High-tech firms are associated with innovation and efficiency, and the attraction of such firms i... more High-tech firms are associated with innovation and efficiency, and the attraction of such firms is a coveted goal for the economic development of most urban centres. This research examines the location decision factors of high-tech firms in the small Canadian city of Kamloops, British Columbia. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information from 18 high-tech firms in Kamloops about their reasons for locating in a small city. The data was analysed with quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results indicate that a combination of soft and hard factors was influential in the decision to locate in Kamloops with soft factors associated with quality of life factors dominating the decision. The results also suggest that business supports have played a significant role in the success of some firms. The research results are expected to be valuable to policymakers concerned with economic development in small urban centres. Keywords: high-tech; economic development; urban de...
While there is a near global consensus about the need to address climate change, most countries a... more While there is a near global consensus about the need to address climate change, most countries are hesitant to employ sufficiently stringent policies in fear of sacrificing economic growth. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of environmental policy on economic growth, using the OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index across 21 OECD countries from 1990 to 2014. An augmented Solow Model with the inclusion of variables to represent human capital, trade openness and the EPS index is used to assess whether policy stringency affects growth with empirical analysis comprised of a pooled mean group estimator, dynamic OLS, fixed effects and pooled OLS to estimate the short and long run effects. The results reveal that policy stringency negatively affects economic growth in the short run but pays dividends of positive growth in the long run. There appears to be a threshold level of the EPS, beyond which the dividend is realized in the long run. The results are expected to be of interest to policy makers who strive to address climate change without trading off economic growth.
ABSTRACT:Indigenous Canadians, consisting of First Nations, Inuit and Métis, continue to live a l... more ABSTRACT:Indigenous Canadians, consisting of First Nations, Inuit and Métis, continue to live a lower quality of life than the rest of Canadians, as evidenced by persistent health disparities. They tend to suffer greater rates of psychological distress than non-Indigenous Canadians. Such disparities in prevalence of psychological distress, which are often associated with depression and suicide, is a dire issue in many countries with Indigenous populations, including Australia and the U.S. The objective of this research is to inform policy by examining factors expected to be related to the psychological health of Canada's Indigenous population focusing on the significance of economic insecurity. The association between economic insecurity and psychological wellbeing among Canada's Indigenous population is examined to determine the magnitude of the impact of economic insecurity relative to other factors. The measures of economic insecurity include employment status, degree of food insecurity and condition of housing. An IV ordered probit model is estimated using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey where psychological wellbeing is assessed with the ten-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10).The K-10 distress scores, ranging from zero to 40 in the dataset, are re-grouped into 5 ordinal categories. The empirical results provide support for the hypothesis that economic insecurity plays a significant and relatively sizable role in explaining the determinants of psychological wellbeing of Canada's Indigenous peoples. They further imply that Indigenous Canadians with greater levels of economic insecurity are more likely to suffer from lower levels of psychological wellbeing with food insecurity having the largest impact followed by housing quality and employment status. Other variables, such as age, gender, marital status, children and location of residence, also significantly impact the psychological wellbeing of Indigenous Canadians. The results suggest that policy for psychological wellbeing needs to address basic physiological needs first before working toward higher level needs associated with self-esteem and self-actualization. The main policy recommendation is for government to prioritize their goals with a focus on allocating a sufficient amount of resources to make a difference.
The relationship between cultural attachment and mental wellbeing among Canada’s Indigenous popul... more The relationship between cultural attachment and mental wellbeing among Canada’s Indigenous population is explored with data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. Cultural attachment is assessed by involvement in traditional activities and Indigenous language. Ordered probit models are used to determine the factors associated with wellbeing. The results suggest an urban–rural divide with cultural attachment associated with higher levels of wellbeing for Indigenous Canadians living in rural areas. The results are expected to be of interest to policy makers in countries with significant Indigenous populations whom tend to have higher frequencies of psychological wellbeing issues, such as Canada, Australia and the United States.
