Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus th... more Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus thunbergii and corms of Hypoxis argentea to treat diabetes mellitus and other ailments. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the roots and corms of two plants. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, and alkaloids were determined by standard methods. The scavenging activities of the extracts against 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and their ferric-reducing antioxidant potentials (FRAPs) were measured. Results: The ethanol extract of H. argentea had the highest content of phenolics (66.71 ± 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and tannins (1.18 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g), while the ethanol extract of D. thunbergii gave higher contents of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (62.21 ± 1.75 mg Qe/g and 432.62 ± 2.43 mg Ca/g, respectively). Flavonols were the most predominant in the aqueous extract of H. argentea (25.51 ± 1.92 mg Qe/g). We observed a concentration-dependent response in the ABTS- and H2O2-scavenging activities and FRAP values of the extracts and standards (Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rutin). The ethanol extracts of both plants generally demonstrated better antioxidant activities against H2O2, NO, and ABTS while also possessing better reducing power than the aqueous extracts. The aqueous extract of D. thunbergii, however, showed the best DPPH scavenging activity. Conclusion: The higher content of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity obtained for the ethanol extracts of D. thunbergii and H. argentea may prove to be valuable information in selecting suitable extraction solvents for the medicinal applications of both plants. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH: 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; DTA: Dianthus thunbergii aqueous extract (16.6%); DTE: Dianthus thunbergii ethanol extract (2.4%); Fe3+-TPTZ: Ferric tripyridyltriazine; FRAP: Ferric-reducing antioxidant potentials; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; HAA: Hypoxis argentea aqueous extract (3.2%); HAE: Hypoxis argentea ethanol extract (1.8%); Qe: Quercetin equivalence; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TBA: Thiobarbituric acid;TCA: Trichloroacetic acid.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2020
This study evaluated the hepatotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mitotoxicity and lipotoxicity) potentials ... more This study evaluated the hepatotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mitotoxicity and lipotoxicity) potentials of the boiled aqueous (BAQ), cold aqueous (CAQ) and ethanol (ETQ) extracts of Helichrysum petiolare using standard procedures that employed the use of C3A cell-lines. The results obtained showed negligible BAQ and CAQ cytotoxicities, which were further, corroborated by stability in the mitochondrial membrane potentials and were also congruent with the CAQ and BAQ results for steatosis and phospholipidosis. The data suggested a favourable CAQ and BAQ toxicity profiles with limited risks for hepatotoxicity. However, ETQ extract showed significantly high levels of cytotoxicity and lipotoxicity, and a low level of mitotoxicity. Our result suggested a potential risk of the ETQ extract for hepatotoxicity but appears partly independent of direct mitochondrial involvement.
Till date, less studies have been done on the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of Helichr... more Till date, less studies have been done on the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of the plant using proximate analysis and standard laboratory procedures, respectively. The result showed high levels of acid detergent fibre (ADF), vitamins (A, C and E), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and minerals in H. petiolare. The high ADF level was believed to be responsible for the low energy, fat and carbohydrate levels observed in this study. The result also showed high level of oxalate and therefore, suggests cooking of the plant before human consumption. Overall nutrition, antinutritional and mineral compositions of the plant showed that the H. petiolare is immensely rich in vital nutrients that are of great importance to health and metabolism. These nutrients are suggested to be partly responsible for the plant’s useful medicinal properties.
