the rough red algae extract (Eucheuma cottonii) by using a solvent of ethanol and n-hexane have toxicity values (LC50) of shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach consecutive 58,0128 ppm and 61,7571 ppm. Active compounds content of Phytochemical test results i.e. triterpenoid (ethanol extract) and steroids (n-hexsane extract). The TLC triterpenoid obtained 7 stains, and the results obtained steroids 8 TLC stains.
Keywords: red algae (Eucheuma cottonii), toxicity test, Artemiasalina Leach, phytochemicals test, a thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
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ABSTRACT
Chlorella sp. is one of microalgae Chorophyta that containing kinds of important compou... more ABSTRACT
Chlorella sp. is one of microalgae Chorophyta that containing kinds of important compound such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. The purpose of this research are to know antibacterial activity from extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. result from extraction with methanol solvent at each growth phase and to know contains of active compound group in extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting of at ½ exponential phase, ¾ exponential phase, early stationary phase, stationary phase, and end of stationary phase. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using methanol solvent. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was performed by maceration with methanol solvent. Methanol extract from each phase were tested antibacterial activity used diffusion method toward E. coli and S. aureus bacterium. Identification of active compound was estimated by reagent tested on qualitative scale include alkaloid, falvonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, and tanin. The result showed that methanol extract of Chlorella sp. which has higher antibacterial activity is stationary phase with inhibition zone 9,9 mm toward E. coli and 12,0 mm toward S. aureus. The results of the identification of the compound methanol extract of microalgae Chlorella sp.contains a steroid and tanin compound class.
Keywords : Chlorella sp. Antibacterial, Tauge Extract Medium
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Zat antibakteri merupakan suatu zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan metabolisme bakteri, sehingga zat tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhanatau bahkan membunuh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan bahan alam sebagai antibakteri alami. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui bahwa daun teh (Camellia sinensis L. var assamica) yang efektif sebagai antibakteri alami dapat menghambat bakteri Micrococcus luteus. Penelitian ini meliputi ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakansampel daun teh. Pemisahan ekstrak katekin dilakukan dengan KLT Analitik dengan variasi eluen yaitu etil asetat:air:asam format (18:1:1), toluena:aseton:asam format (3:3:1) dan kloroform:metanol:air (6,5:3,5:1), untuk mencari eluen terbaik yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk KLT Preparatif. Selanjutnya hasil dari KLT Preparatif digunakan untuk uji antibakteri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstrak katekin dari daun teh ± 3,34 gram dari 50 gram sampel. Hasil KLT Analitik menunjukkan bahwa eluen terbaik untuk KLT Preparatif adalah etil asetat:air: asam format. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat 5 dari ekstrak daun teh memberikan efektivitas terbaik sebagai antibakteri Micrococcus luteus.
Kata Kunci: daun teh, katekin, antibakteri, Micrococcus luteus
Antioxidant and antibacterial activity assay and active compound identification red algae Euchema spinosum extract was conducted. Active compound extraction was conducted using maceration method with methanol. Antioxidant activity assay using DPPH method with determining EC50 value. Antibacterial activity assay using diffusion method toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The results show that antioxidant activity of Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract has EC50 value 22.13 ppm. Antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria had inhibitation in 80 mg/mL concentration at the amount of 4 mm and 3 mm respectively. The result of phytochemical essay shows that compounds which discoveried in Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract were flavonoids, triterpenoids and ascorbic acid.
Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum, Antioxidant activity, DPPH, antibacterial activity, E. coli, S. aureus.
Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were one of the trace element found in sugar that comes from the manufacturing process such as corrosion processes in the circuit of the equipment. This study aims to find the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest, to find the analytical performance of the standard curve and standard addition curve and test compatibility the results.
This research include determining optimum temperature and time of microwave destruction for sugar with temperature variation of 160, 180, 200 0C, time variation 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes and storage time 1 until 5 days. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu and Pb includes linearity, LOD, LOQ, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, continued by determination of the analytical performance using the standard addition curve with optimum temperature and time.
The study obtained that the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Cu analysis is 200 0C and 15 minutes with maximum storage time 3 days, while optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Pb analysis 180 0C and 10 minutes with maximum storage time only one day. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu includes r2 = 0.9993; LOD 0.0011 ppm; LOQ 0.0036 ppm; sensitivity 0.2; average accuracy of 99,96 %, and precision of 9.46%. Analytical performance of the standard addition curve for copper (Cu) includes r2 = 0.9999; LOD 0.0012 ppm; LOQ 0.004 ppm; sensitivity of 0.1729, an average accuracy of 100,07 and precision of 5.38%. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Pb includes r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0019 ppm, LOQ 0.0066 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1069, the average accuracy of 99.56%, 2.32% and the precision of the analytical performance of the standard curve addition includes standard r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0018 ppm, LOQ 0.0060 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1090, the average accuracy of 100.01%, and precision of 1.94%.
Key words : Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Sugar, Microwave Digest, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare from Kapong beach Pamekasan has been conducted against S. aureus and E. coli. The purpose of this research was to know the crude solvent extract showing antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli and to identifity active compound groups content.
The extraction of brown algae S. vulgare was performed by maseration ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvent. The crude extract were assayed an actibacterial activity by disk diffusion methode. The extract showing the best antibacterial activities were tested phytochemicals assay and TLC to identifity active compound groups.
This result showed that chloroform crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare inhibited S. aureus in concentration of 1 % and E. coli in concentration of 5%. Phytochemical assay showed that chloroform crude extract was containing flavonoids and steroid groups. For the separation using TLC chloroform-methanol (99:1) yielded 9 spots with Rf 0,017−0,46 while chloroform-methanol (9:1) was generated 7 spots with Rf 0,17−0,91.
Keywords : Brown algae S. vulgare, antibacterial test, E. coli, S. aureus, phytochemical test, TLC
Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is one kind of sea cucumbers that contains of bioactive compound that can inhibit bacteria growth. This research aim to know the effect of methanol and n-hexane extract towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli bacterial growth and to identification estimation active compound group.
