This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the devel... more This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the development of Turkish public relations literature on a periodical basis. For this reason, the table of content sections of the academic books on public relations published in Turkey between 1960 and 2010 were analyzed with the content analysis method. As a consequence of the study, it becomes clear that there are differences in the public relations approach across time. Assessing by the economic and political context of Turkey, these differences are called in the frame of Grunig and Hunt’s (1984) four models (Press Agentry, public information, two-way asymmetrical, two-way symmetrical models). This study highlights the fact that context is important when examining public relations education and practices in Turkey.
1999 Helsinki Zirvesi’yle Avrupa Birligi’ne (AB) adaylik statusu resmiyet kazanan Turkiye siyasal... more 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi’yle Avrupa Birligi’ne (AB) adaylik statusu resmiyet kazanan Turkiye siyasal, ekonomik ve kulturel alanlarda gerceklestirdigi yasal duzenlemelerle Kopenhag Kriterlerini ve AB muktesebatini yerine getirmeye calismaktadir. Bu cercevede yasal duzenlemeye gidilen alanlardan biri de medya alanidir. Bu calismada resmi belgeler uzerinden Avrupa Birligi’ndeki medya duzenlemelerinin Turk mevzuatina yansimasi irdelenmistir. Medya alanindaki yasal donusumlerin uygulamaya yansimadigi; ifade ve basin ozgurlugu konularinda Turkiye’nin onunde hala daha sorunlar oldugu ortaya konmustur.
Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaşt... more Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaştırarak egemen sistemin işleyişine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, reklamlarda anlam yapılarının nasıl oluşturulduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Cosmopolitan (Türkiye) dergisinin Ocak 2011 tarihli 85. sayısında yer alan altı kozmetik reklamı çoklu okuma yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. İncelenen reklamlarda bilim, teknoloji ve güzellik mitlerinin sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Baskın inanç sisteminin "güzelliğin ve gençliğin kaynağı olarak bilim"i öne sürdüğü bulunmuştur. Güzellik miti feminist ve psikanalitik çözümlemeyi çağrıştırmakla beraber bu çalışmanın kapsamına dahil edilmemiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Reklam, göstergebilim, mit, gönderge sistemleri Referent Systems and Ideology in Advertisements in Cosmopolitan ABSTRACT In producing structures of meaning, advertisements contribute to the functioning of dominant system by legitimizing values and b...
ÖZET 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi'yle Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) adaylık statüsü resmiyet kazanan Türkiye si... more ÖZET 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi'yle Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) adaylık statüsü resmiyet kazanan Türkiye siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği yasal düzenlemelerle Kopenhag Kriterlerini ve AB müktesebatını yerine getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu çerçevede yasal düzenlemeye gidilen alanlardan biri de medya alanıdır. Bu çalışmada resmi belgeler üzerinden Avrupa Birliği'ndeki medya düzenlemelerinin Türk mevzuatına yansıması irdelenmiştir. Medya alanındaki yasal dönüşümlerin uygulamaya yansımadığı; ifade ve basın özgürlüğü konularında Türkiye'nin önünde hala daha sorunlar olduğu ortaya konmuştur. ABSTRACT As an offical candidate to EU membership since the 1999 Helsinki Summit, Turkey is attempting to meet the Copenhagen Criteria and the EU acquis by issuing legal regulations in political, economic and cultural fields. In this frame, one of the fields that must be regulated legally is the media. This study analyses the reflection of EU regulations on media in Turkish legislation. The research put forth that legal trasformations in the field of media are not reflected in the practice and that Turkey still has drawbacks in issues like freedom of expression and press.
