A B S T R A C T As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be neces... more A B S T R A C T As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase the volume of frequency-regulation reserves. New sources of reserves can be found in distributed energy resources: controllable loads, Electric Vehicles (EVs), distributed generation units. However, it is necessary to adapt the frequency-regulation reserve market design to allow these new resources to participate through new market players known as " aggregators ". The aim of this paper is to provide a modular framework to analyze frequency regulation markets or mechanisms in order i) to identify barriers to entry for aggregators and ii) to identify some options to overcome these barriers. A case study of the situation in 2016 of four major European frequency regulation markets is performed to show how this framework could be used by aggregators or policy-makers.
2016 13th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 2016
As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase... more As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase the volume of frequency regulation reserves. New sources of reserves can be found in the distributed energy resources (controllable loads, Electrical Vehicles (EVs), distributed generation units). However, it is necessary to adapt the frequency-regulation market-design in order to allow the participation of these new resources through new market actors called “aggregators”. The aim of this article is to provide a modular framework to analyze these frequency regulation markets or mechanisms, to i) make a benchmark of four major European System Operators; ii) to identify barriers to entry for aggregators and iii) to identify some best practices.
Using electric vehicles as transmission system operator reserve providing units has been demonstr... more Using electric vehicles as transmission system operator reserve providing units has been demonstrated as being both a feasible and a profitable solution. However, the surveys leading to these conclusions are always conducted either without considering the transmission system operator market rules, or using the existing ones from the local system operator. Nevertheless, such rules have potentially a great impact on the electric vehicles' expected revenues, and they are likely to change within the next few years. This paper aims to assess how these rules impact the ability for electric vehicles to provide power reserves and on their expected remuneration for doing so. First, a list of the most important market rules for this use case is drawn up. Then, a simulation model is developed in order to evaluate the expected revenues for the electric vehicles. Finally, these expected revenues are computed considering various combinations of rules. A loss of revenue for electric vehicles is identified, due to the use of non-optimal rules governing grid services remuneration. Considering the French case, according to the simulation results, this financial shortfall per vehicle and per year ranges from 193 V to 593 V. Market design recommendations for reserve markets are deduced from these results.
Voici l'introduction du numéro spécial consacré à "Transition énergétique, industries et... more Voici l'introduction du numéro spécial consacré à "Transition énergétique, industries et marchés"
La « transition énergétique » s'accommode de politiques et de projets très différents en Fran... more La « transition énergétique » s'accommode de politiques et de projets très différents en France comme dans bon nombre de pays européens. On ne sait le plus souvent pas quel contenu exact lui donnent ceux qui l'emploient, tant chacun a tendance à l'adapter à sa vision de ce que doit être une bonne politique énergétique, avec plus ou moins d'énergies fossiles, plus ou moins d'énergies renouvelables, plus ou moins d'électricité nucléaire, plus ou moins d'efficacité dans les modes de production ou les usages, etc. Dans ce contexte, il est important de rappeler les principes qui doivent fonder une bonne politique de l'énergie. Celle-ci doit permettre de concilier trois objectifs : assurer des prix compétitifs, tant pour la consommation individuelle que pour les usages professionnels ; rendre fiables les sources et les circuits d'approvisionnement d'énergies primaires et secondaires ; réduire les nuisances à l'environnement et notamment l'im...
A B S T R A C T As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be neces... more A B S T R A C T As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase the volume of frequency-regulation reserves. New sources of reserves can be found in distributed energy resources: controllable loads, Electric Vehicles (EVs), distributed generation units. However, it is necessary to adapt the frequency-regulation reserve market design to allow these new resources to participate through new market players known as " aggregators ". The aim of this paper is to provide a modular framework to analyze frequency regulation markets or mechanisms in order i) to identify barriers to entry for aggregators and ii) to identify some options to overcome these barriers. A case study of the situation in 2016 of four major European frequency regulation markets is performed to show how this framework could be used by aggregators or policy-makers.
2016 13th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 2016
As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase... more As the share of intermittent renewable energy sources increases, it will be necessary to increase the volume of frequency regulation reserves. New sources of reserves can be found in the distributed energy resources (controllable loads, Electrical Vehicles (EVs), distributed generation units). However, it is necessary to adapt the frequency-regulation market-design in order to allow the participation of these new resources through new market actors called “aggregators”. The aim of this article is to provide a modular framework to analyze these frequency regulation markets or mechanisms, to i) make a benchmark of four major European System Operators; ii) to identify barriers to entry for aggregators and iii) to identify some best practices.
Using electric vehicles as transmission system operator reserve providing units has been demonstr... more Using electric vehicles as transmission system operator reserve providing units has been demonstrated as being both a feasible and a profitable solution. However, the surveys leading to these conclusions are always conducted either without considering the transmission system operator market rules, or using the existing ones from the local system operator. Nevertheless, such rules have potentially a great impact on the electric vehicles' expected revenues, and they are likely to change within the next few years. This paper aims to assess how these rules impact the ability for electric vehicles to provide power reserves and on their expected remuneration for doing so. First, a list of the most important market rules for this use case is drawn up. Then, a simulation model is developed in order to evaluate the expected revenues for the electric vehicles. Finally, these expected revenues are computed considering various combinations of rules. A loss of revenue for electric vehicles is identified, due to the use of non-optimal rules governing grid services remuneration. Considering the French case, according to the simulation results, this financial shortfall per vehicle and per year ranges from 193 V to 593 V. Market design recommendations for reserve markets are deduced from these results.
Voici l'introduction du numéro spécial consacré à "Transition énergétique, industries et... more Voici l'introduction du numéro spécial consacré à "Transition énergétique, industries et marchés"
La « transition énergétique » s'accommode de politiques et de projets très différents en Fran... more La « transition énergétique » s'accommode de politiques et de projets très différents en France comme dans bon nombre de pays européens. On ne sait le plus souvent pas quel contenu exact lui donnent ceux qui l'emploient, tant chacun a tendance à l'adapter à sa vision de ce que doit être une bonne politique énergétique, avec plus ou moins d'énergies fossiles, plus ou moins d'énergies renouvelables, plus ou moins d'électricité nucléaire, plus ou moins d'efficacité dans les modes de production ou les usages, etc. Dans ce contexte, il est important de rappeler les principes qui doivent fonder une bonne politique de l'énergie. Celle-ci doit permettre de concilier trois objectifs : assurer des prix compétitifs, tant pour la consommation individuelle que pour les usages professionnels ; rendre fiables les sources et les circuits d'approvisionnement d'énergies primaires et secondaires ; réduire les nuisances à l'environnement et notamment l'im...
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