Sea cucumbers active compound extraction using maceration method with methanol and n-hexane as a solvent. Methanol and n-hexane crude extract conducted antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and continued with reagent test to knowing active compound group.
The result of this research indicated that n-hexane extracts provide the best inhibition zone toward bacterium Escherichia coli at concentration 2000 ppm with among of inhibition zone 1,75 mm, while at bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi does not provide inhibition zone. Methanol extract does not provide inhibition zone towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The result of reagent test indicated compound that detected in n-hexane extract is saponins.
Keywords: sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra), disk diffusion, extraction, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, and Escherichia coli.
Sea cucumber (H.Scabra) is a species of marine biota providing high economical and medical values. It has been hundreds years consumed for drug to cure various diseases in China. The aim of this research was to determine the level of the toxicity against brine shrimp larvae A.salina Leach in each dried sea cucumber (H.scabra) extract collected from Kenjeran Coast, Surabaya. The information would be beneficial for anticancer drug discovery .
The research was conducted by extracting samples using both ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The concentrated extract obtained then were used for the toxicity test against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach (BSLT). The mortality data of A.salina Leach was analysed using probit analysis to determine the value of LC50 on each extract. The phytochemical assay and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was also apllied for both extracts.
The result showed that both ethanol and n-hexane exctracts performed toxicity level against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach with LC50 less than 1000 ppm.The n-hexane extract indicated LC50 of 189.093 ppm, higher than the ethanol extract, 286.031 ppm. The presence of steroids were detected in both extract whilst the alkaloids were only detected in the ethanol extract. Further separation of the n-hexane exctrat using TLC in n-hexane;ethyl acetate;amonia (66:33:0.8) yielded 5 spots with the Rf of 0.3;0.44;0.54;0.72 and 0.78, respectively.
Keywords : sea cucumber (holothuria scabra), artemia salina leach, toxicity test, phytochemical test
Malaria is one of the infectious disease is still a problem of the world with high mortality. Therapeutic purpose of uncomplicated malaria is to eliminate plasmodium cause infection to prevent infection severity, complications and break the chain of transmission. While the purpose therapy of severe malaria is to prevent mortality. Recommended therapy of malaria is a combination of two or more antimalarial drugs that mechanisms action kills malarial parasites in the blood and the amount of each drug works on different receptors. The use of a combination of several antimalarial drugs has become a necessity for prevention of malaria parasite strains that are resistant to certain drugs. Combination therapy include: ACTs (artemisinin combination therapies); artesunate and amodiaquin; artesunate and mefloquin; artesunate with one of the SP, lumefantrin, piperaquin, pyronaridin; antibiotic (doxyciclin, clindamycine, azithromycin), artemether-lumefantrine (AL); chloroquine and SP; atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone)
Key words: malaria, mechanisms action, antimalarial drug
Tape is one of the products of fermentation. Of the agreement MUI, foods and beverages containing alcohol should not exceed 1%, so the food / drinks that contain high levels of alcohol exceeding 1% are included in the category of haram for consumption. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on ethanol content of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai. The method that is used to separate the two or more component of volatile and non volatile from tapai is called distillation while to analyze an ethanol level used gas chromatography (GC) method. To examine the data which differentiate the base concentration of alcohol (%) in cassava tapai since fermentation
process which were analyzed by variants analysis (ANOVA). In the next experiment, if there was different significant result, then continued by the test of BNT which the level for about 1%.
The samples of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai fermented for about 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Those tapai were mashed and added the aquades. The mixed materials were distillated, then entered into the bottle and considered as gram unit. The considered distillations were being analyzed used gas chromatography (GC) method.The result of the research showed that there is the influence of long fermentation to ethanol level’s of cassava (Manihot utilissima Phol) tapai. The level of cassava ethanol was 0.844%, 2.182%, 4.904%, 6.334% and 11.811%. The long fermentation was for about 120 hours and it was an indeed influence (p < 0,01) to the level of cassava’s ethanol among the period of long fermentation.
Key words : fermentation, alcohol levels,tapes
Effort that can maximize the working of natural zeolite is by activation and modification as a carrier of active metals or commonly called impregnation. Modified zeolite by impregnation using titanium metal is to increase the performance of a pure metal catalysts such as low in thermal stability, decreasing surface area and sintering occurs (clotting) and expensive in the application. Bearers Treatment in the metallic solids by impregnating the zeolite would make the metals in zeolites as bifungsional catalysts.
Modified Malang’s natural zeolite starting with the activation process using a solution of NH4NO3 2 M, continued by the addition of titanium metal used in zeolite TiO2 solution with a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M. Modified zeolite crystallinity characterized analized by XRD analysis. Methylen blue adsorption on Ti-zeolite is to measure the specific surface area. SEM surface morphology analysis is used to determine the content of the element is by using XRF analysis.
Characterization using XRD analysis results indicate that Malang’s natural zeolite not changed in the structure, but it changes the intensity due to the addition of titanium. The largest surface area measurement obtained from the treatment of Ti-zeolite 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M are : 23.159; 23.077 and 20.848 m2/gr. SEM analysis showed that titanium metal dispersion fairly evenly after the modification. While from the XRF analysis showed that the ratio of Si / Al increased to 4.354 and content of titanium in the Ti-natural zeolite Malang is 13.6%.
Key words: impregnation, titanium metal , surface area, nature zeolite Malang
It had been conducted a study on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid isolated from peat soil from village of Sambutan, the subdistrict of Samarinda Ilir, East Kalimantan. Aspects studied covered adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid in water medium.
Adsorption process carried out by batch method. Kinetics study conducted by intracting metal adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) with humic acid at various times, meanwhile studying the adsorption isotherm is done by interacting Cd (II) and Pb (II) at various concentrations with humic acid.
