Sebuah catatan tentang kegiatan literasi di Belanda
Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah ... more Sebuah catatan tentang kegiatan literasi di Belanda Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah tentang seorang migran dari Suriname pada masa kolonialisme Belanda Buku tersebut dan dan juga filmnya Pilihan Belanda tahun 2023 sebagai bagian dari kegiatan literasi, Heel Nederland Leest. Sejak VOC terbentuk negeri dan penduduk Belanda menerima risiko bersinggungan dengan etnis maupun nasionalitas lain. Imigrasi ke Belanda dilakukan oleh warga bekas negara jajahan atau yang terkait : Suriname, Indonesia, Ghana.
"Isah" adalah sebuah fragmen dari buku kumpulan cerita Emigranten en Andere Verhalen karya ... more "Isah" adalah sebuah fragmen dari buku kumpulan cerita Emigranten en Andere Verhalen karya Madelon Szekely-Lulofs, 1933. Fragmen ini saya temukan dalam buku Oost- Indische ink, 400 jaar Indie in de Nederlandse letteren karya Alfred Birney, 1998.
Beberapa karya M. Szelly-Lulofs telah lama diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Koeli, Rubber, : roman uit Deli, en Tjoet Nja Dinh.
Selamat membaca, semoga bermanfaat
"Sunyi. Suara itu menembus kesunyian :’Allah-ill-lah!”
“Ini puasa. Tuan. Ini masa ramadhan. Iman puasa juga. Dalam masa puasa mimpi aneh sering muncul, mimpi buruk. Mungkin Imam juga bermimpi buruk.”
“Apa yang kau tahu Isah?”
“Isah tidak tahu, Tuan, tapi hanya mendengar bahwa Iman bermimpi. Seekor kucing hitam mendatanginya. Kata kucing hitam itu, “Iman, kamu harus membunuh orang kafir. Seorang kulit putih. Jika sekarang kamu bunuh orang kulit putih itu, kamu akan masuk surga. Setiap pengikut Muhammad yang dalam bulan puasa membunuh kafir, akan jadi saleh.”
Asisten tidak tertawa. Dia bukan pendatang baru dari Eropa. Dia tahu orang timur tidak akan bicara tanpa maksud."
SUMINTEN seratan Christina Dewi Elbes
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu,... more SUMINTEN seratan Christina Dewi Elbes
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu, anak wedok dilamar priyayi saka adoh parane. Bungah atine mbok Ranu. Tangga-tangga sok bisik-bisik, yen anake bisa dadi prawan tuwo. Kanggone wong ndeso, anake wedok sing umure wis ngancik 25 tahun diarani prawan kasep. Ora peduli sekolahan apa ora. Puji pandonga tansah katur dumateng Gusti kang mahakuasa. Calon mantune bagus rupane, semanak.
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Ind... more This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native�s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19 th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native�s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, �in-between� space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people...
http://www.louiscouperus.nl/publicaties/artikelen/op-zoek-naar-sporen-van-antikoloniaal-verzet.
... more http://www.louiscouperus.nl/publicaties/artikelen/op-zoek-naar-sporen-van-antikoloniaal-verzet.
De overeenkomsten tussen Bumi Manusia (Aarde der mensen, 1980) van de Indonesische schrijver Pramoedya Ananta Toer en De stille kracht (1900) van Louis Couperus springen direct in het oog. Beide romans spelen zich af in de koloniale samenleving op Java rond 1900, beide vertellen over dezelfde soort problemen, over opvallende vrouwen, gemengde huwelijken en Indisch-Nederlandse families, en over de kloof tussen westerse en oosterse denkbeelden, rassen en geloven. Toch spreekt uit deze romans een verschillende visie op de koloniale samenleving.
REPRESENTATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF NATIVE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE DUTCH INDIES, US... more REPRESENTATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF NATIVE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE DUTCH INDIES, USING 'DE STILLE KRACHT '(LOUIS COUPERUS) AND 'BUMI MANUSIA' ( PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER)
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native’s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native’s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, ‘in-between’ space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people are ‘dangerous’ people manusia for the colonial authorities because of their resemblance and resistance. With the literary style of memoir, Minke as a character-focalizer resists toward colonial systeem : he rejects chance to be a regent and unjust law in the White-court. With the narration by narrator as a Third-person (narrator-focalizer), DSK reveals the narratee of warnings to the colonial government about threats of Islamic resistance and the story about native resistance by using mystic/magic. Both of these novels are using a different style, but they represent how mankind experiences the truth and facts about the cruelty of the colonial system in Dutch Indies; they applied ‘apartheid system’ and made a rasial settlement. This system didn’t recognize the equivalence of human dignity.
Kata Kunci : BM dan DSK, resistance of the native, liminal space, postcolonial theory, mimicry and camouflage.
ABSTRACT
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a... more ABSTRACT
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a literary work by Multatuli, a pseudonym of E. Douwes Dekker. This novel, which uses three narrators, is famous as a novel with an anticolonial image. On the other side, this novel never suggests to stop the government of the Dutch Colonial in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The purpose of the research is to reveal the correlation between MH’s views about colonialism and its innovation in narrative technique.
At first, the research would apply a focalization analysis of this novel. This analysis was chosen because MH presents the debate about colonialism in the Ducth East Indies through focalizers’ opinions and views. MH uniquely uses three focalizers. The emerging of a character (Stern) that occupies the role of narrator focalizer in the Lebak Episode although he is the character of the story shows the uniqueness of this novel. This way is as if it places Stern in a neutral position, a middle-position between one of the character-focalizers and another character- focalizer, between the interest of Multatuli and Droogstoppel. Because Stern is a character in this novel, so his focalization is not neutral. Stern invites readers to support the attitude of Multatuli. With this condition, the biased effect is used to encourage readers to follow Stern’s narration, which tends to support the attitude of Multatuli character. The readers eventually are confronted to the war of interest: anticolonial or procolonial; supporting Multatuli or Droogstoppel.
Starting from focalization in this novel, orientalism theory has been applied. MH novel uses Multatuli and Stern as opposing figures who are against the forced labor, and Droogstoppel as a figure who supports the forced labor and the coffee trade. This novel fights for proper wages for the labourers so it makes the issue of cultuur-stelsel receiving a special place in this novel. Anti-colonial characteristic of MH novel is shown by the rejection of the low wages, oppression, robbery, injustice, mistreating, and discrimination although it influences the financial loss on coffee trading. On the other side, MH is a pro-colonial novel because it gives support to the Dutch government authority in the Dutch E. Indies. The colonial hegemony towards industrial products competition from European colonized countries in the 19th century has influenced this novel. That is why liberation in MH is limited to the liberation of the labour class (cultuur stelsel labourers) from capitalists and liberation of low-classes (people) from the ruler and the industrialist. This novel does not discuss the liberation in a political way. Despite its ambivalence, MH is a novel that shows the literary work can express ideology views in a uniquely, implicitly and imaginatively
Key Words: Max Havelaar- focalization –anticolonial- liberation of classes
Terjemahan novel ini menjadi bagian dari kerja saya, pendukung program disertasi saya pada FIB UG... more Terjemahan novel ini menjadi bagian dari kerja saya, pendukung program disertasi saya pada FIB UGM Yogyakarta.. Dengan bantuan Ibu Franciska Dewi Purwono dan Ibu Vini Widiniasih terjemahan ini dapat diselesaikan. Terjemahan yang telah diterbitkan oleh Kanisius pada tahun 2011 ini telah saya edit ulang dengan semaksimal mungkin mempertahankan gaya kepengarangan Louis Couperus. Editing ejaan dan tulisan dikerjakan dengan bantuan dan masukan dari Yulitin Sungkowati. Tanpa dorongan dan dukungan sepenuhnya dari keluargaku: suamiku Mas Paul Elbers dan anak-anakku Andres dan Francis, saya tidak akan dapat menyajikan terjemahan ini di hadapan Anda. Novel karya Louis Couperus, yang dimasukkan sebagai salah satu karya agung sastra Belanda ini, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial Belanda pada akhir abad ke-19, terbit pertama kali pada tahun 1900. Pengarang mengangkat pemikiran dan pandangan orang Belanda tentang masyarakat Jawa dan, dan filosofinya: cara mereka menyikapi alam dan kekuatan yang ada di dalamnya, dan juga takhayul. Novel ini menjadi lebih menarik bagi bangsa Indonesia, ketika Pramoedya Ananta Toer, berpuluh tahun kemudian, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial sekitar akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 dalam Bumi Manusia, dengan tokoh Minke yang mempertanyakan pemikiran dan pendidikan Belanda (Eropa).