ABSTRACT Over the past couple of decades, public awareness about environmental issues and concern... more ABSTRACT Over the past couple of decades, public awareness about environmental issues and concern for environmental protection appears to have increased substantially in Canada as it has in many other countries. This research has two objectives: first, to empirically assess the factors affecting voluntary participation in activities to protect the environment in Canada and to determine if participation has changed from 2000 to 2010, and second, to contemplate whether a change in environmental participation over time might be considered evidence of changing preferences, and thus demand, for environmental protection. Analysis makes use of data from Statistics Canada’s 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2010 Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating used to estimate two IV probit models. Results suggest the likelihood of participating in environmental protection has increased over time providing a signal that preferences for environmental protection may have increased in Canada. Post-secondary education and social capital developed in youth have the largest impacts on the likelihood of participating. The results are expected to provide valuable information for public policy makers and environmental non-profit organizations.
Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy research
This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community... more This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community economic development (CED) initiatives in Canada. The objective of the analysis is to better understand how individuals make decisions to volunteer time toward CED initiatives and to determine whether the determinants of participation in CED are unique when compared to those of participation in volunteer activities in general. The dataset employed is Statistics Canada's 2004 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP). To date, there has been no prior econometric analysis of the decision to participate in community economic development initiatives in Canada. Results suggest a role for both public policymakers and practitioners in influencing participation in CED. Résumé Cet article constitue une analyse empirique du processus de prise de décision chez les individus en ce qui a trait à la participation aux initiatives canadiennes de développement économique commun...
This article examines the relationship between associational capital, developed through participa... more This article examines the relationship between associational capital, developed through participation in social networks, and charitable giving behavior in Canada. Empirical models are specified to determine whether a relationship exists between associational capital, formed in youth and adulthood, and secular and religious donation expenditures in adulthood. Tobit regression models are estimated using data from the 2010 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP). The results suggest that the formation of associational capital in youth and adulthood is related to larger donation expenditures, although the source of associational capital and the type of recipient organization matters. It is also found that those who participate in a variety of associations are more likely to make larger donations than those who participate in fewer types of associations. The results provide further insight into charitable giving behavior and have policy implications for public and nonprofit sectors concerned with increasing charitable donations.
Purpose The financially excluded are often denied basic financial services from mainstream bankin... more Purpose The financially excluded are often denied basic financial services from mainstream banking institutions, leading them to high-cost fringe finance institutions (FFIs) such as payday loan companies and pawnshops. While strategies to address financial exclusion often include financial capabilities education, there does not appear to be evidence suggesting such education is an appropriate solution. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial capability and financial exclusion with survey data collected from the Canadian city of Kamloops located in the southern interior of British Columbia. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory research addresses the objective with survey data collected on the banking habits and financial capability levels of fringe finance users in a Canadian city. Findings The results imply that fringe finance users do not have lower levels of financial capability than those who do not use fringe finance, when education and...
ABSTRACT This article examines participation in the Canadian tax-free savings account (TFSA), imp... more ABSTRACT This article examines participation in the Canadian tax-free savings account (TFSA), implemented in 2009, and its potential impact on wealth inequality in Canada. Data from the 2012 Survey of Financial Security is used to estimate probit, tobit and Heckman probit selection models to test the hypothesis that high-income earners and wealth holders are the most likely recipients of the benefits associated with the TFSA. Empirical results highlight the significance of net worth as a key determinant of both participation in and contribution levels of the TFSA. The results are expected to be relevant to public policy-makers concerned with reducing inequality and those endeavouring to encourage savings for all socio-economic groups.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2015
type="main" xml:id="ecpa12112-abs-0001"> This exploratory research examine... more type="main" xml:id="ecpa12112-abs-0001"> This exploratory research examines survey data collected in the Canadian city of Kamloops, British Columbia on banking habits and attitudes, socio-economic characteristics, and financial capability levels of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal fringe finance users. The theoretical framework supporting the analysis is grounded in institutional theories of financial exclusion contending that culture and history are relevant. The results suggest that Aboriginal fringe finance users have different characteristics, financial experiences and levels of financial capability than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal fringe finance users have lower levels of financial capability as assessed with an objective quiz. The results are expected to be relevant for policy makers attempting to reduce financial exclusion and increase well-being for Canada's Aboriginal population as well as for other countries with Aboriginal populations, such as Australia and New Zealand.