International Journal of Biochemistry, Apr 1, 1994
1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were ... more 1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were purified by water extraction of acetone powder, aminobenzylsuccinic acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. The final preparations were homogeneous when subjected to SDS-PAGE and PAGE. The M(r) values obtained from SDS-PAGE for CPA beta and CPA tau-type were 34,600 and 34,400, respectively. 3. The effects of inhibitors (1,10 phenanthroline and indole-3-acetic acid), pH and temperature on CPA activity were examined. Ki-values for CPI, PPA, D-phe, D-trp and aminobenzylsuccinic acid were determined. 4. Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were determined for hipp-phe, cbz-gly-phe, cbz-(gly)2-phe, cbz-gly-leu, cbz-(gly)2-leu and cbz-(gly)2-val. 5. N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis were performed for CPA beta and CPA tau-type.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2020
Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in South Africa, and it has already place... more Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in South Africa, and it has already placed significant stress on the country's health sector and economy. The orthodox hypoglycaemic drugs are not only ineffective in the management of diabetes and its complications, but they also possess adverse side effects. The need for alternative non-toxic drugs is therefore imperative. Various studies have listed several medicinal plants that can be successfully used in the herbal treatment of diabetes, and have investigated them for their anti-diabetic potentials in vivo and/or in vitro. Out of different potential herbal species, the plants belonging to the Asteraceae family possess highly potent hypoglycaemic properties with negligible toxicities. Our review provided an update of the scientific evidence on five plants of the Asteraceae family, widely used in different parts of South Africa and should be further explored for future applications.
Till date, no study has ever looked into the effect of extraction method on the chemical constitu... more Till date, no study has ever looked into the effect of extraction method on the chemical constituents of the essential oil of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the effect of hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods on the chemical constituents of H. petiolare derived essential oils. The SFME derived essential oil was deep yellow and of higher yield than the pale yellow essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation. There were substantial amounts of monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohols, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpene alcohols in both essential oils obtained. The SFME derived essential oil had 62 compounds as against the 52 derived through hydrodistillation. The SFME derived essential oil can therefore be suggested to be of better quality than of the hydrodistillation method. The compounds obtained in the essential oils have high pharmaceutical and cosmetic values, and as observed in this study, their quantity is dependent on m...
Western blotting, we show that these lysosomes contain APP co-localized with and the gamma secret... more Western blotting, we show that these lysosomes contain APP co-localized with and the gamma secretase proteins nicastrin, presenilin-1, mAph1 and Pen2 and gamma secretase activity. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the usefulness of Free Flow Electrophoresis as a tool to study gammasecretase proteins and activity and reinforces the importance of the endosomal/ lysosomal system in the generation of beta amyloid.
1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were ... more 1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were purified by water extraction of acetone powder, aminobenzylsuccinic acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. The final preparations were homogeneous when subjected to SDS-PAGE and PAGE. The M(r) values obtained from SDS-PAGE for CPA beta and CPA tau-type were 34,600 and 34,400, respectively. 3. The effects of inhibitors (1,10 phenanthroline and indole-3-acetic acid), pH and temperature on CPA activity were examined. Ki-values for CPI, PPA, D-phe, D-trp and aminobenzylsuccinic acid were determined. 4. Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were determined for hipp-phe, cbz-gly-phe, cbz-(gly)2-phe, cbz-gly-leu, cbz-(gly)2-leu and cbz-(gly)2-val. 5. N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis were performed for CPA beta and CPA tau-type.
Background: Essential oil from Mesembryanthemum edule leaves have been used by the Eastern Cape t... more Background: Essential oil from Mesembryanthemum edule leaves have been used by the Eastern Cape traditional healers for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, dysentery, diabetic mellitus, laryngitis and vaginal infections. The investigation of bioactive compounds in the essential oil of this plant could help to verify the efficacy of the plant in the management or treatment of these illnesses. Materials and methods: Various concentrations of the hydro-distilled essential oil, ranging from 0.005-5 mg/ml, were tested against some fungal strains, using the micro-dilution method. Minimum inhibitory activity was compared with four other different crude extracts of hexane, acetone, ethanol and aqueous samples from the same plant. The chemical composition of the essential oil, hexane, acetone and ethanol extracts was determined using GC-MS. Result: GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 28 compounds, representing 99.99 % of the total oi...
Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus th... more Background: Inhabitants of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa use the roots of Dianthus thunbergii and corms of Hypoxis argentea to treat diabetes mellitus and other ailments. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the roots and corms of two plants. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, and alkaloids were determined by standard methods. The scavenging activities of the extracts against 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and their ferric-reducing antioxidant potentials (FRAPs) were measured. Results: The ethanol extract of H. argentea had the highest content of phenolics (66.71 ± 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and tannins (1.18 ± 0.07 mg TAE/g), while the ethanol extract of D. thunbergii gave higher contents of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (62.21 ± 1.75 mg Qe/g and 432.62 ± 2.43 mg Ca/g, respectively). Flavonols were the most predominant in the aqueous extract of H. argentea (25.51 ± 1.92 mg Qe/g). We observed a concentration-dependent response in the ABTS- and H2O2-scavenging activities and FRAP values of the extracts and standards (Vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rutin). The ethanol extracts of both plants generally demonstrated better antioxidant activities against H2O2, NO, and ABTS while also possessing better reducing power than the aqueous extracts. The aqueous extract of D. thunbergii, however, showed the best DPPH scavenging activity. Conclusion: The higher content of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity obtained for the ethanol extracts of D. thunbergii and H. argentea may prove to be valuable information in selecting suitable extraction solvents for the medicinal applications of both plants. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH: 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; DTA: Dianthus thunbergii aqueous extract (16.6%); DTE: Dianthus thunbergii ethanol extract (2.4%); Fe3+-TPTZ: Ferric tripyridyltriazine; FRAP: Ferric-reducing antioxidant potentials; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; HAA: Hypoxis argentea aqueous extract (3.2%); HAE: Hypoxis argentea ethanol extract (1.8%); Qe: Quercetin equivalence; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TBA: Thiobarbituric acid;TCA: Trichloroacetic acid.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2020
This study evaluated the hepatotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mitotoxicity and lipotoxicity) potentials ... more This study evaluated the hepatotoxicity (cytotoxicity, mitotoxicity and lipotoxicity) potentials of the boiled aqueous (BAQ), cold aqueous (CAQ) and ethanol (ETQ) extracts of Helichrysum petiolare using standard procedures that employed the use of C3A cell-lines. The results obtained showed negligible BAQ and CAQ cytotoxicities, which were further, corroborated by stability in the mitochondrial membrane potentials and were also congruent with the CAQ and BAQ results for steatosis and phospholipidosis. The data suggested a favourable CAQ and BAQ toxicity profiles with limited risks for hepatotoxicity. However, ETQ extract showed significantly high levels of cytotoxicity and lipotoxicity, and a low level of mitotoxicity. Our result suggested a potential risk of the ETQ extract for hepatotoxicity but appears partly independent of direct mitochondrial involvement.
Till date, less studies have been done on the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of Helichr... more Till date, less studies have been done on the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the nutritive and antinutritive constituents of the plant using proximate analysis and standard laboratory procedures, respectively. The result showed high levels of acid detergent fibre (ADF), vitamins (A, C and E), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and minerals in H. petiolare. The high ADF level was believed to be responsible for the low energy, fat and carbohydrate levels observed in this study. The result also showed high level of oxalate and therefore, suggests cooking of the plant before human consumption. Overall nutrition, antinutritional and mineral compositions of the plant showed that the H. petiolare is immensely rich in vital nutrients that are of great importance to health and metabolism. These nutrients are suggested to be partly responsible for the plant’s useful medicinal properties.
International Journal of Biochemistry, Apr 1, 1994
1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were ... more 1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were purified by water extraction of acetone powder, aminobenzylsuccinic acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. The final preparations were homogeneous when subjected to SDS-PAGE and PAGE. The M(r) values obtained from SDS-PAGE for CPA beta and CPA tau-type were 34,600 and 34,400, respectively. 3. The effects of inhibitors (1,10 phenanthroline and indole-3-acetic acid), pH and temperature on CPA activity were examined. Ki-values for CPI, PPA, D-phe, D-trp and aminobenzylsuccinic acid were determined. 4. Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were determined for hipp-phe, cbz-gly-phe, cbz-(gly)2-phe, cbz-gly-leu, cbz-(gly)2-leu and cbz-(gly)2-val. 5. N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis were performed for CPA beta and CPA tau-type.