Sebuah catatan tentang kegiatan literasi di Belanda
Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah ... more Sebuah catatan tentang kegiatan literasi di Belanda Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah tentang seorang migran dari Suriname pada masa kolonialisme Belanda Buku tersebut dan dan juga filmnya Pilihan Belanda tahun 2023 sebagai bagian dari kegiatan literasi, Heel Nederland Leest. Sejak VOC terbentuk negeri dan penduduk Belanda menerima risiko bersinggungan dengan etnis maupun nasionalitas lain. Imigrasi ke Belanda dilakukan oleh warga bekas negara jajahan atau yang terkait : Suriname, Indonesia, Ghana.
"Isah" adalah sebuah fragmen dari buku kumpulan cerita Emigranten en Andere Verhalen karya ... more "Isah" adalah sebuah fragmen dari buku kumpulan cerita Emigranten en Andere Verhalen karya Madelon Szekely-Lulofs, 1933. Fragmen ini saya temukan dalam buku Oost- Indische ink, 400 jaar Indie in de Nederlandse letteren karya Alfred Birney, 1998.
Beberapa karya M. Szelly-Lulofs telah lama diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Koeli, Rubber, : roman uit Deli, en Tjoet Nja Dinh.
Selamat membaca, semoga bermanfaat
"Sunyi. Suara itu menembus kesunyian :’Allah-ill-lah!”
“Ini puasa. Tuan. Ini masa ramadhan. Iman puasa juga. Dalam masa puasa mimpi aneh sering muncul, mimpi buruk. Mungkin Imam juga bermimpi buruk.”
“Apa yang kau tahu Isah?”
“Isah tidak tahu, Tuan, tapi hanya mendengar bahwa Iman bermimpi. Seekor kucing hitam mendatanginya. Kata kucing hitam itu, “Iman, kamu harus membunuh orang kafir. Seorang kulit putih. Jika sekarang kamu bunuh orang kulit putih itu, kamu akan masuk surga. Setiap pengikut Muhammad yang dalam bulan puasa membunuh kafir, akan jadi saleh.”
Asisten tidak tertawa. Dia bukan pendatang baru dari Eropa. Dia tahu orang timur tidak akan bicara tanpa maksud."
SUMINTEN seratan Christina Dewi Elbes
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu,... more SUMINTEN seratan Christina Dewi Elbes
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu, anak wedok dilamar priyayi saka adoh parane. Bungah atine mbok Ranu. Tangga-tangga sok bisik-bisik, yen anake bisa dadi prawan tuwo. Kanggone wong ndeso, anake wedok sing umure wis ngancik 25 tahun diarani prawan kasep. Ora peduli sekolahan apa ora. Puji pandonga tansah katur dumateng Gusti kang mahakuasa. Calon mantune bagus rupane, semanak.
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Ind... more This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native�s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19 th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native�s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, �in-between� space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people...
http://www.louiscouperus.nl/publicaties/artikelen/op-zoek-naar-sporen-van-antikoloniaal-verzet.
... more http://www.louiscouperus.nl/publicaties/artikelen/op-zoek-naar-sporen-van-antikoloniaal-verzet.
