Rafael da Silva Noleto
Antropólogo, Cantor e Compositor. Docente da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Professor Permanente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia (PPGANT/UFPEL). Professor do Bacharelado em Ciências Musicais. Temas de interesse: Teoria Antropológica, Antropologia da Música, Antropologia da Performance, Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Sexualidade.
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O peso epistemológico das Ciências Musicais é aqui interpelado tendo em vista que a Música é um campo que está situado em dois regimes de conhecimento: o artístico e o científico. Se, dentro de contextos universitários de pesquisa, as Ciências Musicais se configuram como área interdisciplinar, quais são as implicações epistêmicas na relação com outros campos disciplinares? Percebe-se que, para se constituírem como área de pesquisa, diversos subcampos das Ciências Musicais recebem interferência epistêmica direta da Antropologia, Filosofia e História. Entretanto, a Música não parece ser protagonista dos grandes debates que mudam os rumos teóricos desses outros campos do saber. Com foco de análise direcionado para a Etno/Musicologia, este texto realiza uma abordagem antropológica das Ciências Musicais no intuito de sugerir caminhos possíveis para a afirmação de sua importância epistêmica num escopo mais amplo de produção do conhecimento.
Abstract
Music as Science, Science as Music: Epistemological provocations
The epistemological importance of the Musical Sciences is questioned here considering that Music is a field that is situated within two realms of knowledge: the artistic and the scientific. If, within academic research contexts, the Musical Sciences are configured as an interdisciplinary field, what are the epistemic implications in its relationship with other disciplinary fields? It is noticed that to constitute itself as a field of research, several subfields of Musical Sciences receive direct epistemic interference from Anthropology, Philosophy and History. However, Music does not seem to be the protagonist of the great debates that change the theoretical directions of these other fields of knowledge. With a focus of analysis directed towards Ethno/Musicology, this text takes an anthropological approach to musical sciences to suggest possible ways to affirm its epistemic importance in a broader scope of knowledge production.
a partir da análise desses documentos e dos discursos que se constroem em torno deles.
Regulations of Culture: Gender and Sexual Diversity in the Belém’s June Contests
Looking at the regulations guiding the June contests promoted as public policy by the municipal government of Belém and state government of Pará, I intend to understand how these documents try to manage the intense participation of homosexuals and transgender people in these events. What do these regulations say? What are the implicit and explicit ways in which the State refers to sexual and gender diversity? With these questions in mind (and based on field work done between 2012 and 2016 in the Belém’s June competitions), I seek to answer them from the analysis of these documents and the discourses that are built around them.
Sheet music in the closet: musical composition and male homosexuality
Discussing the relationship between musical composition and male homosexuality, this paper aims to reflect on Music as a knowledge area. Although, in general, the presence of homosexual composers is very visible in the field of Popular Music, I try to take this fact as an epistemological question that intends to question the power relations that constitute the academic field of Music. From my teaching experience in this field, I also intend to problematize important aspects of higher education in Music, defending the need to deepen socioanthropological issues in the musical professional education, especially with regard to debates about gender, race, sexuality and social class in interface with the Music.
JAMBO COLOUR AND OTHER AMAZONIAN HUES: ON THE ABOLITION OF THE MULATA AND THE ADVENT OF THE MORENA CHEIROSA AT THE JUNE FESTIVALS OF BELÉM
In this article, I consider the state’s conscious production of social categories that sexualize race and racialize gender in public policies in order to promote popular cultures. Looking at the practices and discourses surrounding the categories “Miss Mulata” and “Miss Morena Cheirosa” at the June festivals in Belém, I argue that these categories reveal the interference of state organs and their cultural brokers in the production of Amazonian ethnic-racial identities. In addition to looking at the explicit textual content of the regulations of the June contests, I note what the omit regarding issues of race, ethnicity and sexuality. Such omissions do not reflect a lack of normative prescriptions, but mean that the regulation of bodies, subjects, and performances remains hidden and immobile in the interstices of the discourse of cultural brokers who foster policies geared toward popular cultures.
