Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Aug 20, 2022
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botsw... more Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botswana, but standardized neurocognitive testing is limited. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) attempts to streamline evaluation of neurocognitive functioning and has been culturally adapted for use among youth in this high-burden, low-resource setting. However, its reliability across measurements (i.e., test–retest reliability) is unknown. This study examined the test–retest reliability of the culturally adapted PennCNB in 65 school-age children (age 7–17) living with HIV in Botswana. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for PennCNB summary scores (ICCs > 0.80) and domain scores (ICCs = 0.66–0.88) were higher than those for individual tests, which exhibited more variability (ICCs = 0.50–0.82), with the lowest reliability on memory tests. Practice effects were apparent on some measures, especially within memory and complex cognition domains. Taken together, the adapted PennCNB exhibited adequate test–retest reliability at the domain level but variable reliability for individual tests. Differences in reliability should be considered in implementation of these tests.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botsw... more Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botswana, but standardized neurocognitive testing is limited. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) attempts to streamline evaluation of neurocognitive functioning and has been culturally adapted for use among youth in this high-burden, low-resource setting. However, its reliability across measurements (i.e., test–retest reliability) is unknown. This study examined the test–retest reliability of the culturally adapted PennCNB in 65 school-age children (age 7–17) living with HIV in Botswana. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for PennCNB summary scores (ICCs > 0.80) and domain scores (ICCs = 0.66–0.88) were higher than those for individual tests, which exhibited more variability (ICCs = 0.50–0.82), with the lowest reliability on memory tests. Practice effects were apparent on some measures, especially within memory and complex cognition domains. Taken together, the ...
Introduction The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of inter-related risk factors for cardiovascular d... more Introduction The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of inter-related risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is highly prevalent among individuals with obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Chronic psychiatric disorders such as severe mental illness are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among inpatients with severe mental illness in a resource limited setting with high HIV prevalence. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among adult inpatients at a referral psychiatric hospital in Botswana. We used convenience sampling to enrol participants available at the time of the study. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria was used to define the metabolic syndrome. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as multiple logistic regression modelling. Results A total of 137 participants were enrolled. Of these, 119 (87%) had complete dat...
PURPOSEOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is the seventh most common in Bo... more PURPOSEOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is the seventh most common in Botswana. Lack of improvement in oral cancer survival despite the availability of multiple treatment options may be due to the high prevalence of advanced stage at presentation. We identified risk factors for presenting with oral cancer at an advanced stage to facilitate interventions to reduce mortality from oral cancers.METHODSA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted among individuals with biopsy-confirmed oral cancer at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, between 2010 and 2020. Data collected included age at diagnosis, sex, place of residence, HIV status, oral cancer stage, and oral subsite. Multivariable analyses were controlled for age, sex, district of residence, and oral subsite.RESULTSOf the 218 records analyzed, 79% were male, 58% were HIV-positive, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range: 47-63), and 67% presented with advanced-stage disease. Cancers fro...
BackgroundPolicy changes are often necessary to contain the detrimental impact of epidemics such ... more BackgroundPolicy changes are often necessary to contain the detrimental impact of epidemics such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). China imposed strict restrictions on movement on January 23rd, 2020.Interrupted time series methods were used to study the impact of the lockdown on the incidence of COVID-19. MethodsThe number of cases of COVID-19 reported daily from January 12thto March 30th, 2020 were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 dashboard ArcGIS® and matched to China’s projected population of 1 408 526 449 for 2020 in order to estimate daily incidences. Data were plotted to reflect daily incidences as data points in the series. A deferred interruption point of 6thFebruary was used to allow a 14-day period of diffusion. The magnitude of change and linear trend analyses were evaluated using the itsafunction with ordinary least-squares regression coefficients in Stata® yielding Newey-West standard errors.ResultsSeventy-eight (78) daily incidence point...
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Aug 20, 2022
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botsw... more Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botswana, but standardized neurocognitive testing is limited. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) attempts to streamline evaluation of neurocognitive functioning and has been culturally adapted for use among youth in this high-burden, low-resource setting. However, its reliability across measurements (i.e., test–retest reliability) is unknown. This study examined the test–retest reliability of the culturally adapted PennCNB in 65 school-age children (age 7–17) living with HIV in Botswana. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for PennCNB summary scores (ICCs > 0.80) and domain scores (ICCs = 0.66–0.88) were higher than those for individual tests, which exhibited more variability (ICCs = 0.50–0.82), with the lowest reliability on memory tests. Practice effects were apparent on some measures, especially within memory and complex cognition domains. Taken together, the adapted PennCNB exhibited adequate test–retest reliability at the domain level but variable reliability for individual tests. Differences in reliability should be considered in implementation of these tests.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botsw... more Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is prevalent among children and adolescents in Botswana, but standardized neurocognitive testing is limited. The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) attempts to streamline evaluation of neurocognitive functioning and has been culturally adapted for use among youth in this high-burden, low-resource setting. However, its reliability across measurements (i.e., test–retest reliability) is unknown. This study examined the test–retest reliability of the culturally adapted PennCNB in 65 school-age children (age 7–17) living with HIV in Botswana. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for PennCNB summary scores (ICCs > 0.80) and domain scores (ICCs = 0.66–0.88) were higher than those for individual tests, which exhibited more variability (ICCs = 0.50–0.82), with the lowest reliability on memory tests. Practice effects were apparent on some measures, especially within memory and complex cognition domains. Taken together, the ...
Introduction The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of inter-related risk factors for cardiovascular d... more Introduction The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of inter-related risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is highly prevalent among individuals with obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Chronic psychiatric disorders such as severe mental illness are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among inpatients with severe mental illness in a resource limited setting with high HIV prevalence. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among adult inpatients at a referral psychiatric hospital in Botswana. We used convenience sampling to enrol participants available at the time of the study. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel-III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria was used to define the metabolic syndrome. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as multiple logistic regression modelling. Results A total of 137 participants were enrolled. Of these, 119 (87%) had complete dat...
PURPOSEOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is the seventh most common in Bo... more PURPOSEOral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is the seventh most common in Botswana. Lack of improvement in oral cancer survival despite the availability of multiple treatment options may be due to the high prevalence of advanced stage at presentation. We identified risk factors for presenting with oral cancer at an advanced stage to facilitate interventions to reduce mortality from oral cancers.METHODSA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted among individuals with biopsy-confirmed oral cancer at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, between 2010 and 2020. Data collected included age at diagnosis, sex, place of residence, HIV status, oral cancer stage, and oral subsite. Multivariable analyses were controlled for age, sex, district of residence, and oral subsite.RESULTSOf the 218 records analyzed, 79% were male, 58% were HIV-positive, the median age was 56 years (interquartile range: 47-63), and 67% presented with advanced-stage disease. Cancers fro...
BackgroundPolicy changes are often necessary to contain the detrimental impact of epidemics such ... more BackgroundPolicy changes are often necessary to contain the detrimental impact of epidemics such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). China imposed strict restrictions on movement on January 23rd, 2020.Interrupted time series methods were used to study the impact of the lockdown on the incidence of COVID-19. MethodsThe number of cases of COVID-19 reported daily from January 12thto March 30th, 2020 were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 dashboard ArcGIS® and matched to China’s projected population of 1 408 526 449 for 2020 in order to estimate daily incidences. Data were plotted to reflect daily incidences as data points in the series. A deferred interruption point of 6thFebruary was used to allow a 14-day period of diffusion. The magnitude of change and linear trend analyses were evaluated using the itsafunction with ordinary least-squares regression coefficients in Stata® yielding Newey-West standard errors.ResultsSeventy-eight (78) daily incidence point...
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