De overeenkomsten tussen Bumi Manusia (Aarde der mensen, 1980) van de Indonesische schrijver Pramoedya Ananta Toer en De stille kracht (1900) van Louis Couperus springen direct in het oog. Beide romans spelen zich af in de koloniale samenleving op Java rond 1900, beide vertellen over dezelfde soort problemen, over opvallende vrouwen, gemengde huwelijken en Indisch-Nederlandse families, en over de kloof tussen westerse en oosterse denkbeelden, rassen en geloven. Toch spreekt uit deze romans een verschillende visie op de koloniale samenleving.
REPRESENTATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF NATIVE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE DUTCH INDIES, US... more REPRESENTATION OF THE RESISTANCE OF NATIVE AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE DUTCH INDIES, USING 'DE STILLE KRACHT '(LOUIS COUPERUS) AND 'BUMI MANUSIA' ( PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER)
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native’s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native’s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, ‘in-between’ space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people are ‘dangerous’ people manusia for the colonial authorities because of their resemblance and resistance. With the literary style of memoir, Minke as a character-focalizer resists toward colonial systeem : he rejects chance to be a regent and unjust law in the White-court. With the narration by narrator as a Third-person (narrator-focalizer), DSK reveals the narratee of warnings to the colonial government about threats of Islamic resistance and the story about native resistance by using mystic/magic. Both of these novels are using a different style, but they represent how mankind experiences the truth and facts about the cruelty of the colonial system in Dutch Indies; they applied ‘apartheid system’ and made a rasial settlement. This system didn’t recognize the equivalence of human dignity.
Kata Kunci : BM dan DSK, resistance of the native, liminal space, postcolonial theory, mimicry and camouflage.
ABSTRACT
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a... more ABSTRACT
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a literary work by Multatuli, a pseudonym of E. Douwes Dekker. This novel, which uses three narrators, is famous as a novel with an anticolonial image. On the other side, this novel never suggests to stop the government of the Dutch Colonial in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The purpose of the research is to reveal the correlation between MH’s views about colonialism and its innovation in narrative technique.
At first, the research would apply a focalization analysis of this novel. This analysis was chosen because MH presents the debate about colonialism in the Ducth East Indies through focalizers’ opinions and views. MH uniquely uses three focalizers. The emerging of a character (Stern) that occupies the role of narrator focalizer in the Lebak Episode although he is the character of the story shows the uniqueness of this novel. This way is as if it places Stern in a neutral position, a middle-position between one of the character-focalizers and another character- focalizer, between the interest of Multatuli and Droogstoppel. Because Stern is a character in this novel, so his focalization is not neutral. Stern invites readers to support the attitude of Multatuli. With this condition, the biased effect is used to encourage readers to follow Stern’s narration, which tends to support the attitude of Multatuli character. The readers eventually are confronted to the war of interest: anticolonial or procolonial; supporting Multatuli or Droogstoppel.