COLOR DE YAMBO Y OTROS MATICES AMAZÓNICOS: SOBRE LA ABOLICIÓN DE LA MULATA Y LA LLEGADA DE LA MORENA CHEIROSA EN LAS FIESTAS DE JUNIO EN BELÉM
En este texto, busco pensar la actuación consciente del Estado al producir categorías sociales que sexualizan la raza y racializan el género en las políticas públicas para la promoción de las culturas populares. Investigando los usos y discursos en torno a las categorías Miss Mulata y Miss Morena Cheirosa en las fiestas juninas de Belém, argumento que esas categorías dejan en evidencia las interferencias de los órganos estatales y sus gestores culturales en la producción de identidades étnicoraciales amazónicas. Además de notar los contenidos textuales explícitos en los reglamentos de los concursos juninos, observo especialmente sus silencios en cuanto a cuestiones de raza, etnicidad y sexualidad. Tales silencios no representan ausencia de prescripciones normativas, sino que significan que la regulación de los cuerpos, sujetos y performances permanece oculta en las entrelíneas de los discursos de los gestores culturales que fomentan acciones dirigidas a las culturas populares.
BANALITY OF EVIL, CULTURAL ANESTESIA, SEXUALIZED COMMUNITIES AND TRANS FEMINISMS: SOME REFLEXIONS
Articulating the concepts of banality of evil (Hannah Arendt) and Cultural Anesthesia (Allen Feldman), I try to reflect on recent cases involving trans people deaths, either by transphobic violence (Dandara dos Santos - Fortaleza, CE - and Patrícia Ferraz - Belém, PA) or by illness (Raíssa Gorbatchof - Belém, PA). The intention is to reflect on the importance of transfeminismos in combating the vulnerability to which transvestite and transsexual population is subjected daily. I intend to reflect on how the forms of extermination of these subjects seek to rebuild nations as sexualized communities, based (obviously) on the hegemony of heterosexuality and cisgenerity.
"... é tudo somente sexo e amizade": Brazilian female singers as mediators of affective and sexual relationships between gay men
This text centralizes the focus of analysis in the context of Brazilian Popular Music (MPB) to get comprehension of how the affective relationships, which are built between fans and their idols in a symbolic universe, are expanded to the experience of other affective relationships contextualized in daily social relationships. Lined in anthropological studies of gender and sexuality and based on ethnography with homosexual men (who recognize themselves as fans of Brazilian female singers), this paper seeks to problematize the position of the MPB singers as mediators of affective and sexual relationships between their gay fans. Through the analysis of the narratives shared by these fans, this paper intends to discuss the condition of such singers as performative subjects that stimulate the exchange of gifts.
Secularity’s song: Daniela Mercury and the debate on equal civil marriage in Brazil
The public performance of the singer Daniela Mercury to assume (in 2013) a marital relationship with another woman is taken as a starting point for discussion on equal civil marriage in contemporary Brazil. It is intended to discuss the inclusion of conflicting religious morals in some public debates on rights, emphasizing the notion of “subjectivism” as a structuring value of modernity in the production of autonomous subjects in the face of various religious backgrounds. The discussion herein also aims to highlight tensions between the Catholic formation of Daniela Mercury and her current belonging to Candomblé, questioning points about homoparenthood through of religious values professed by the singer.
DEVOUT AND DIVINE: REFLECTIONS ON THE SACRALIZATION PROCESS OF MPB FEMALE SINGERS IN THE RITUAL CONTEXT OF THE CÍRIO DE NAZARÉ IN BELÉM, PARÁ, AMAZONIA
Drawing from ethnographic experience at the Círio de Nazaré, this article
discusses what I call MPB (Brazilian Popular Music) performances of holiness by female singers, observed mainly in musical tributes made by these artists during the Our Lady of Nazaré procession along the streets of Belém. As part of a larger inquiry, focused on the homosexual male’s imaginary and sociability built around the MPB female singers, this article bridges theoretical and ethnographic elements to discuss meanings behind the word “divine”, often used by fans (especially homosexuals) to call their favorite female singers.
DEVOTAS E DIVINAS: REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL PROCESO DE SACRALIZACIÓN DE LAS CANTANTES DE MPB EN EL CONTEXTO RITUAL DEL CIRIO DE NAZARÉ, EN BELÉM, PARÁ, AMAZONÍA
A partir de la experiencia etnográfica durante el Cirio de Nazaré, este artículo describe lo que yo llamo performances de sacralización de las cantantes de la Música Popular Brasileña (MPB), que se observan predominantemente en homenajes musicales hechos para estas artistas durante la transferencia ritual de la imagen de Nuestra Señora de Nazaré por las calles de Belém. Como parte de un estudio más amplio, que reflexionó acerca del imaginario y la sociabilidad homosexual masculina en torno a las cantantes de MPB, este texto presenta elementos teóricos y etnográficos que tratan de aclarar los significados subyacentes al calificativo “divina”, a menudo utilizado por los fans (especialmente los homosexuales) para designar a sus cantantes favoritas.