This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the devel... more This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the development of Turkish public relations literature on a periodical basis. For this reason, the table of content sections of the academic books on public relations published in Turkey between 1960 and 2010 were analyzed with the content analysis method. As a consequence of the study, it becomes clear that there are differences in the public relations approach across time. Assessing by the economic and political context of Turkey, these differences are called in the frame of Grunig and Hunt's (1984) four models (Press Agentry, public information, two-way asymmetrical, two-way symmetrical models). This study highlights the fact that context is important when examining public relations education and practices in Turkey. Literature Review The public relations approach adopted in the western countries developed in the early 20 th century; whereas, such development dates back only to the 1960s in Turkey. Kazancı (2006) argues that this can be explained by the fact that both public and private institutions were forced to establish regular relations with their environments as a result of a " democratic approach " and thus the public had come to accept other institutions in the Turkish social system as exercising power against public relations structures. However, the most important social feature of Turkey up into the 1960s was " self-sufficiency ". The economy relied heavily on the agricultural sector and the small-scale family business operators did not need to establish relations with the state. Moreover there was introversion in the relationship between public and state. The state reached out to the public as it wishes. During that " single-party system " period it was possible for the public to take part in decision-making processes but in the transition to a multi-party system, the Turkish public became increasingly active – started to influence the government and gradually transforming the one-way direction of the relations between the government and the people. During those years, such serious changes and developments in the economic and social conditions had implications first in the public, and then in the private sector in Turkey. In parallel to such changes, the statist approach was broken and a " free market economy " became dominant. Increasingly, the relations between organizations, their structures and their environments changed – especially as a result of external pressure including the establishment of the civil society organizations (Boratav, 2000; Özdemir, 2000; Kazancı, 2006). As a matter of fact, this process made public relations compulsory for the organizations (to practice relations with their publics), and for the first time it provided a rational for the analysis of public relations approaches. Thus it is crucial to explore how these differences arose in the context of Turkey and how the specific context influenced the development of public relations in Turkey. There are similar studies that have engaged this issue in the context of the dynamics of other countries. For example, Sriramesh et al (1999) conducted an investigation of public relations developments in India, South Korea and Japan with the aim of determining how the public relations approach was influenced by cultural context and Grunig et al (1995) questioned whether the public relations approach had been influenced by cultural context through a comparative analysis of studies conducted in India, Taiwan and Greece. Ni (2006) highlighted the importance of public relations in the development of organizational strategy in China within the context of globalization strategies and cultural impacts. In Singapore, Raman and Karan (2006) conducted a study on how the local culture shaped the organizational culture and how this was reflected in public relations approach. Chay-Nemeth (2009) shows how political, economical and social context, influence the existing public relations approach in the same country. Kent and Taylor (2007) aimed to explore the public relations within the social context in Bosnia case and Guiniven (2002) analyzed the public relations approach within the culture of understanding and agreement in Canada. Furthermore, Karadjov et al (2000) examined public relations approach in the political context of Bulgaria. When we examine the conclusions of these studies, it appears that public relation is defined by the press agency model in come countries and by the public information model in others. However, it is also defined by asymmetric and symmetric models. Pratt and Ogbondah (1996), Wu, Taylor and Chen (2001), Kirat (2005) all explain the reason for such differences by reference to the political, economical and social contexts of the countries, while Sriramesh and Vercic (2009) explain the differences by considering three factors: The infrastructure (political, economical, legal activism), social culture (social classes, uncertainty, collectivism,
Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaşt... more Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaştırarak egemen sistemin işleyişine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, reklamlarda anlam yapılarının nasıl oluşturulduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Cosmopolitan (Türkiye) dergisinin Ocak 2011 tarihli 85. sayısında yer alan altı kozmetik reklamı çoklu okuma yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. İncelenen reklamlarda bilim, teknoloji ve güzellik mitlerinin sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Baskın inanç sisteminin " güzelliğin ve gençliğin kaynağı olarak bilim " i öne sürdüğü bulunmuştur. Güzellik miti feminist ve psikanalitik çözümlemeyi çağrıştırmakla beraber bu çalışmanın kapsamına dahil edilmemiştir. ABSTRACT In producing structures of meaning, advertisements contribute to the functioning of dominant system by legitimizing values and beliefs of capitalism. The aim of this study is to reveal how these meaning structures are constructed. In order to do that, six advertisements on cosmetics in Cosmopolitan (Turkey) magazine issue 85 (January 2011) is analysed by multiple-reading technique. The advertisements conveyed a frequent use of the myths of science, technology and beauty. These myths serve for the maintenance of the dominant belief system and the main assertion read in these advertisements is that " science is the source of beauty and youth ". Although the myth of beauty brings about feminist and psychoanalytic analysis, they are excluded in this study. Giriş Mecralarını yalnızca televizyon, radyo, dergi, gazete gibi kitle iletişim araçlarıyla sınırlamayan reklamlar, günümüzde billboardları, otobüs duraklarını, bina duvarlarını, tuvaletleri ve hatta insanları birer mecra olarak kullanmakta ve her an her yerde yakaladığı tüketicilere belirli sembolik değerler iletmektedir. Bu sembolik değerlerin iletilmesinde ise kültürel kodlar kullanılmaktadır. Kısacası reklamlar, sahip oldukları ekonomik değerin yanında, kültürel değerlerin de taşıyıcısıdır.