Starting from focalization in this novel, orientalism theory has been applied. MH novel uses Multatuli and Stern as opposing figures who are against the forced labor, and Droogstoppel as a figure who supports the forced labor and the coffee trade. This novel fights for proper wages for the labourers so it makes the issue of cultuur-stelsel receiving a special place in this novel. Anti-colonial characteristic of MH novel is shown by the rejection of the low wages, oppression, robbery, injustice, mistreating, and discrimination although it influences the financial loss on coffee trading. On the other side, MH is a pro-colonial novel because it gives support to the Dutch government authority in the Dutch E. Indies. The colonial hegemony towards industrial products competition from European colonized countries in the 19th century has influenced this novel. That is why liberation in MH is limited to the liberation of the labour class (cultuur stelsel labourers) from capitalists and liberation of low-classes (people) from the ruler and the industrialist. This novel does not discuss the liberation in a political way. Despite its ambivalence, MH is a novel that shows the literary work can express ideology views in a uniquely, implicitly and imaginatively
Key Words: Max Havelaar- focalization –anticolonial- liberation of classes
Terjemahan novel ini menjadi bagian dari kerja saya, pendukung program disertasi saya pada FIB UG... more Terjemahan novel ini menjadi bagian dari kerja saya, pendukung program disertasi saya pada FIB UGM Yogyakarta.. Dengan bantuan Ibu Franciska Dewi Purwono dan Ibu Vini Widiniasih terjemahan ini dapat diselesaikan. Terjemahan yang telah diterbitkan oleh Kanisius pada tahun 2011 ini telah saya edit ulang dengan semaksimal mungkin mempertahankan gaya kepengarangan Louis Couperus. Editing ejaan dan tulisan dikerjakan dengan bantuan dan masukan dari Yulitin Sungkowati. Tanpa dorongan dan dukungan sepenuhnya dari keluargaku: suamiku Mas Paul Elbers dan anak-anakku Andres dan Francis, saya tidak akan dapat menyajikan terjemahan ini di hadapan Anda. Novel karya Louis Couperus, yang dimasukkan sebagai salah satu karya agung sastra Belanda ini, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial Belanda pada akhir abad ke-19, terbit pertama kali pada tahun 1900. Pengarang mengangkat pemikiran dan pandangan orang Belanda tentang masyarakat Jawa dan, dan filosofinya: cara mereka menyikapi alam dan kekuatan yang ada di dalamnya, dan juga takhayul. Novel ini menjadi lebih menarik bagi bangsa Indonesia, ketika Pramoedya Ananta Toer, berpuluh tahun kemudian, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial sekitar akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 dalam Bumi Manusia, dengan tokoh Minke yang mempertanyakan pemikiran dan pendidikan Belanda (Eropa).
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Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah tentang seorang migran dari Suriname pada masa kolonialisme Belanda Buku tersebut dan dan juga filmnya Pilihan Belanda tahun 2023 sebagai bagian dari kegiatan literasi, Heel Nederland Leest. Sejak VOC terbentuk negeri dan penduduk Belanda menerima risiko bersinggungan dengan etnis maupun nasionalitas lain. Imigrasi ke Belanda dilakukan oleh warga bekas negara jajahan atau yang terkait : Suriname, Indonesia, Ghana.
Beberapa karya M. Szelly-Lulofs telah lama diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Koeli, Rubber, : roman uit Deli, en Tjoet Nja Dinh.
Selamat membaca, semoga bermanfaat
"Sunyi. Suara itu menembus kesunyian :’Allah-ill-lah!”
“Ini puasa. Tuan. Ini masa ramadhan. Iman puasa juga. Dalam masa puasa mimpi aneh sering muncul, mimpi buruk. Mungkin Imam juga bermimpi buruk.”
“Apa yang kau tahu Isah?”
“Isah tidak tahu, Tuan, tapi hanya mendengar bahwa Iman bermimpi. Seekor kucing hitam mendatanginya. Kata kucing hitam itu, “Iman, kamu harus membunuh orang kafir. Seorang kulit putih. Jika sekarang kamu bunuh orang kulit putih itu, kamu akan masuk surga. Setiap pengikut Muhammad yang dalam bulan puasa membunuh kafir, akan jadi saleh.”
Asisten tidak tertawa. Dia bukan pendatang baru dari Eropa. Dia tahu orang timur tidak akan bicara tanpa maksud."
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu, anak wedok dilamar priyayi saka adoh parane. Bungah atine mbok Ranu. Tangga-tangga sok bisik-bisik, yen anake bisa dadi prawan tuwo. Kanggone wong ndeso, anake wedok sing umure wis ngancik 25 tahun diarani prawan kasep. Ora peduli sekolahan apa ora. Puji pandonga tansah katur dumateng Gusti kang mahakuasa. Calon mantune bagus rupane, semanak.