“¡Brillan estrellas de San Juan!” Notas sobre los concursos de “Miss Caipira Gay” y “Miss Caipira Mix” en Belém do Pará, Brasil
Este artículo trata sobre los concursos “Miss Caipira Gay” y “Miss Caipira Mix”, promovidos por la Municipalidad de Belém y el Gobierno del Estado de Pará, respectivamente, en ocasión de los festejos de San Juan, en la capital del estado. Basado en un trabajo de campo realizado en 2012 y 2013, el texto busca problematizar aspectos relativos a las acciones de los poderes públicos locales en lo que respecta a la relevancia otorgada al protagonismo gay, travesti y transexual, en el marco de la programación de las fiestas juninas, realizadas por organismos culturales vinculados a los gobiernos municipal y estadual. Las reflexiones planteadas buscan comprender la lógica propia de estos concursos de baile y belleza, que opera a partir de una articulación de conceptos vinculados a marcadores sociales de la diferencia, tales como género, sexualidad, raza, clase, generación y etnicidad.
“The shining stars of São João!”: notes on the “Miss Caipira Gay”
and “Miss Caipira Mix” pageants in Belém do Pará.
This article is a reflection on the “Miss Caipira Gay” and “Miss Caipira Mix” pageants, sponsored by the town and state governments during the June Festivities in the state capital of Pará. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2012 and 2013, the text seeks to discuss the actions of local governments with regard to the prominent role given to gay, travesti and transexual in the programming of June Festivities by municipal and state culture development agencies. The dance and beauty pageants operate an articulation of social markers of difference such as gender, sexuality, race, class, generation and ethnicity.
"I'm a 'gogoia' fruit, I'm a lass": Gal Costa and the Tropicalismo in the feminine
This study aims at discussing the phenomenon of musical performance considering an overlap of relevant concepts from music, anthropology and gender and sexuality studies. Departing from the idea that Brazilian singer Gal Costa developed a performative discourse-vocal and corporal-properly tuned to the tropicalistas purposes, I analyze the possibilities of using the body to produce performative images that brings up the discussion about the possible intersections between music, eroticism and sexuality. In a dialogue with the work of authors such as Clifford Geertz, Terence Turner, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Juduth Butler and Georg Bataille, I hope to contribute to a critical review of Tropicalismo, in wich the musical interpretation and corporal techniques occupy the center of the discussion. The objective is to propose a debate about the subjectivity involved in the performative process that is fabricated on the singer's body.
Edmund Ronald Leach and The Dimension of the Unbalance
This article is a theoretical reflection based on some conceptual aspects contained in the work of the anthropologist Edmund Ronald Leach, that refer to their special attention to what I call here as a dimension of the unbalance. Initially, I situate the theoretical and methodological Leach’s trajectory with regard to recognition of social reality as a means unstable, subject to changes triggered by the manipulation of social rules on the part of individuals in a given society. Thus, using the notion of social unbalance, I present, subsequently, the criticism that Leach did to the Malinowski's functionalist legacy and his disciples, seeking points
of convergence and divergence between the Leach's elaborations and contributions from other anthropologists such as Lévi-Strauss, Mauss, Radcliffe-Brown and Gluckman. Later, I use some Leach's works such as Political systems of highland Burma and Rethinking Anthropology, to highlight the notions of unbalance, instability and ambiguity in order to reflect on the "categories of disorder", identified by Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, as a guiding to the hermeneutic paradigm of anthropological schools. The intention is to speculate about a possible glimpses, probably evident in Leach, to an anthropology able to deal with the factors "subjectivity", "individual" and "history." This analysis ends with the interlacement of some formulations of Leach and DaMatta, especially in terms of symbolic studies, in order to identify, in DaMatta's work, some connections with the theoretical legacy of Leach from the notion of disequilibrium (or instability) social.
What have a diva got? Brazilian female singers, voices, bodies and powers viewed by experts
Within certain homosexual social networks, the adjective “powerful” is often operated as a marker for the classification, comparison, qualification and representation of female idols admired by gay men. Based on ethnography conducted in Belém (Pará), this paper aims to understand what are the notions of power articulated by gay men - with identity and gender performance recognized, by them, as masculine - to describe their favorite female singers. Showing that, in most speeches, this “power” of female singers transcends strictly musical predicates and it is revealed rooted in all performance of their bodies, this paper discusses about the “powers”, “dangers”, “centralities” and “peripheries” of the body.