The results showed the adsorption rate of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed first order with rate constants of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of 0.0012 and 0.0038 mg menit-1/10 humic acid. Carboxylic groups of humic acid as the main groups which were actively involved in the interaction of metal-humic acid and have experienced deprotonation is hard nucleophile. It made Pb (II) was more quickly and easily adsorbed than Cd (II). Adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed the pattern of Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacities of Pb (II) of 1.66 x10-3 mol / g and for Cd (II) 3.83 x10-3 mol / g . The adsorption energy of both metals is relatively small that is equal to 16.1 for Cd(II) and 21.4 kJ / mol for Pb(II)
Key words : adsorption rate, adsorption isotherm, Cd(II), Pb(II), humic acid
Bran rice is a by-product of rice into rice milling process, the cellulose content of 40-60%, so the potential as a carbon source for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria to produce enzymes particularly cellulolytic bacteria. The purpose of the study was to determine the diversity of the characters from the cellulolytic bacterial isolates and optimum conditions enzyme (cellulase enzymes rough) so that they can hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose with either rice bran. The characterization includes the determination of pH, temperature and time of optimum crude extract of bacterial cellulolytic enzyme cellulase, determination of Vmax and Km and molecular mass determination of cellulase.
Research methods include making media, regeneration of isolates, bacterial growth curve manufacturing, production of cellulase enzymes from bacterial cellulolytic rough at the optimum conditions, the kinetics of enzymatic reaction: substrate concentration factor of the reaction rate (with variation of the concentration of 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00%, 1.25% and 1.50% (w / v)) followed by calculating the Vmax and Km.
The results showed that the enzyme cellulase of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from rice bran result that has optimum conditions at pH 7.5, temperature 50 ° C, 40 min incubation time to produce Vmax 0.0086 units / mL and Km 1.694%.
Key words : kinetics of enzymatic reaction, selullase enzyme and rice bran
Probiotic is a product containing non-pathogenic microbes live, which was given to animals or humans to fix the rate of growth, efficiency, and increase conversion ration of animal or human health by affecting positively the balance of the gut microbes and microbial pathogen control in the digestive tract. In order to potentially lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates must pass the test selection among others such as probiotic test resistance to acid pH, the bile salts, against pathogenic bacteria. This experimental research methods for descriptive use that aim to provide information about the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from the small intestine Mojosari duck (Anas plathyrinchos) with the tests in vitro i.e. the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on the condition of the acidic pH (2, 3, and 4), bile salt concentration of 0.3% (b/v), inhibition of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi) The results showed that on pH 2 the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 4.3. 107 CFU/ml, pH 3 was 3.8. 109 CFU/ml and pH 4 was 2.7. 1010 CFU/ml, the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on bile salt showed the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 1.2. 109 CFU/ml. inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria showed that Lactobacillus plantarum could inhibited strong on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameter of zone was 12.7 mm and 13.3 mm but not Salmonella typhi with diameter of zone was 9.3 mm.
Key words : probiotic, in vitro, lactobacillus plantarum
Lead (Pb) is pollutant found in canned foods. It is derived from the soldering between the can and the lid. This study aims to find out the analytical performance of standar curves , the better method between dry ashing dan wet ashing, the best oxidant solution in wet ashing ang determine lead in canned sausage and canned lychee. This research including : Performance determination of the standard addition curve analysis includes linearity, limits of detection and limits of quantitation, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, sample destruction using dry ash 500 oC and wet destruction with a variety of oxidizing subtrace such as HNO3 p.a; HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a (3:1), and HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a, H2O2 p.a (6:2:1), and determine the concentration of lead in canned sausage and canned lychee
The results of this research of the standard curve analysis of lead (Pb) are r =0,9999, LOD 0,028 ppm, LOQ 0,0933 ppm, and sensitivity of 0,00757 the average accuracy of 98%, and precision 2,74%. Wet ashing is more stabil than dry ashing. The best oxidizing substance of canned sausage comes from HNO3, H2SO4 and H2O2 (6:2:1) and lead was found 0,64 ppm while best oxidizing substance of canned lychee comes from HNO3, H2SO4 (3:1) and lead was found 0,72 ppm.
Key words : lead (Pb), canned food, wet ashing, dry ashing
The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more active than other fatty acids to inhibit cell membrane damages, formation and growth of brain functions, antiinflamatory and prevent several cronic deseases like lung desease and arthrytis. Some research explain that geometri of omega-3 fatty acids had effect on its bioactivity. This research purpose was to isolate α-linolenic acid with geometry Z,Z,Z (9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadekatrienoat).
O. basilicum seeds oil was isolated from O. basilicum seeds using Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, then hidrolized by 12 % solution of KOH in aquadest. The α-linolenic acid was separated from other fatty acids by urea inclusion methods. The optimum condition of urea inclusion was determined in various temperature (+ 5, + 3, + 1, + (-1), + (-3), + (-5)) 0C and ratio of fatty acid : urea 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:3,5; 1:4.
From this research, extraction of O. basilicum seeds oil with n-hexane as solvent resulted clear yellow-brown oil with refractive indeks 1,466 and density 0,855 g/mL. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acids hidrolyzed from O. basilicum oil showed peak at tR= 19,949 minutes with relative percentage 70,72 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,949 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid. Isolation of α-linolenic acid from other fatty acids using urea inclusion at temperature 0-2 0C dan rasio fatty acid: urea 1:1,5 showed nonadduct fraction contains compound with tR= 19,980 minutes and relative percentage 88,51 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,980 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid.
Keywords : conjugated double bond, methyl linolenate, O.basilicum seeds, toxicity
Chlorella sp. is one of the low-level plants that have the potential to be utilized, as stated in al Quran surah asy Syu’ara: 7. Chlorella sp. is one species of microalgae containing antioxidant compound, such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. Purpose this research was to determine potential antioxidant activity and active compound of Chlorella sp.
Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting at 10th day. Extraction of Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using two variationsolvent, methanol and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity of crude extract Chlorella sp. wasestimated by DPPH assay with spectrofotometryUV-Vis. Identification of active compound was estimated by phytochemical reagent assay, as alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, tanin, and ascorbic acid.