This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the devel... more This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the development of Turkish public relations literature on a periodical basis. For this reason, the table of content sections of the academic books on public relations published in Turkey between 1960 and 2010 were analyzed with the content analysis method. As a consequence of the study, it becomes clear that there are differences in the public relations approach across time. Assessing by the economic and political context of Turkey, these differences are called in the frame of Grunig and Hunt’s (1984) four models (Press Agentry, public information, two-way asymmetrical, two-way symmetrical models). This study highlights the fact that context is important when examining public relations education and practices in Turkey.
1999 Helsinki Zirvesi’yle Avrupa Birligi’ne (AB) adaylik statusu resmiyet kazanan Turkiye siyasal... more 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi’yle Avrupa Birligi’ne (AB) adaylik statusu resmiyet kazanan Turkiye siyasal, ekonomik ve kulturel alanlarda gerceklestirdigi yasal duzenlemelerle Kopenhag Kriterlerini ve AB muktesebatini yerine getirmeye calismaktadir. Bu cercevede yasal duzenlemeye gidilen alanlardan biri de medya alanidir. Bu calismada resmi belgeler uzerinden Avrupa Birligi’ndeki medya duzenlemelerinin Turk mevzuatina yansimasi irdelenmistir. Medya alanindaki yasal donusumlerin uygulamaya yansimadigi; ifade ve basin ozgurlugu konularinda Turkiye’nin onunde hala daha sorunlar oldugu ortaya konmustur.
Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaşt... more Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaştırarak egemen sistemin işleyişine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, reklamlarda anlam yapılarının nasıl oluşturulduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Cosmopolitan (Türkiye) dergisinin Ocak 2011 tarihli 85. sayısında yer alan altı kozmetik reklamı çoklu okuma yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. İncelenen reklamlarda bilim, teknoloji ve güzellik mitlerinin sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Baskın inanç sisteminin "güzelliğin ve gençliğin kaynağı olarak bilim"i öne sürdüğü bulunmuştur. Güzellik miti feminist ve psikanalitik çözümlemeyi çağrıştırmakla beraber bu çalışmanın kapsamına dahil edilmemiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Reklam, göstergebilim, mit, gönderge sistemleri Referent Systems and Ideology in Advertisements in Cosmopolitan ABSTRACT In producing structures of meaning, advertisements contribute to the functioning of dominant system by legitimizing values and b...
ÖZET 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi'yle Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) adaylık statüsü resmiyet kazanan Türkiye si... more ÖZET 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi'yle Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) adaylık statüsü resmiyet kazanan Türkiye siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği yasal düzenlemelerle Kopenhag Kriterlerini ve AB müktesebatını yerine getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu çerçevede yasal düzenlemeye gidilen alanlardan biri de medya alanıdır. Bu çalışmada resmi belgeler üzerinden Avrupa Birliği'ndeki medya düzenlemelerinin Türk mevzuatına yansıması irdelenmiştir. Medya alanındaki yasal dönüşümlerin uygulamaya yansımadığı; ifade ve basın özgürlüğü konularında Türkiye'nin önünde hala daha sorunlar olduğu ortaya konmuştur. ABSTRACT As an offical candidate to EU membership since the 1999 Helsinki Summit, Turkey is attempting to meet the Copenhagen Criteria and the EU acquis by issuing legal regulations in political, economic and cultural fields. In this frame, one of the fields that must be regulated legally is the media. This study analyses the reflection of EU regulations on media in Turkish legislation. The research put forth that legal trasformations in the field of media are not reflected in the practice and that Turkey still has drawbacks in issues like freedom of expression and press.