This paper presents a theoretical model explaining the clustering behaviour of firms in the New E... more This paper presents a theoretical model explaining the clustering behaviour of firms in the New Economy (NE). A review of I-O literature reveals two views of clustering in the NE. While one view suggests clustering behaviour is more prevalent in the NE, largely because the generation and dissemination of knowledge is more conducive to firms in clusters, another view argues clustering may be less prevalent in the NE as IT has made it possible for firms to effectively communicate, and thus create and pass on knowledge, over distances. The model contributes to the literature by incorporating knowledge creation in clusters as a location specific comparative advantage with Brakman, Garretsen, Gigengack, van Marrewijk, and Wagenvoort’s (1996) negative location specific external economies of scale due to congestion into Krugman’s (1991) core-periphery model. Simulation results suggest that clustering is more prevalent in the New Economy. Results are useful for understanding industrial loca...
The effectiveness of tax incentives on charitable donation expenditures in Canada is explored, an... more The effectiveness of tax incentives on charitable donation expenditures in Canada is explored, and the analysis is extended to compare the effectiveness across different donation sectors. Price elasticities are estimated with data from the 2007 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating. Results suggest that specific charitable sectors are affected differently by Canada’s tax credit system. The findings have implications for public policy.
ABSTRACT This research examines the effectiveness of the Canadian tax incentive system for charit... more ABSTRACT This research examines the effectiveness of the Canadian tax incentive system for charitable giving while attempting to deal with two persistent methodological problems in past research. The Heckman selection model and the ordered probit model are used to examine the Canadian tax incentive system with 2010 survey data. The results imply that the effect of the tax credit systematically increases with an increase in donation expenditure suggesting that the higher tax credit for larger donations is more effective than the lower tax credit for smaller donations. While the results suggest that the current tax policy is effective, socio-economic characteristics, such as wealth, household income, and university education, appear to have a greater impact on donations.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2012
ABSTRACT Employment income of Aboriginal Canadians is analysed with the objective of assessing th... more ABSTRACT Employment income of Aboriginal Canadians is analysed with the objective of assessing the impact of a broader definition of capital to include the human capital component of health status and social capital on income level. The dataset of the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey is examined using an IV ordered probit model to analyse the factors affecting employment income. The results suggest that social capital and human capital, measured by education and health status, among other socio‐demographic factors, influence the level of employment income among Aboriginal Canadians. The findings have implications for public policy.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2012
This study explores environmental giving behaviour over time in Canada and considers whether chan... more This study explores environmental giving behaviour over time in Canada and considers whether changes in such behaviour serve as an indication of evolving preferences for environmental quality. The data sets of the 1997 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (NSGVP) and the 2007 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP) are analysed using the probit selection and Heckman selection models to study environmental giving behaviour. The results suggest that the demand for environmental quality in Canada may have increased over time and that several economic, socio-demographic and geographic factors influence the likelihood of donating and the amount of the donation expenditure. The findings have implications for public policy.
Despite the growing popularity of community economic development (CED), it remains under-theorize... more Despite the growing popularity of community economic development (CED), it remains under-theorized in economic, political and sociological terms.ii On the economic side, there are two main reasons for this. First, CED is itself a vague concept open to many different ...
Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy …, 2011
This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in communit... more This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community economic development (CED) initiatives in Canada. The objective of the analysis is to better understand how individuals make decisions to volunteer time toward CED initiatives and ...