The result showed that the highest number of cells (4,6 x 105 cell/mL) when Chlorella sp. cultivation in TEM occured at 10th day. The rendemen of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of Chlorellasp. as follows7,001 % and 3,673 %. EC50 value of methanol and ethyl acetate extract Chlorellasp. were 18,610 ppm and 27,320 ppm. The identification result of active compound of crude extract Chlorellasp. showed that methanol extract contains steroid, tannin, and ascorbic acid, while ethyl acetate extract contains tannin and ascorbic acid.
Keywords : Chlorella sp., Tauge Extract Medium, Antioxidant, DPPH
The purpose of this research wasto separate and identify the leaf crude extracts esquiterpene of Sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) using thin layer chromatography.
Sun flower leaf maceration method performed with the solvent methanol. Then performed liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvent. Ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction furth erphyto chemical test. After being test edphyto chemical with reagents, both extracts was followed by sesquiterpene content identification using thin layer chromatography (TLC) analytic.
Phytochemical test result from ethyl acetate extract fraction was positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene and triterpene, while n-hexane extractfraction positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene andsteroid. All egedsesquiterpene with eluentdichloromethane: ethyl acetate (4,8:0,2) is shown with apurplestain. In the ethyl acetate extract fraction all egedsesquiterpene having Rf values of 0.89; 0.94, and 0.96. While n-hexane extract fraction, the resulting eluental legedsesquiterpene Rf 0.49; 0.8,and 0.99.
Key word: Helianthus annuus L., sesquiterpene, phytochemicaltest, TLC
The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of gelatin by using raw materials bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and the Broiler chickens for differences in the concentration of acetic acid immersion process ( curing ).The method used in this study is the preparation and broiler chicken bones , isolation of gelatin with various concentration of acetic acid in the curing process , the process of hydrolysis , extraction temperature rise and gelatin with gelatin obtained include the characterization of protein , water , ash and metal.
The results showed the highest yield of gelatin produced from Broiler chicken bone types with acetic acid concentration of 1 % , ie 3.25%. Gelatin highest protein content of 86.27 % of the types of Broiler chicken bone with acetic acid concentration of 1.5 %. Lowest ash content of 15.7 % gelatin from bone types Broiler chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration , and from analysis using AAS contained Cu at 0.6 % (of the type of chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 0.5 %) and Cu metal content of 1.1 % (of the type of Broiler chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 1 %. highest moisture content of 0.17 % gelatin from bone types Kampung chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration .
Key words: gelatin, protein, ash, water content and Cu
Coagulation process can use synthetic materials and natural coagulant. In this research, wastewater treatment derived from PT. SEER PIER Pasuruan through coagulation processes using seed coagulant Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) and Alum (aluminum sulfate). The purpose of this study to determine the effectiveness of coagulant Moringa seed extract in NaCl soluton and alum for wastewater parameters and characterization of coagulant kelor. Firstly 1 g seeds moringa seeds extracted using NaCl solution with various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 M ), the best result of Moringa seed extract in NaCl solution then analyzed the concentration of carbohydrates, protein and fat, then used as kogulan and compared with alum. Variations coagulant dose used (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mL / L) then analyzed pH, nitrate and turbidity levels to determine the effectiveness of each of variations coagulant. optimum concentration of NaCl as extracting solution seeds are 1 M which can reduce turbidity of wastewater samples to 74 %. This solution also contains 909 ppm of carbohydrates, 3348 ppm protein, and 800 ppm fat. The addition of coagulant alum as much as 80 mL / L made a wastewater sample pH dropped to 6.33; 0.66 ppm nitrate levels and to reduce the turbidity to 58 %. Moringa seed as coagulant addition of 80 mL / L wastewater samples were made at pH 7.34 and can reduce turbidity value at 80.7 % but are less effective in lowering nitrate levels.
Key words: Seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), alum, coagulant.
Eucheuma cottonii is a multicellular algae (multicellular) that have bioactive compounds used in medicine, such as anticancer. The purpose of this research is to know the level of toxicity of the crude extract of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) against larvae of shrimp A. salina Leach and to know the active compounds contained in crude extracts of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii).
This research was conducted with the maceration extraction continuing by test toxicity against the shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach (BSLT). The result of the toxicity test then proceeds with the test reagents and phytochemicals with thin layer chromatography for positive test of compound phytochemicals. Thin-layer chromatography using eluen n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7: 3) to ethanol extract and n-hexane: ethyl acetate (17: 3) for n-hexane extract. Data on toxicity of A. salina Leach analyzed by probit analysis to find out the value of LC50 on each extract.
The results of this research indicate that each of the rough red algae extract (Eucheuma cottonii) by using a solvent of ethanol and n-hexane have toxicity values (LC50) of shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach consecutive 58,0128 ppm and 61,7571 ppm. Active compounds content of Phytochemical test results i.e. triterpenoid (ethanol extract) and steroids (n-hexsane extract). The TLC triterpenoid obtained 7 stains, and the results obtained steroids 8 TLC stains.
Keywords: red algae (Eucheuma cottonii), toxicity test, Artemiasalina Leach, phytochemicals test, a thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
Chlorella sp. is one of microalgae Chorophyta that containing kinds of important compound such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. The purpose of this research are to know antibacterial activity from extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. result from extraction with methanol solvent at each growth phase and to know contains of active compound group in extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting of at ½ exponential phase, ¾ exponential phase, early stationary phase, stationary phase, and end of stationary phase. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using methanol solvent. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was performed by maceration with methanol solvent. Methanol extract from each phase were tested antibacterial activity used diffusion method toward E. coli and S. aureus bacterium. Identification of active compound was estimated by reagent tested on qualitative scale include alkaloid, falvonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, and tanin. The result showed that methanol extract of Chlorella sp. which has higher antibacterial activity is stationary phase with inhibition zone 9,9 mm toward E. coli and 12,0 mm toward S. aureus. The results of the identification of the compound methanol extract of microalgae Chlorella sp.contains a steroid and tanin compound class.
