" ... ultima germanorum & christianorumprouintia.. . " Outlines of the Image of Livonia on Maps f... more " ... ultima germanorum & christianorumprouintia.. . " Outlines of the Image of Livonia on Maps from the Thirteenth to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century Juhan Kreem lntroduction The following paper deals with geographical ideas and the appearance of the first cartographic images of Livonia. The Iiterature on this problern consists mostly of survey articles. ' The
Paper presents the circumstances of the stay of Maria in Tallinn over the winter for repairs. Thr... more Paper presents the circumstances of the stay of Maria in Tallinn over the winter for repairs. Through singular event some important aspects can be captured in the life of Tallinn as a medieval port town. Besides the relations of merchant town with privateers and the capabilities of Tallinn for large-scale ship-building, the question, which kind of challenges and opportunities large body of sailors presented for Talllinn, can be addressed.
This article examines the views on the crusade and religious warfare in Livonia during and after ... more This article examines the views on the crusade and religious warfare in Livonia during and after the Livonian-Muscovite war in 1501–03. The pope allowed crusade indulgences to be preached for the support of the Teutonic Order only after the war ended. Some years later, the anonymous pamphlet Schonne hysthorie was written in the circles of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, which describes the events of the war and criticizes extensively the practices of the Russian Church. The Schonne hysthorie contains also some traditional references to the spirituality of the order, namely the comparison of the brethren with the Maccabees and an emphasis on the Eucharist. But besides religious argumentation, the pamphlet also stresses the secular, chivalric side of the Teutonic Knights. This conforms with other evidence on practising secular chivalric culture in early sixteenth-century Prussia and Livonia. In the mentality of the Teutonic Order, it became more and more important to confirm that it belonged to the noble estate. The culture of the religious military orders converged with the culture of secular orders of chivalry. The Teutonic Order drew on its glorious crusading past, but at the same time did not forget to highlight its character as a noble corporation.
The Augsburg Interim in Livonia: Protestants and Catholics in the Baltic Countries around the Mid... more The Augsburg Interim in Livonia: Protestants and Catholics in the Baltic Countries around the Middle of the 16th Century. – As a part of the Holy Roman Empire , Livonia had to implement an imperial religious decree concerning Protestants in 1548, the Augsburg Interim. This article documents the polemics over the issue among Livonians. Preserved statements from the chancery of the Teutonic Knights in Livonia and the city of Reval (Tallinn) show the reception of contemporary anti-Interim literature, as well as a firm Protestant stand by the authors of the Livonian texts. It appears that Livonia was a much more Protestant country by that time than is usually assumed.
" ... ultima germanorum & christianorumprouintia.. . " Outlines of the Image of Livonia on Maps f... more " ... ultima germanorum & christianorumprouintia.. . " Outlines of the Image of Livonia on Maps from the Thirteenth to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century Juhan Kreem lntroduction The following paper deals with geographical ideas and the appearance of the first cartographic images of Livonia. The Iiterature on this problern consists mostly of survey articles. ' The
Paper presents the circumstances of the stay of Maria in Tallinn over the winter for repairs. Thr... more Paper presents the circumstances of the stay of Maria in Tallinn over the winter for repairs. Through singular event some important aspects can be captured in the life of Tallinn as a medieval port town. Besides the relations of merchant town with privateers and the capabilities of Tallinn for large-scale ship-building, the question, which kind of challenges and opportunities large body of sailors presented for Talllinn, can be addressed.
This article examines the views on the crusade and religious warfare in Livonia during and after ... more This article examines the views on the crusade and religious warfare in Livonia during and after the Livonian-Muscovite war in 1501–03. The pope allowed crusade indulgences to be preached for the support of the Teutonic Order only after the war ended. Some years later, the anonymous pamphlet Schonne hysthorie was written in the circles of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, which describes the events of the war and criticizes extensively the practices of the Russian Church. The Schonne hysthorie contains also some traditional references to the spirituality of the order, namely the comparison of the brethren with the Maccabees and an emphasis on the Eucharist. But besides religious argumentation, the pamphlet also stresses the secular, chivalric side of the Teutonic Knights. This conforms with other evidence on practising secular chivalric culture in early sixteenth-century Prussia and Livonia. In the mentality of the Teutonic Order, it became more and more important to confirm that it belonged to the noble estate. The culture of the religious military orders converged with the culture of secular orders of chivalry. The Teutonic Order drew on its glorious crusading past, but at the same time did not forget to highlight its character as a noble corporation.
The Augsburg Interim in Livonia: Protestants and Catholics in the Baltic Countries around the Mid... more The Augsburg Interim in Livonia: Protestants and Catholics in the Baltic Countries around the Middle of the 16th Century. – As a part of the Holy Roman Empire , Livonia had to implement an imperial religious decree concerning Protestants in 1548, the Augsburg Interim. This article documents the polemics over the issue among Livonians. Preserved statements from the chancery of the Teutonic Knights in Livonia and the city of Reval (Tallinn) show the reception of contemporary anti-Interim literature, as well as a firm Protestant stand by the authors of the Livonian texts. It appears that Livonia was a much more Protestant country by that time than is usually assumed.
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