High-tech firms are associated with innovation and efficiency, and the attraction of such firms i... more High-tech firms are associated with innovation and efficiency, and the attraction of such firms is a coveted goal for the economic development of most urban centres. This research examines the location decision factors of high-tech firms in the small Canadian city of Kamloops, British Columbia. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information from 18 high-tech firms in Kamloops about their reasons for locating in a small city. The data was analysed with quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results indicate that a combination of soft and hard factors was influential in the decision to locate in Kamloops with soft factors associated with quality of life factors dominating the decision. The results also suggest that business supports have played a significant role in the success of some firms. The research results are expected to be valuable to policymakers concerned with economic development in small urban centres. Keywords: high-tech; economic development; urban de...
While there is a near global consensus about the need to address climate change, most countries a... more While there is a near global consensus about the need to address climate change, most countries are hesitant to employ sufficiently stringent policies in fear of sacrificing economic growth. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of environmental policy on economic growth, using the OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index across 21 OECD countries from 1990 to 2014. An augmented Solow Model with the inclusion of variables to represent human capital, trade openness and the EPS index is used to assess whether policy stringency affects growth with empirical analysis comprised of a pooled mean group estimator, dynamic OLS, fixed effects and pooled OLS to estimate the short and long run effects. The results reveal that policy stringency negatively affects economic growth in the short run but pays dividends of positive growth in the long run. There appears to be a threshold level of the EPS, beyond which the dividend is realized in the long run. The results are expected to be of interest to policy makers who strive to address climate change without trading off economic growth.
ABSTRACT:Indigenous Canadians, consisting of First Nations, Inuit and Métis, continue to live a l... more ABSTRACT:Indigenous Canadians, consisting of First Nations, Inuit and Métis, continue to live a lower quality of life than the rest of Canadians, as evidenced by persistent health disparities. They tend to suffer greater rates of psychological distress than non-Indigenous Canadians. Such disparities in prevalence of psychological distress, which are often associated with depression and suicide, is a dire issue in many countries with Indigenous populations, including Australia and the U.S. The objective of this research is to inform policy by examining factors expected to be related to the psychological health of Canada's Indigenous population focusing on the significance of economic insecurity. The association between economic insecurity and psychological wellbeing among Canada's Indigenous population is examined to determine the magnitude of the impact of economic insecurity relative to other factors. The measures of economic insecurity include employment status, degree of food insecurity and condition of housing. An IV ordered probit model is estimated using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey where psychological wellbeing is assessed with the ten-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10).The K-10 distress scores, ranging from zero to 40 in the dataset, are re-grouped into 5 ordinal categories. The empirical results provide support for the hypothesis that economic insecurity plays a significant and relatively sizable role in explaining the determinants of psychological wellbeing of Canada's Indigenous peoples. They further imply that Indigenous Canadians with greater levels of economic insecurity are more likely to suffer from lower levels of psychological wellbeing with food insecurity having the largest impact followed by housing quality and employment status. Other variables, such as age, gender, marital status, children and location of residence, also significantly impact the psychological wellbeing of Indigenous Canadians. The results suggest that policy for psychological wellbeing needs to address basic physiological needs first before working toward higher level needs associated with self-esteem and self-actualization. The main policy recommendation is for government to prioritize their goals with a focus on allocating a sufficient amount of resources to make a difference.
The relationship between cultural attachment and mental wellbeing among Canada’s Indigenous popul... more The relationship between cultural attachment and mental wellbeing among Canada’s Indigenous population is explored with data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. Cultural attachment is assessed by involvement in traditional activities and Indigenous language. Ordered probit models are used to determine the factors associated with wellbeing. The results suggest an urban–rural divide with cultural attachment associated with higher levels of wellbeing for Indigenous Canadians living in rural areas. The results are expected to be of interest to policy makers in countries with significant Indigenous populations whom tend to have higher frequencies of psychological wellbeing issues, such as Canada, Australia and the United States.