Keywords : Chlorella sp. Antibacterial, Tauge Extract Medium
Zat antibakteri merupakan suatu zat yang dapat mengganggu pertumbuhan dan metabolisme bakteri, sehingga zat tersebut dapat menghambat pertumbuhanatau bahkan membunuh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan bahan alam sebagai antibakteri alami. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui bahwa daun teh (Camellia sinensis L. var assamica) yang efektif sebagai antibakteri alami dapat menghambat bakteri Micrococcus luteus. Penelitian ini meliputi ekstraksi yang dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakansampel daun teh. Pemisahan ekstrak katekin dilakukan dengan KLT Analitik dengan variasi eluen yaitu etil asetat:air:asam format (18:1:1), toluena:aseton:asam format (3:3:1) dan kloroform:metanol:air (6,5:3,5:1), untuk mencari eluen terbaik yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk KLT Preparatif. Selanjutnya hasil dari KLT Preparatif digunakan untuk uji antibakteri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstrak katekin dari daun teh ± 3,34 gram dari 50 gram sampel. Hasil KLT Analitik menunjukkan bahwa eluen terbaik untuk KLT Preparatif adalah etil asetat:air: asam format. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa isolat 5 dari ekstrak daun teh memberikan efektivitas terbaik sebagai antibakteri Micrococcus luteus.
Kata Kunci: daun teh, katekin, antibakteri, Micrococcus luteus
Antioxidant and antibacterial activity assay and active compound identification red algae Euchema spinosum extract was conducted. Active compound extraction was conducted using maceration method with methanol. Antioxidant activity assay using DPPH method with determining EC50 value. Antibacterial activity assay using diffusion method toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The results show that antioxidant activity of Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract has EC50 value 22.13 ppm. Antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria had inhibitation in 80 mg/mL concentration at the amount of 4 mm and 3 mm respectively. The result of phytochemical essay shows that compounds which discoveried in Eucheuma spinosum methanol extract were flavonoids, triterpenoids and ascorbic acid.
Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum, Antioxidant activity, DPPH, antibacterial activity, E. coli, S. aureus.
Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) were one of the trace element found in sugar that comes from the manufacturing process such as corrosion processes in the circuit of the equipment. This study aims to find the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest, to find the analytical performance of the standard curve and standard addition curve and test compatibility the results.
This research include determining optimum temperature and time of microwave destruction for sugar with temperature variation of 160, 180, 200 0C, time variation 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes and storage time 1 until 5 days. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu and Pb includes linearity, LOD, LOQ, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, continued by determination of the analytical performance using the standard addition curve with optimum temperature and time.
The study obtained that the optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Cu analysis is 200 0C and 15 minutes with maximum storage time 3 days, while optimum temperature and time of microwave digest for Pb analysis 180 0C and 10 minutes with maximum storage time only one day. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Cu includes r2 = 0.9993; LOD 0.0011 ppm; LOQ 0.0036 ppm; sensitivity 0.2; average accuracy of 99,96 %, and precision of 9.46%. Analytical performance of the standard addition curve for copper (Cu) includes r2 = 0.9999; LOD 0.0012 ppm; LOQ 0.004 ppm; sensitivity of 0.1729, an average accuracy of 100,07 and precision of 5.38%. Analytical performance of the standard curve of Pb includes r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0019 ppm, LOQ 0.0066 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1069, the average accuracy of 99.56%, 2.32% and the precision of the analytical performance of the standard curve addition includes standard r2 = 0.9999, LOD 0.0018 ppm, LOQ 0.0060 ppm, the sensitivity of 0.1090, the average accuracy of 100.01%, and precision of 1.94%.
Key words : Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Sugar, Microwave Digest, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare from Kapong beach Pamekasan has been conducted against S. aureus and E. coli. The purpose of this research was to know the crude solvent extract showing antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli and to identifity active compound groups content.
The extraction of brown algae S. vulgare was performed by maseration ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvent. The crude extract were assayed an actibacterial activity by disk diffusion methode. The extract showing the best antibacterial activities were tested phytochemicals assay and TLC to identifity active compound groups.
This result showed that chloroform crude extract of brown algae S. vulgare inhibited S. aureus in concentration of 1 % and E. coli in concentration of 5%. Phytochemical assay showed that chloroform crude extract was containing flavonoids and steroid groups. For the separation using TLC chloroform-methanol (99:1) yielded 9 spots with Rf 0,017−0,46 while chloroform-methanol (9:1) was generated 7 spots with Rf 0,17−0,91.
Keywords : Brown algae S. vulgare, antibacterial test, E. coli, S. aureus, phytochemical test, TLC
Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is one kind of sea cucumbers that contains of bioactive compound that can inhibit bacteria growth. This research aim to know the effect of methanol and n-hexane extract towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli bacterial growth and to identification estimation active compound group.
Sea cucumbers active compound extraction using maceration method with methanol and n-hexane as a solvent. Methanol and n-hexane crude extract conducted antibacterial assay using disk diffusion method towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and continued with reagent test to knowing active compound group.
The result of this research indicated that n-hexane extracts provide the best inhibition zone toward bacterium Escherichia coli at concentration 2000 ppm with among of inhibition zone 1,75 mm, while at bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi does not provide inhibition zone. Methanol extract does not provide inhibition zone towards bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The result of reagent test indicated compound that detected in n-hexane extract is saponins.
Keywords: sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra), disk diffusion, extraction, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, and Escherichia coli.
Sea cucumber (H.Scabra) is a species of marine biota providing high economical and medical values. It has been hundreds years consumed for drug to cure various diseases in China. The aim of this research was to determine the level of the toxicity against brine shrimp larvae A.salina Leach in each dried sea cucumber (H.scabra) extract collected from Kenjeran Coast, Surabaya. The information would be beneficial for anticancer drug discovery .