De overeenkomsten tussen Bumi Manusia (Aarde der mensen, 1980) van de Indonesische schrijver Pramoedya Ananta Toer en De stille kracht (1900) van Louis Couperus springen direct in het oog. Beide romans spelen zich af in de koloniale samenleving op Java rond 1900, beide vertellen over dezelfde soort problemen, over opvallende vrouwen, gemengde huwelijken en Indisch-Nederlandse families, en over de kloof tussen westerse en oosterse denkbeelden, rassen en geloven. Toch spreekt uit deze romans een verschillende visie op de koloniale samenleving.
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native’s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native’s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, ‘in-between’ space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people are ‘dangerous’ people manusia for the colonial authorities because of their resemblance and resistance. With the literary style of memoir, Minke as a character-focalizer resists toward colonial systeem : he rejects chance to be a regent and unjust law in the White-court. With the narration by narrator as a Third-person (narrator-focalizer), DSK reveals the narratee of warnings to the colonial government about threats of Islamic resistance and the story about native resistance by using mystic/magic. Both of these novels are using a different style, but they represent how mankind experiences the truth and facts about the cruelty of the colonial system in Dutch Indies; they applied ‘apartheid system’ and made a rasial settlement. This system didn’t recognize the equivalence of human dignity.
Kata Kunci : BM dan DSK, resistance of the native, liminal space, postcolonial theory, mimicry and camouflage.
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a literary work by Multatuli, a pseudonym of E. Douwes Dekker. This novel, which uses three narrators, is famous as a novel with an anticolonial image. On the other side, this novel never suggests to stop the government of the Dutch Colonial in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The purpose of the research is to reveal the correlation between MH’s views about colonialism and its innovation in narrative technique.
At first, the research would apply a focalization analysis of this novel. This analysis was chosen because MH presents the debate about colonialism in the Ducth East Indies through focalizers’ opinions and views. MH uniquely uses three focalizers. The emerging of a character (Stern) that occupies the role of narrator focalizer in the Lebak Episode although he is the character of the story shows the uniqueness of this novel. This way is as if it places Stern in a neutral position, a middle-position between one of the character-focalizers and another character- focalizer, between the interest of Multatuli and Droogstoppel. Because Stern is a character in this novel, so his focalization is not neutral. Stern invites readers to support the attitude of Multatuli. With this condition, the biased effect is used to encourage readers to follow Stern’s narration, which tends to support the attitude of Multatuli character. The readers eventually are confronted to the war of interest: anticolonial or procolonial; supporting Multatuli or Droogstoppel.
Starting from focalization in this novel, orientalism theory has been applied. MH novel uses Multatuli and Stern as opposing figures who are against the forced labor, and Droogstoppel as a figure who supports the forced labor and the coffee trade. This novel fights for proper wages for the labourers so it makes the issue of cultuur-stelsel receiving a special place in this novel. Anti-colonial characteristic of MH novel is shown by the rejection of the low wages, oppression, robbery, injustice, mistreating, and discrimination although it influences the financial loss on coffee trading. On the other side, MH is a pro-colonial novel because it gives support to the Dutch government authority in the Dutch E. Indies. The colonial hegemony towards industrial products competition from European colonized countries in the 19th century has influenced this novel. That is why liberation in MH is limited to the liberation of the labour class (cultuur stelsel labourers) from capitalists and liberation of low-classes (people) from the ruler and the industrialist. This novel does not discuss the liberation in a political way. Despite its ambivalence, MH is a novel that shows the literary work can express ideology views in a uniquely, implicitly and imaginatively
Key Words: Max Havelaar- focalization –anticolonial- liberation of classes
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Novel karya Louis Couperus, yang dimasukkan sebagai salah satu karya agung sastra Belanda ini, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial Belanda pada akhir abad ke-19, terbit pertama kali pada tahun 1900. Pengarang mengangkat pemikiran dan pandangan orang Belanda tentang masyarakat Jawa dan, dan filosofinya: cara mereka menyikapi alam dan kekuatan yang ada di dalamnya, dan juga takhayul. Novel ini menjadi lebih menarik bagi bangsa Indonesia, ketika Pramoedya Ananta Toer, berpuluh tahun kemudian, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial sekitar akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 dalam Bumi Manusia, dengan tokoh Minke yang mempertanyakan pemikiran dan pendidikan Belanda (Eropa).