ABSTRACT Over the past couple of decades, public awareness about environmental issues and concern... more ABSTRACT Over the past couple of decades, public awareness about environmental issues and concern for environmental protection appears to have increased substantially in Canada as it has in many other countries. This research has two objectives: first, to empirically assess the factors affecting voluntary participation in activities to protect the environment in Canada and to determine if participation has changed from 2000 to 2010, and second, to contemplate whether a change in environmental participation over time might be considered evidence of changing preferences, and thus demand, for environmental protection. Analysis makes use of data from Statistics Canada’s 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2010 Canadian Survey of Giving, Volunteering, and Participating used to estimate two IV probit models. Results suggest the likelihood of participating in environmental protection has increased over time providing a signal that preferences for environmental protection may have increased in Canada. Post-secondary education and social capital developed in youth have the largest impacts on the likelihood of participating. The results are expected to provide valuable information for public policy makers and environmental non-profit organizations.
Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy research
This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community... more This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community economic development (CED) initiatives in Canada. The objective of the analysis is to better understand how individuals make decisions to volunteer time toward CED initiatives and to determine whether the determinants of participation in CED are unique when compared to those of participation in volunteer activities in general. The dataset employed is Statistics Canada's 2004 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP). To date, there has been no prior econometric analysis of the decision to participate in community economic development initiatives in Canada. Results suggest a role for both public policymakers and practitioners in influencing participation in CED. Résumé Cet article constitue une analyse empirique du processus de prise de décision chez les individus en ce qui a trait à la participation aux initiatives canadiennes de développement économique commun...
This article examines the relationship between associational capital, developed through participa... more This article examines the relationship between associational capital, developed through participation in social networks, and charitable giving behavior in Canada. Empirical models are specified to determine whether a relationship exists between associational capital, formed in youth and adulthood, and secular and religious donation expenditures in adulthood. Tobit regression models are estimated using data from the 2010 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP). The results suggest that the formation of associational capital in youth and adulthood is related to larger donation expenditures, although the source of associational capital and the type of recipient organization matters. It is also found that those who participate in a variety of associations are more likely to make larger donations than those who participate in fewer types of associations. The results provide further insight into charitable giving behavior and have policy implications for public and nonprofit sectors concerned with increasing charitable donations.
Purpose The financially excluded are often denied basic financial services from mainstream bankin... more Purpose The financially excluded are often denied basic financial services from mainstream banking institutions, leading them to high-cost fringe finance institutions (FFIs) such as payday loan companies and pawnshops. While strategies to address financial exclusion often include financial capabilities education, there does not appear to be evidence suggesting such education is an appropriate solution. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial capability and financial exclusion with survey data collected from the Canadian city of Kamloops located in the southern interior of British Columbia. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory research addresses the objective with survey data collected on the banking habits and financial capability levels of fringe finance users in a Canadian city. Findings The results imply that fringe finance users do not have lower levels of financial capability than those who do not use fringe finance, when education and...
ABSTRACT This article examines participation in the Canadian tax-free savings account (TFSA), imp... more ABSTRACT This article examines participation in the Canadian tax-free savings account (TFSA), implemented in 2009, and its potential impact on wealth inequality in Canada. Data from the 2012 Survey of Financial Security is used to estimate probit, tobit and Heckman probit selection models to test the hypothesis that high-income earners and wealth holders are the most likely recipients of the benefits associated with the TFSA. Empirical results highlight the significance of net worth as a key determinant of both participation in and contribution levels of the TFSA. The results are expected to be relevant to public policy-makers concerned with reducing inequality and those endeavouring to encourage savings for all socio-economic groups.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2015
type="main" xml:id="ecpa12112-abs-0001"> This exploratory research examine... more type="main" xml:id="ecpa12112-abs-0001"> This exploratory research examines survey data collected in the Canadian city of Kamloops, British Columbia on banking habits and attitudes, socio-economic characteristics, and financial capability levels of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal fringe finance users. The theoretical framework supporting the analysis is grounded in institutional theories of financial exclusion contending that culture and history are relevant. The results suggest that Aboriginal fringe finance users have different characteristics, financial experiences and levels of financial capability than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal fringe finance users have lower levels of financial capability as assessed with an objective quiz. The results are expected to be relevant for policy makers attempting to reduce financial exclusion and increase well-being for Canada's Aboriginal population as well as for other countries with Aboriginal populations, such as Australia and New Zealand.