The research was conducted by extracting samples using both ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The concentrated extract obtained then were used for the toxicity test against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach (BSLT). The mortality data of A.salina Leach was analysed using probit analysis to determine the value of LC50 on each extract. The phytochemical assay and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was also apllied for both extracts.
The result showed that both ethanol and n-hexane exctracts performed toxicity level against brine shrimp larvae of A.salina Leach with LC50 less than 1000 ppm.The n-hexane extract indicated LC50 of 189.093 ppm, higher than the ethanol extract, 286.031 ppm. The presence of steroids were detected in both extract whilst the alkaloids were only detected in the ethanol extract. Further separation of the n-hexane exctrat using TLC in n-hexane;ethyl acetate;amonia (66:33:0.8) yielded 5 spots with the Rf of 0.3;0.44;0.54;0.72 and 0.78, respectively.
Keywords : sea cucumber (holothuria scabra), artemia salina leach, toxicity test, phytochemical test
Malaria is one of the infectious disease is still a problem of the world with high mortality. Therapeutic purpose of uncomplicated malaria is to eliminate plasmodium cause infection to prevent infection severity, complications and break the chain of transmission. While the purpose therapy of severe malaria is to prevent mortality. Recommended therapy of malaria is a combination of two or more antimalarial drugs that mechanisms action kills malarial parasites in the blood and the amount of each drug works on different receptors. The use of a combination of several antimalarial drugs has become a necessity for prevention of malaria parasite strains that are resistant to certain drugs. Combination therapy include: ACTs (artemisinin combination therapies); artesunate and amodiaquin; artesunate and mefloquin; artesunate with one of the SP, lumefantrin, piperaquin, pyronaridin; antibiotic (doxyciclin, clindamycine, azithromycin), artemether-lumefantrine (AL); chloroquine and SP; atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone)
Key words: malaria, mechanisms action, antimalarial drug
Tape is one of the products of fermentation. Of the agreement MUI, foods and beverages containing alcohol should not exceed 1%, so the food / drinks that contain high levels of alcohol exceeding 1% are included in the category of haram for consumption. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on ethanol content of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai. The method that is used to separate the two or more component of volatile and non volatile from tapai is called distillation while to analyze an ethanol level used gas chromatography (GC) method. To examine the data which differentiate the base concentration of alcohol (%) in cassava tapai since fermentation
process which were analyzed by variants analysis (ANOVA). In the next experiment, if there was different significant result, then continued by the test of BNT which the level for about 1%.
The samples of cassava (Monihot utilissima Pohl) tapai fermented for about 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Those tapai were mashed and added the aquades. The mixed materials were distillated, then entered into the bottle and considered as gram unit. The considered distillations were being analyzed used gas chromatography (GC) method.The result of the research showed that there is the influence of long fermentation to ethanol level’s of cassava (Manihot utilissima Phol) tapai. The level of cassava ethanol was 0.844%, 2.182%, 4.904%, 6.334% and 11.811%. The long fermentation was for about 120 hours and it was an indeed influence (p < 0,01) to the level of cassava’s ethanol among the period of long fermentation.
Key words : fermentation, alcohol levels,tapes
Effort that can maximize the working of natural zeolite is by activation and modification as a carrier of active metals or commonly called impregnation. Modified zeolite by impregnation using titanium metal is to increase the performance of a pure metal catalysts such as low in thermal stability, decreasing surface area and sintering occurs (clotting) and expensive in the application. Bearers Treatment in the metallic solids by impregnating the zeolite would make the metals in zeolites as bifungsional catalysts.
Modified Malang’s natural zeolite starting with the activation process using a solution of NH4NO3 2 M, continued by the addition of titanium metal used in zeolite TiO2 solution with a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M. Modified zeolite crystallinity characterized analized by XRD analysis. Methylen blue adsorption on Ti-zeolite is to measure the specific surface area. SEM surface morphology analysis is used to determine the content of the element is by using XRF analysis.
Characterization using XRD analysis results indicate that Malang’s natural zeolite not changed in the structure, but it changes the intensity due to the addition of titanium. The largest surface area measurement obtained from the treatment of Ti-zeolite 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M are : 23.159; 23.077 and 20.848 m2/gr. SEM analysis showed that titanium metal dispersion fairly evenly after the modification. While from the XRF analysis showed that the ratio of Si / Al increased to 4.354 and content of titanium in the Ti-natural zeolite Malang is 13.6%.
Key words: impregnation, titanium metal , surface area, nature zeolite Malang
It had been conducted a study on adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid isolated from peat soil from village of Sambutan, the subdistrict of Samarinda Ilir, East Kalimantan. Aspects studied covered adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of humic acid in water medium.
Adsorption process carried out by batch method. Kinetics study conducted by intracting metal adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II) with humic acid at various times, meanwhile studying the adsorption isotherm is done by interacting Cd (II) and Pb (II) at various concentrations with humic acid.
The results showed the adsorption rate of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed first order with rate constants of Cd (II) and Pb (II) of 0.0012 and 0.0038 mg menit-1/10 humic acid. Carboxylic groups of humic acid as the main groups which were actively involved in the interaction of metal-humic acid and have experienced deprotonation is hard nucleophile. It made Pb (II) was more quickly and easily adsorbed than Cd (II). Adsorption isotherm of Cd (II) and Pb (II) on humic acid followed the pattern of Langmuir isotherm with adsorption capacities of Pb (II) of 1.66 x10-3 mol / g and for Cd (II) 3.83 x10-3 mol / g . The adsorption energy of both metals is relatively small that is equal to 16.1 for Cd(II) and 21.4 kJ / mol for Pb(II)
Key words : adsorption rate, adsorption isotherm, Cd(II), Pb(II), humic acid
Bran rice is a by-product of rice into rice milling process, the cellulose content of 40-60%, so the potential as a carbon source for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria to produce enzymes particularly cellulolytic bacteria. The purpose of the study was to determine the diversity of the characters from the cellulolytic bacterial isolates and optimum conditions enzyme (cellulase enzymes rough) so that they can hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose with either rice bran. The characterization includes the determination of pH, temperature and time of optimum crude extract of bacterial cellulolytic enzyme cellulase, determination of Vmax and Km and molecular mass determination of cellulase.