Sonny Boy, adalah sebuah buku yang berkisah tentang seorang migran dari Suriname pada masa kolonialisme Belanda Buku tersebut dan dan juga filmnya Pilihan Belanda tahun 2023 sebagai bagian dari kegiatan literasi, Heel Nederland Leest. Sejak VOC terbentuk negeri dan penduduk Belanda menerima risiko bersinggungan dengan etnis maupun nasionalitas lain. Imigrasi ke Belanda dilakukan oleh warga bekas negara jajahan atau yang terkait : Suriname, Indonesia, Ghana.
Beberapa karya M. Szelly-Lulofs telah lama diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia : Koeli, Rubber, : roman uit Deli, en Tjoet Nja Dinh.
Selamat membaca, semoga bermanfaat
"Sunyi. Suara itu menembus kesunyian :’Allah-ill-lah!”
“Ini puasa. Tuan. Ini masa ramadhan. Iman puasa juga. Dalam masa puasa mimpi aneh sering muncul, mimpi buruk. Mungkin Imam juga bermimpi buruk.”
“Apa yang kau tahu Isah?”
“Isah tidak tahu, Tuan, tapi hanya mendengar bahwa Iman bermimpi. Seekor kucing hitam mendatanginya. Kata kucing hitam itu, “Iman, kamu harus membunuh orang kafir. Seorang kulit putih. Jika sekarang kamu bunuh orang kulit putih itu, kamu akan masuk surga. Setiap pengikut Muhammad yang dalam bulan puasa membunuh kafir, akan jadi saleh.”
Asisten tidak tertawa. Dia bukan pendatang baru dari Eropa. Dia tahu orang timur tidak akan bicara tanpa maksud."
Desa cerak pesisir kidul kuwi geger. Mbok Ranu arep mantu, anak wedok dilamar priyayi saka adoh parane. Bungah atine mbok Ranu. Tangga-tangga sok bisik-bisik, yen anake bisa dadi prawan tuwo. Kanggone wong ndeso, anake wedok sing umure wis ngancik 25 tahun diarani prawan kasep. Ora peduli sekolahan apa ora. Puji pandonga tansah katur dumateng Gusti kang mahakuasa. Calon mantune bagus rupane, semanak.
De overeenkomsten tussen Bumi Manusia (Aarde der mensen, 1980) van de Indonesische schrijver Pramoedya Ananta Toer en De stille kracht (1900) van Louis Couperus springen direct in het oog. Beide romans spelen zich af in de koloniale samenleving op Java rond 1900, beide vertellen over dezelfde soort problemen, over opvallende vrouwen, gemengde huwelijken en Indisch-Nederlandse families, en over de kloof tussen westerse en oosterse denkbeelden, rassen en geloven. Toch spreekt uit deze romans een verschillende visie op de koloniale samenleving.
This research is focused to an Indonesian literary work (postcolonial literature) and a Dutch Indies literary work (colonial literature): Bumi Manusia (1980, Pramoedya Ananta Toer) and De Stille Kracht (1900, Louis Couperus). Both are great authors in their countries, The Netherlands and Indonesia. They represented the native’s resistance in colonial life at the end of the 19th century in Java. This research aims to find the form of the named resistance by using the postcolonial theory, structural analyse and comparing literature. I found out that the native’s resistance is showed by the mimic man (noble man and native civil servant), who entered the liminal space, ‘in-between’ space. They mimic the colonisator to create their new identity, which is different from their original one, just looks like the identity they imitate. The mimic people imitate and resist at the same time (Minke dan Nyai Ontosoroh, BM), they practice camouflage (Soenario family, DSK). The mimic people are ‘dangerous’ people manusia for the colonial authorities because of their resemblance and resistance. With the literary style of memoir, Minke as a character-focalizer resists toward colonial systeem : he rejects chance to be a regent and unjust law in the White-court. With the narration by narrator as a Third-person (narrator-focalizer), DSK reveals the narratee of warnings to the colonial government about threats of Islamic resistance and the story about native resistance by using mystic/magic. Both of these novels are using a different style, but they represent how mankind experiences the truth and facts about the cruelty of the colonial system in Dutch Indies; they applied ‘apartheid system’ and made a rasial settlement. This system didn’t recognize the equivalence of human dignity.