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Book Reviews
O peso epistemológico das Ciências Musicais é aqui interpelado tendo em vista que a Música é um campo que está situado em dois regimes de conhecimento: o artístico e o científico. Se, dentro de contextos universitários de pesquisa, as Ciências Musicais se configuram como área interdisciplinar, quais são as implicações epistêmicas na relação com outros campos disciplinares? Percebe-se que, para se constituírem como área de pesquisa, diversos subcampos das Ciências Musicais recebem interferência epistêmica direta da Antropologia, Filosofia e História. Entretanto, a Música não parece ser protagonista dos grandes debates que mudam os rumos teóricos desses outros campos do saber. Com foco de análise direcionado para a Etno/Musicologia, este texto realiza uma abordagem antropológica das Ciências Musicais no intuito de sugerir caminhos possíveis para a afirmação de sua importância epistêmica num escopo mais amplo de produção do conhecimento.
Abstract
Music as Science, Science as Music: Epistemological provocations
The epistemological importance of the Musical Sciences is questioned here considering that Music is a field that is situated within two realms of knowledge: the artistic and the scientific. If, within academic research contexts, the Musical Sciences are configured as an interdisciplinary field, what are the epistemic implications in its relationship with other disciplinary fields? It is noticed that to constitute itself as a field of research, several subfields of Musical Sciences receive direct epistemic interference from Anthropology, Philosophy and History. However, Music does not seem to be the protagonist of the great debates that change the theoretical directions of these other fields of knowledge. With a focus of analysis directed towards Ethno/Musicology, this text takes an anthropological approach to musical sciences to suggest possible ways to affirm its epistemic importance in a broader scope of knowledge production.
a partir da análise desses documentos e dos discursos que se constroem em torno deles.
Regulations of Culture: Gender and Sexual Diversity in the Belém’s June Contests
Looking at the regulations guiding the June contests promoted as public policy by the municipal government of Belém and state government of Pará, I intend to understand how these documents try to manage the intense participation of homosexuals and transgender people in these events. What do these regulations say? What are the implicit and explicit ways in which the State refers to sexual and gender diversity? With these questions in mind (and based on field work done between 2012 and 2016 in the Belém’s June competitions), I seek to answer them from the analysis of these documents and the discourses that are built around them.
Sheet music in the closet: musical composition and male homosexuality
Discussing the relationship between musical composition and male homosexuality, this paper aims to reflect on Music as a knowledge area. Although, in general, the presence of homosexual composers is very visible in the field of Popular Music, I try to take this fact as an epistemological question that intends to question the power relations that constitute the academic field of Music. From my teaching experience in this field, I also intend to problematize important aspects of higher education in Music, defending the need to deepen socioanthropological issues in the musical professional education, especially with regard to debates about gender, race, sexuality and social class in interface with the Music.
JAMBO COLOUR AND OTHER AMAZONIAN HUES: ON THE ABOLITION OF THE MULATA AND THE ADVENT OF THE MORENA CHEIROSA AT THE JUNE FESTIVALS OF BELÉM
In this article, I consider the state’s conscious production of social categories that sexualize race and racialize gender in public policies in order to promote popular cultures. Looking at the practices and discourses surrounding the categories “Miss Mulata” and “Miss Morena Cheirosa” at the June festivals in Belém, I argue that these categories reveal the interference of state organs and their cultural brokers in the production of Amazonian ethnic-racial identities. In addition to looking at the explicit textual content of the regulations of the June contests, I note what the omit regarding issues of race, ethnicity and sexuality. Such omissions do not reflect a lack of normative prescriptions, but mean that the regulation of bodies, subjects, and performances remains hidden and immobile in the interstices of the discourse of cultural brokers who foster policies geared toward popular cultures.
COLOR DE YAMBO Y OTROS MATICES AMAZÓNICOS: SOBRE LA ABOLICIÓN DE LA MULATA Y LA LLEGADA DE LA MORENA CHEIROSA EN LAS FIESTAS DE JUNIO EN BELÉM
En este texto, busco pensar la actuación consciente del Estado al producir categorías sociales que sexualizan la raza y racializan el género en las políticas públicas para la promoción de las culturas populares. Investigando los usos y discursos en torno a las categorías Miss Mulata y Miss Morena Cheirosa en las fiestas juninas de Belém, argumento que esas categorías dejan en evidencia las interferencias de los órganos estatales y sus gestores culturales en la producción de identidades étnicoraciales amazónicas. Además de notar los contenidos textuales explícitos en los reglamentos de los concursos juninos, observo especialmente sus silencios en cuanto a cuestiones de raza, etnicidad y sexualidad. Tales silencios no representan ausencia de prescripciones normativas, sino que significan que la regulación de los cuerpos, sujetos y performances permanece oculta en las entrelíneas de los discursos de los gestores culturales que fomentan acciones dirigidas a las culturas populares.