Research methods include making media, regeneration of isolates, bacterial growth curve manufacturing, production of cellulase enzymes from bacterial cellulolytic rough at the optimum conditions, the kinetics of enzymatic reaction: substrate concentration factor of the reaction rate (with variation of the concentration of 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00%, 1.25% and 1.50% (w / v)) followed by calculating the Vmax and Km.
The results showed that the enzyme cellulase of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from rice bran result that has optimum conditions at pH 7.5, temperature 50 ° C, 40 min incubation time to produce Vmax 0.0086 units / mL and Km 1.694%.
Key words : kinetics of enzymatic reaction, selullase enzyme and rice bran
Probiotic is a product containing non-pathogenic microbes live, which was given to animals or humans to fix the rate of growth, efficiency, and increase conversion ration of animal or human health by affecting positively the balance of the gut microbes and microbial pathogen control in the digestive tract. In order to potentially lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates must pass the test selection among others such as probiotic test resistance to acid pH, the bile salts, against pathogenic bacteria. This experimental research methods for descriptive use that aim to provide information about the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from the small intestine Mojosari duck (Anas plathyrinchos) with the tests in vitro i.e. the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on the condition of the acidic pH (2, 3, and 4), bile salt concentration of 0.3% (b/v), inhibition of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi) The results showed that on pH 2 the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 4.3. 107 CFU/ml, pH 3 was 3.8. 109 CFU/ml and pH 4 was 2.7. 1010 CFU/ml, the resistance of Lactobacillus plantarum on bile salt showed the number of cells of bacteria that lives was 1.2. 109 CFU/ml. inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria showed that Lactobacillus plantarum could inhibited strong on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameter of zone was 12.7 mm and 13.3 mm but not Salmonella typhi with diameter of zone was 9.3 mm.
Key words : probiotic, in vitro, lactobacillus plantarum
Lead (Pb) is pollutant found in canned foods. It is derived from the soldering between the can and the lid. This study aims to find out the analytical performance of standar curves , the better method between dry ashing dan wet ashing, the best oxidant solution in wet ashing ang determine lead in canned sausage and canned lychee. This research including : Performance determination of the standard addition curve analysis includes linearity, limits of detection and limits of quantitation, sensitivity, accuracy and precision, sample destruction using dry ash 500 oC and wet destruction with a variety of oxidizing subtrace such as HNO3 p.a; HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a (3:1), and HNO3 p.a, H2SO4 p.a, H2O2 p.a (6:2:1), and determine the concentration of lead in canned sausage and canned lychee
The results of this research of the standard curve analysis of lead (Pb) are r =0,9999, LOD 0,028 ppm, LOQ 0,0933 ppm, and sensitivity of 0,00757 the average accuracy of 98%, and precision 2,74%. Wet ashing is more stabil than dry ashing. The best oxidizing substance of canned sausage comes from HNO3, H2SO4 and H2O2 (6:2:1) and lead was found 0,64 ppm while best oxidizing substance of canned lychee comes from HNO3, H2SO4 (3:1) and lead was found 0,72 ppm.
Key words : lead (Pb), canned food, wet ashing, dry ashing
The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more active than other fatty acids to inhibit cell membrane damages, formation and growth of brain functions, antiinflamatory and prevent several cronic deseases like lung desease and arthrytis. Some research explain that geometri of omega-3 fatty acids had effect on its bioactivity. This research purpose was to isolate α-linolenic acid with geometry Z,Z,Z (9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadekatrienoat).
O. basilicum seeds oil was isolated from O. basilicum seeds using Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, then hidrolized by 12 % solution of KOH in aquadest. The α-linolenic acid was separated from other fatty acids by urea inclusion methods. The optimum condition of urea inclusion was determined in various temperature (+ 5, + 3, + 1, + (-1), + (-3), + (-5)) 0C and ratio of fatty acid : urea 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:3,5; 1:4.
From this research, extraction of O. basilicum seeds oil with n-hexane as solvent resulted clear yellow-brown oil with refractive indeks 1,466 and density 0,855 g/mL. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acids hidrolyzed from O. basilicum oil showed peak at tR= 19,949 minutes with relative percentage 70,72 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,949 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid. Isolation of α-linolenic acid from other fatty acids using urea inclusion at temperature 0-2 0C dan rasio fatty acid: urea 1:1,5 showed nonadduct fraction contains compound with tR= 19,980 minutes and relative percentage 88,51 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,980 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid.
Keywords : conjugated double bond, methyl linolenate, O.basilicum seeds, toxicity
Chlorella sp. is one of the low-level plants that have the potential to be utilized, as stated in al Quran surah asy Syu’ara: 7. Chlorella sp. is one species of microalgae containing antioxidant compound, such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. Purpose this research was to determine potential antioxidant activity and active compound of Chlorella sp.
Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting at 10th day. Extraction of Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using two variationsolvent, methanol and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity of crude extract Chlorella sp. wasestimated by DPPH assay with spectrofotometryUV-Vis. Identification of active compound was estimated by phytochemical reagent assay, as alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, tanin, and ascorbic acid.
The result showed that the highest number of cells (4,6 x 105 cell/mL) when Chlorella sp. cultivation in TEM occured at 10th day. The rendemen of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of Chlorellasp. as follows7,001 % and 3,673 %. EC50 value of methanol and ethyl acetate extract Chlorellasp. were 18,610 ppm and 27,320 ppm. The identification result of active compound of crude extract Chlorellasp. showed that methanol extract contains steroid, tannin, and ascorbic acid, while ethyl acetate extract contains tannin and ascorbic acid.