Kata Kunci : BM dan DSK, resistance of the native, liminal space, postcolonial theory, mimicry and camouflage.
MAX HAVELAAR AND ANTICOLONIAL IMAGE
A POSTCOLONIAL ANALYSIS
Max Havelaar is a literary work by Multatuli, a pseudonym of E. Douwes Dekker. This novel, which uses three narrators, is famous as a novel with an anticolonial image. On the other side, this novel never suggests to stop the government of the Dutch Colonial in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). The purpose of the research is to reveal the correlation between MH’s views about colonialism and its innovation in narrative technique.
At first, the research would apply a focalization analysis of this novel. This analysis was chosen because MH presents the debate about colonialism in the Ducth East Indies through focalizers’ opinions and views. MH uniquely uses three focalizers. The emerging of a character (Stern) that occupies the role of narrator focalizer in the Lebak Episode although he is the character of the story shows the uniqueness of this novel. This way is as if it places Stern in a neutral position, a middle-position between one of the character-focalizers and another character- focalizer, between the interest of Multatuli and Droogstoppel. Because Stern is a character in this novel, so his focalization is not neutral. Stern invites readers to support the attitude of Multatuli. With this condition, the biased effect is used to encourage readers to follow Stern’s narration, which tends to support the attitude of Multatuli character. The readers eventually are confronted to the war of interest: anticolonial or procolonial; supporting Multatuli or Droogstoppel.
Starting from focalization in this novel, orientalism theory has been applied. MH novel uses Multatuli and Stern as opposing figures who are against the forced labor, and Droogstoppel as a figure who supports the forced labor and the coffee trade. This novel fights for proper wages for the labourers so it makes the issue of cultuur-stelsel receiving a special place in this novel. Anti-colonial characteristic of MH novel is shown by the rejection of the low wages, oppression, robbery, injustice, mistreating, and discrimination although it influences the financial loss on coffee trading. On the other side, MH is a pro-colonial novel because it gives support to the Dutch government authority in the Dutch E. Indies. The colonial hegemony towards industrial products competition from European colonized countries in the 19th century has influenced this novel. That is why liberation in MH is limited to the liberation of the labour class (cultuur stelsel labourers) from capitalists and liberation of low-classes (people) from the ruler and the industrialist. This novel does not discuss the liberation in a political way. Despite its ambivalence, MH is a novel that shows the literary work can express ideology views in a uniquely, implicitly and imaginatively
Key Words: Max Havelaar- focalization –anticolonial- liberation of classes
Novel karya Louis Couperus, yang dimasukkan sebagai salah satu karya agung sastra Belanda ini, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial Belanda pada akhir abad ke-19, terbit pertama kali pada tahun 1900. Pengarang mengangkat pemikiran dan pandangan orang Belanda tentang masyarakat Jawa dan, dan filosofinya: cara mereka menyikapi alam dan kekuatan yang ada di dalamnya, dan juga takhayul. Novel ini menjadi lebih menarik bagi bangsa Indonesia, ketika Pramoedya Ananta Toer, berpuluh tahun kemudian, memotret kehidupan zaman kolonial sekitar akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 dalam Bumi Manusia, dengan tokoh Minke yang mempertanyakan pemikiran dan pendidikan Belanda (Eropa).