Medicinal Plants - International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 2020
Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in South Africa, and it has already place... more Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in South Africa, and it has already placed significant stress on the country's health sector and economy. The orthodox hypoglycaemic drugs are not only ineffective in the management of diabetes and its complications, but they also possess adverse side effects. The need for alternative non-toxic drugs is therefore imperative. Various studies have listed several medicinal plants that can be successfully used in the herbal treatment of diabetes, and have investigated them for their anti-diabetic potentials in vivo and/or in vitro. Out of different potential herbal species, the plants belonging to the Asteraceae family possess highly potent hypoglycaemic properties with negligible toxicities. Our review provided an update of the scientific evidence on five plants of the Asteraceae family, widely used in different parts of South Africa and should be further explored for future applications.
Till date, no study has ever looked into the effect of extraction method on the chemical constitu... more Till date, no study has ever looked into the effect of extraction method on the chemical constituents of the essential oil of Helichrysum petiolare. This study therefore evaluated the effect of hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods on the chemical constituents of H. petiolare derived essential oils. The SFME derived essential oil was deep yellow and of higher yield than the pale yellow essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation. There were substantial amounts of monoterpenes, monoterpene alcohols, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpene alcohols in both essential oils obtained. The SFME derived essential oil had 62 compounds as against the 52 derived through hydrodistillation. The SFME derived essential oil can therefore be suggested to be of better quality than of the hydrodistillation method. The compounds obtained in the essential oils have high pharmaceutical and cosmetic values, and as observed in this study, their quantity is dependent on m...
Western blotting, we show that these lysosomes contain APP co-localized with and the gamma secret... more Western blotting, we show that these lysosomes contain APP co-localized with and the gamma secretase proteins nicastrin, presenilin-1, mAph1 and Pen2 and gamma secretase activity. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the usefulness of Free Flow Electrophoresis as a tool to study gammasecretase proteins and activity and reinforces the importance of the endosomal/ lysosomal system in the generation of beta amyloid.
1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were ... more 1. Carboxypeptidase A beta and carboxypeptidase A tau-type from the pancreas of the ostrich were purified by water extraction of acetone powder, aminobenzylsuccinic acid affinity and hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. The final preparations were homogeneous when subjected to SDS-PAGE and PAGE. The M(r) values obtained from SDS-PAGE for CPA beta and CPA tau-type were 34,600 and 34,400, respectively. 3. The effects of inhibitors (1,10 phenanthroline and indole-3-acetic acid), pH and temperature on CPA activity were examined. Ki-values for CPI, PPA, D-phe, D-trp and aminobenzylsuccinic acid were determined. 4. Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were determined for hipp-phe, cbz-gly-phe, cbz-(gly)2-phe, cbz-gly-leu, cbz-(gly)2-leu and cbz-(gly)2-val. 5. N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis were performed for CPA beta and CPA tau-type.
Background: Essential oil from Mesembryanthemum edule leaves have been used by the Eastern Cape t... more Background: Essential oil from Mesembryanthemum edule leaves have been used by the Eastern Cape traditional healers for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, dysentery, diabetic mellitus, laryngitis and vaginal infections. The investigation of bioactive compounds in the essential oil of this plant could help to verify the efficacy of the plant in the management or treatment of these illnesses. Materials and methods: Various concentrations of the hydro-distilled essential oil, ranging from 0.005-5 mg/ml, were tested against some fungal strains, using the micro-dilution method. Minimum inhibitory activity was compared with four other different crude extracts of hexane, acetone, ethanol and aqueous samples from the same plant. The chemical composition of the essential oil, hexane, acetone and ethanol extracts was determined using GC-MS. Result: GC/MS analysis of the essential oil resulted in the identification of 28 compounds, representing 99.99 % of the total oi...
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