BANALITY OF EVIL, CULTURAL ANESTESIA, SEXUALIZED COMMUNITIES AND TRANS FEMINISMS: SOME REFLEXIONS
Articulating the concepts of banality of evil (Hannah Arendt) and Cultural Anesthesia (Allen Feldman), I try to reflect on recent cases involving trans people deaths, either by transphobic violence (Dandara dos Santos - Fortaleza, CE - and Patrícia Ferraz - Belém, PA) or by illness (Raíssa Gorbatchof - Belém, PA). The intention is to reflect on the importance of transfeminismos in combating the vulnerability to which transvestite and transsexual population is subjected daily. I intend to reflect on how the forms of extermination of these subjects seek to rebuild nations as sexualized communities, based (obviously) on the hegemony of heterosexuality and cisgenerity.
"... é tudo somente sexo e amizade": Brazilian female singers as mediators of affective and sexual relationships between gay men
This text centralizes the focus of analysis in the context of Brazilian Popular Music (MPB) to get comprehension of how the affective relationships, which are built between fans and their idols in a symbolic universe, are expanded to the experience of other affective relationships contextualized in daily social relationships. Lined in anthropological studies of gender and sexuality and based on ethnography with homosexual men (who recognize themselves as fans of Brazilian female singers), this paper seeks to problematize the position of the MPB singers as mediators of affective and sexual relationships between their gay fans. Through the analysis of the narratives shared by these fans, this paper intends to discuss the condition of such singers as performative subjects that stimulate the exchange of gifts.
Secularity’s song: Daniela Mercury and the debate on equal civil marriage in Brazil
The public performance of the singer Daniela Mercury to assume (in 2013) a marital relationship with another woman is taken as a starting point for discussion on equal civil marriage in contemporary Brazil. It is intended to discuss the inclusion of conflicting religious morals in some public debates on rights, emphasizing the notion of “subjectivism” as a structuring value of modernity in the production of autonomous subjects in the face of various religious backgrounds. The discussion herein also aims to highlight tensions between the Catholic formation of Daniela Mercury and her current belonging to Candomblé, questioning points about homoparenthood through of religious values professed by the singer.
DEVOUT AND DIVINE: REFLECTIONS ON THE SACRALIZATION PROCESS OF MPB FEMALE SINGERS IN THE RITUAL CONTEXT OF THE CÍRIO DE NAZARÉ IN BELÉM, PARÁ, AMAZONIA
Drawing from ethnographic experience at the Círio de Nazaré, this article
discusses what I call MPB (Brazilian Popular Music) performances of holiness by female singers, observed mainly in musical tributes made by these artists during the Our Lady of Nazaré procession along the streets of Belém. As part of a larger inquiry, focused on the homosexual male’s imaginary and sociability built around the MPB female singers, this article bridges theoretical and ethnographic elements to discuss meanings behind the word “divine”, often used by fans (especially homosexuals) to call their favorite female singers.
DEVOTAS E DIVINAS: REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL PROCESO DE SACRALIZACIÓN DE LAS CANTANTES DE MPB EN EL CONTEXTO RITUAL DEL CIRIO DE NAZARÉ, EN BELÉM, PARÁ, AMAZONÍA
A partir de la experiencia etnográfica durante el Cirio de Nazaré, este artículo describe lo que yo llamo performances de sacralización de las cantantes de la Música Popular Brasileña (MPB), que se observan predominantemente en homenajes musicales hechos para estas artistas durante la transferencia ritual de la imagen de Nuestra Señora de Nazaré por las calles de Belém. Como parte de un estudio más amplio, que reflexionó acerca del imaginario y la sociabilidad homosexual masculina en torno a las cantantes de MPB, este texto presenta elementos teóricos y etnográficos que tratan de aclarar los significados subyacentes al calificativo “divina”, a menudo utilizado por los fans (especialmente los homosexuales) para designar a sus cantantes favoritas.