This paper presents a theoretical model explaining the clustering behaviour of firms in the New E... more This paper presents a theoretical model explaining the clustering behaviour of firms in the New Economy (NE). A review of I-O literature reveals two views of clustering in the NE. While one view suggests clustering behaviour is more prevalent in the NE, largely because the generation and dissemination of knowledge is more conducive to firms in clusters, another view argues clustering may be less prevalent in the NE as IT has made it possible for firms to effectively communicate, and thus create and pass on knowledge, over distances. The model contributes to the literature by incorporating knowledge creation in clusters as a location specific comparative advantage with Brakman, Garretsen, Gigengack, van Marrewijk, and Wagenvoort’s (1996) negative location specific external economies of scale due to congestion into Krugman’s (1991) core-periphery model. Simulation results suggest that clustering is more prevalent in the New Economy. Results are useful for understanding industrial loca...
The effectiveness of tax incentives on charitable donation expenditures in Canada is explored, an... more The effectiveness of tax incentives on charitable donation expenditures in Canada is explored, and the analysis is extended to compare the effectiveness across different donation sectors. Price elasticities are estimated with data from the 2007 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating. Results suggest that specific charitable sectors are affected differently by Canada’s tax credit system. The findings have implications for public policy.
ABSTRACT This research examines the effectiveness of the Canadian tax incentive system for charit... more ABSTRACT This research examines the effectiveness of the Canadian tax incentive system for charitable giving while attempting to deal with two persistent methodological problems in past research. The Heckman selection model and the ordered probit model are used to examine the Canadian tax incentive system with 2010 survey data. The results imply that the effect of the tax credit systematically increases with an increase in donation expenditure suggesting that the higher tax credit for larger donations is more effective than the lower tax credit for smaller donations. While the results suggest that the current tax policy is effective, socio-economic characteristics, such as wealth, household income, and university education, appear to have a greater impact on donations.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2012
ABSTRACT Employment income of Aboriginal Canadians is analysed with the objective of assessing th... more ABSTRACT Employment income of Aboriginal Canadians is analysed with the objective of assessing the impact of a broader definition of capital to include the human capital component of health status and social capital on income level. The dataset of the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey is examined using an IV ordered probit model to analyse the factors affecting employment income. The results suggest that social capital and human capital, measured by education and health status, among other socio‐demographic factors, influence the level of employment income among Aboriginal Canadians. The findings have implications for public policy.
Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 2012
This study explores environmental giving behaviour over time in Canada and considers whether chan... more This study explores environmental giving behaviour over time in Canada and considers whether changes in such behaviour serve as an indication of evolving preferences for environmental quality. The data sets of the 1997 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (NSGVP) and the 2007 Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (CSGVP) are analysed using the probit selection and Heckman selection models to study environmental giving behaviour. The results suggest that the demand for environmental quality in Canada may have increased over time and that several economic, socio-demographic and geographic factors influence the likelihood of donating and the amount of the donation expenditure. The findings have implications for public policy.
Despite the growing popularity of community economic development (CED), it remains under-theorize... more Despite the growing popularity of community economic development (CED), it remains under-theorized in economic, political and sociological terms.ii On the economic side, there are two main reasons for this. First, CED is itself a vague concept open to many different ...
Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy …, 2011
This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in communit... more This article is an empirical analysis of an individual's decision to participate in community economic development (CED) initiatives in Canada. The objective of the analysis is to better understand how individuals make decisions to volunteer time toward CED initiatives and ...
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