Keywords : Chlorella sp., Tauge Extract Medium, Antioxidant, DPPH
The purpose of this research wasto separate and identify the leaf crude extracts esquiterpene of Sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) using thin layer chromatography.
Sun flower leaf maceration method performed with the solvent methanol. Then performed liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvent. Ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction furth erphyto chemical test. After being test edphyto chemical with reagents, both extracts was followed by sesquiterpene content identification using thin layer chromatography (TLC) analytic.
Phytochemical test result from ethyl acetate extract fraction was positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene and triterpene, while n-hexane extractfraction positive terpenoid, sesquiterpene andsteroid. All egedsesquiterpene with eluentdichloromethane: ethyl acetate (4,8:0,2) is shown with apurplestain. In the ethyl acetate extract fraction all egedsesquiterpene having Rf values of 0.89; 0.94, and 0.96. While n-hexane extract fraction, the resulting eluental legedsesquiterpene Rf 0.49; 0.8,and 0.99.
Key word: Helianthus annuus L., sesquiterpene, phytochemicaltest, TLC
The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of gelatin by using raw materials bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and the Broiler chickens for differences in the concentration of acetic acid immersion process ( curing ).The method used in this study is the preparation and broiler chicken bones , isolation of gelatin with various concentration of acetic acid in the curing process , the process of hydrolysis , extraction temperature rise and gelatin with gelatin obtained include the characterization of protein , water , ash and metal.
The results showed the highest yield of gelatin produced from Broiler chicken bone types with acetic acid concentration of 1 % , ie 3.25%. Gelatin highest protein content of 86.27 % of the types of Broiler chicken bone with acetic acid concentration of 1.5 %. Lowest ash content of 15.7 % gelatin from bone types Broiler chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration , and from analysis using AAS contained Cu at 0.6 % (of the type of chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 0.5 %) and Cu metal content of 1.1 % (of the type of Broiler chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 1 %. highest moisture content of 0.17 % gelatin from bone types Kampung chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration .
Key words: gelatin, protein, ash, water content and Cu
Coagulation process can use synthetic materials and natural coagulant. In this research, wastewater treatment derived from PT. SEER PIER Pasuruan through coagulation processes using seed coagulant Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) and Alum (aluminum sulfate). The purpose of this study to determine the effectiveness of coagulant Moringa seed extract in NaCl soluton and alum for wastewater parameters and characterization of coagulant kelor. Firstly 1 g seeds moringa seeds extracted using NaCl solution with various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 M ), the best result of Moringa seed extract in NaCl solution then analyzed the concentration of carbohydrates, protein and fat, then used as kogulan and compared with alum. Variations coagulant dose used (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mL / L) then analyzed pH, nitrate and turbidity levels to determine the effectiveness of each of variations coagulant. optimum concentration of NaCl as extracting solution seeds are 1 M which can reduce turbidity of wastewater samples to 74 %. This solution also contains 909 ppm of carbohydrates, 3348 ppm protein, and 800 ppm fat. The addition of coagulant alum as much as 80 mL / L made a wastewater sample pH dropped to 6.33; 0.66 ppm nitrate levels and to reduce the turbidity to 58 %. Moringa seed as coagulant addition of 80 mL / L wastewater samples were made at pH 7.34 and can reduce turbidity value at 80.7 % but are less effective in lowering nitrate levels.
Key words: Seeds of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), alum, coagulant.
Eucheuma cottonii is a multicellular algae (multicellular) that have bioactive compounds used in medicine, such as anticancer. The purpose of this research is to know the level of toxicity of the crude extract of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii) against larvae of shrimp A. salina Leach and to know the active compounds contained in crude extracts of ethanol and n-hexane red algae (Eucheuma cottonii).
This research was conducted with the maceration extraction continuing by test toxicity against the shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach (BSLT). The result of the toxicity test then proceeds with the test reagents and phytochemicals with thin layer chromatography for positive test of compound phytochemicals. Thin-layer chromatography using eluen n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7: 3) to ethanol extract and n-hexane: ethyl acetate (17: 3) for n-hexane extract. Data on toxicity of A. salina Leach analyzed by probit analysis to find out the value of LC50 on each extract.
The results of this research indicate that each of the rough red algae extract (Eucheuma cottonii) by using a solvent of ethanol and n-hexane have toxicity values (LC50) of shrimp larvae of A. salina Leach consecutive 58,0128 ppm and 61,7571 ppm. Active compounds content of Phytochemical test results i.e. triterpenoid (ethanol extract) and steroids (n-hexsane extract). The TLC triterpenoid obtained 7 stains, and the results obtained steroids 8 TLC stains.
Keywords: red algae (Eucheuma cottonii), toxicity test, Artemiasalina Leach, phytochemicals test, a thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).
Chlorella sp. is one of microalgae Chorophyta that containing kinds of important compound such as flavonoid, tanin, phenolic compound, terpenoid, chlorophyll and karotenoid. The purpose of this research are to know antibacterial activity from extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. result from extraction with methanol solvent at each growth phase and to know contains of active compound group in extract of microalgae Chlorella sp. Chlorella sp. was cultivated in Tauge Extract Medium (TEM) 4 % and harvesting of at ½ exponential phase, ¾ exponential phase, early stationary phase, stationary phase, and end of stationary phase. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was estimated by maceration method using methanol solvent. Extraction microalgae Chlorella sp. was performed by maceration with methanol solvent. Methanol extract from each phase were tested antibacterial activity used diffusion method toward E. coli and S. aureus bacterium. Identification of active compound was estimated by reagent tested on qualitative scale include alkaloid, falvonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, and tanin. The result showed that methanol extract of Chlorella sp. which has higher antibacterial activity is stationary phase with inhibition zone 9,9 mm toward E. coli and 12,0 mm toward S. aureus. The results of the identification of the compound methanol extract of microalgae Chlorella sp.contains a steroid and tanin compound class.
Keywords : Chlorella sp. Antibacterial, Tauge Extract Medium