“¡Brillan estrellas de San Juan!” Notas sobre los concursos de “Miss Caipira Gay” y “Miss Caipira Mix” en Belém do Pará, Brasil
Este artículo trata sobre los concursos “Miss Caipira Gay” y “Miss Caipira Mix”, promovidos por la Municipalidad de Belém y el Gobierno del Estado de Pará, respectivamente, en ocasión de los festejos de San Juan, en la capital del estado. Basado en un trabajo de campo realizado en 2012 y 2013, el texto busca problematizar aspectos relativos a las acciones de los poderes públicos locales en lo que respecta a la relevancia otorgada al protagonismo gay, travesti y transexual, en el marco de la programación de las fiestas juninas, realizadas por organismos culturales vinculados a los gobiernos municipal y estadual. Las reflexiones planteadas buscan comprender la lógica propia de estos concursos de baile y belleza, que opera a partir de una articulación de conceptos vinculados a marcadores sociales de la diferencia, tales como género, sexualidad, raza, clase, generación y etnicidad.
“The shining stars of São João!”: notes on the “Miss Caipira Gay”
and “Miss Caipira Mix” pageants in Belém do Pará.
This article is a reflection on the “Miss Caipira Gay” and “Miss Caipira Mix” pageants, sponsored by the town and state governments during the June Festivities in the state capital of Pará. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2012 and 2013, the text seeks to discuss the actions of local governments with regard to the prominent role given to gay, travesti and transexual in the programming of June Festivities by municipal and state culture development agencies. The dance and beauty pageants operate an articulation of social markers of difference such as gender, sexuality, race, class, generation and ethnicity.
"I'm a 'gogoia' fruit, I'm a lass": Gal Costa and the Tropicalismo in the feminine
This study aims at discussing the phenomenon of musical performance considering an overlap of relevant concepts from music, anthropology and gender and sexuality studies. Departing from the idea that Brazilian singer Gal Costa developed a performative discourse-vocal and corporal-properly tuned to the tropicalistas purposes, I analyze the possibilities of using the body to produce performative images that brings up the discussion about the possible intersections between music, eroticism and sexuality. In a dialogue with the work of authors such as Clifford Geertz, Terence Turner, Mary Douglas, Marcel Mauss, Juduth Butler and Georg Bataille, I hope to contribute to a critical review of Tropicalismo, in wich the musical interpretation and corporal techniques occupy the center of the discussion. The objective is to propose a debate about the subjectivity involved in the performative process that is fabricated on the singer's body.
Edmund Ronald Leach and The Dimension of the Unbalance
This article is a theoretical reflection based on some conceptual aspects contained in the work of the anthropologist Edmund Ronald Leach, that refer to their special attention to what I call here as a dimension of the unbalance. Initially, I situate the theoretical and methodological Leach’s trajectory with regard to recognition of social reality as a means unstable, subject to changes triggered by the manipulation of social rules on the part of individuals in a given society. Thus, using the notion of social unbalance, I present, subsequently, the criticism that Leach did to the Malinowski's functionalist legacy and his disciples, seeking points
of convergence and divergence between the Leach's elaborations and contributions from other anthropologists such as Lévi-Strauss, Mauss, Radcliffe-Brown and Gluckman. Later, I use some Leach's works such as Political systems of highland Burma and Rethinking Anthropology, to highlight the notions of unbalance, instability and ambiguity in order to reflect on the "categories of disorder", identified by Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira, as a guiding to the hermeneutic paradigm of anthropological schools. The intention is to speculate about a possible glimpses, probably evident in Leach, to an anthropology able to deal with the factors "subjectivity", "individual" and "history." This analysis ends with the interlacement of some formulations of Leach and DaMatta, especially in terms of symbolic studies, in order to identify, in DaMatta's work, some connections with the theoretical legacy of Leach from the notion of disequilibrium (or instability) social.
What have a diva got? Brazilian female singers, voices, bodies and powers viewed by experts
Within certain homosexual social networks, the adjective “powerful” is often operated as a marker for the classification, comparison, qualification and representation of female idols admired by gay men. Based on ethnography conducted in Belém (Pará), this paper aims to understand what are the notions of power articulated by gay men - with identity and gender performance recognized, by them, as masculine - to describe their favorite female singers. Showing that, in most speeches, this “power” of female singers transcends strictly musical predicates and it is revealed rooted in all performance of their bodies, this paper discusses about the “powers”, “dangers”, “centralities” and “peripheries” of the body.