This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the devel... more This paper aims to determine the current public relations approach in Turkey evaluating the development of Turkish public relations literature on a periodical basis. For this reason, the table of content sections of the academic books on public relations published in Turkey between 1960 and 2010 were analyzed with the content analysis method. As a consequence of the study, it becomes clear that there are differences in the public relations approach across time. Assessing by the economic and political context of Turkey, these differences are called in the frame of Grunig and Hunt's (1984) four models (Press Agentry, public information, two-way asymmetrical, two-way symmetrical models). This study highlights the fact that context is important when examining public relations education and practices in Turkey. Literature Review The public relations approach adopted in the western countries developed in the early 20 th century; whereas, such development dates back only to the 1960s in Turkey. Kazancı (2006) argues that this can be explained by the fact that both public and private institutions were forced to establish regular relations with their environments as a result of a " democratic approach " and thus the public had come to accept other institutions in the Turkish social system as exercising power against public relations structures. However, the most important social feature of Turkey up into the 1960s was " self-sufficiency ". The economy relied heavily on the agricultural sector and the small-scale family business operators did not need to establish relations with the state. Moreover there was introversion in the relationship between public and state. The state reached out to the public as it wishes. During that " single-party system " period it was possible for the public to take part in decision-making processes but in the transition to a multi-party system, the Turkish public became increasingly active – started to influence the government and gradually transforming the one-way direction of the relations between the government and the people. During those years, such serious changes and developments in the economic and social conditions had implications first in the public, and then in the private sector in Turkey. In parallel to such changes, the statist approach was broken and a " free market economy " became dominant. Increasingly, the relations between organizations, their structures and their environments changed – especially as a result of external pressure including the establishment of the civil society organizations (Boratav, 2000; Özdemir, 2000; Kazancı, 2006). As a matter of fact, this process made public relations compulsory for the organizations (to practice relations with their publics), and for the first time it provided a rational for the analysis of public relations approaches. Thus it is crucial to explore how these differences arose in the context of Turkey and how the specific context influenced the development of public relations in Turkey. There are similar studies that have engaged this issue in the context of the dynamics of other countries. For example, Sriramesh et al (1999) conducted an investigation of public relations developments in India, South Korea and Japan with the aim of determining how the public relations approach was influenced by cultural context and Grunig et al (1995) questioned whether the public relations approach had been influenced by cultural context through a comparative analysis of studies conducted in India, Taiwan and Greece. Ni (2006) highlighted the importance of public relations in the development of organizational strategy in China within the context of globalization strategies and cultural impacts. In Singapore, Raman and Karan (2006) conducted a study on how the local culture shaped the organizational culture and how this was reflected in public relations approach. Chay-Nemeth (2009) shows how political, economical and social context, influence the existing public relations approach in the same country. Kent and Taylor (2007) aimed to explore the public relations within the social context in Bosnia case and Guiniven (2002) analyzed the public relations approach within the culture of understanding and agreement in Canada. Furthermore, Karadjov et al (2000) examined public relations approach in the political context of Bulgaria. When we examine the conclusions of these studies, it appears that public relation is defined by the press agency model in come countries and by the public information model in others. However, it is also defined by asymmetric and symmetric models. Pratt and Ogbondah (1996), Wu, Taylor and Chen (2001), Kirat (2005) all explain the reason for such differences by reference to the political, economical and social contexts of the countries, while Sriramesh and Vercic (2009) explain the differences by considering three factors: The infrastructure (political, economical, legal activism), social culture (social classes, uncertainty, collectivism,
Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaşt... more Antalya ÖZET Reklamlar, ürettikleri anlam yapılarıyla kapitalizmin değer ve inançlarını meşrulaştırarak egemen sistemin işleyişine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, reklamlarda anlam yapılarının nasıl oluşturulduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Cosmopolitan (Türkiye) dergisinin Ocak 2011 tarihli 85. sayısında yer alan altı kozmetik reklamı çoklu okuma yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. İncelenen reklamlarda bilim, teknoloji ve güzellik mitlerinin sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Baskın inanç sisteminin " güzelliğin ve gençliğin kaynağı olarak bilim " i öne sürdüğü bulunmuştur. Güzellik miti feminist ve psikanalitik çözümlemeyi çağrıştırmakla beraber bu çalışmanın kapsamına dahil edilmemiştir. ABSTRACT In producing structures of meaning, advertisements contribute to the functioning of dominant system by legitimizing values and beliefs of capitalism. The aim of this study is to reveal how these meaning structures are constructed. In order to do that, six advertisements on cosmetics in Cosmopolitan (Turkey) magazine issue 85 (January 2011) is analysed by multiple-reading technique. The advertisements conveyed a frequent use of the myths of science, technology and beauty. These myths serve for the maintenance of the dominant belief system and the main assertion read in these advertisements is that " science is the source of beauty and youth ". Although the myth of beauty brings about feminist and psychoanalytic analysis, they are excluded in this study. Giriş Mecralarını yalnızca televizyon, radyo, dergi, gazete gibi kitle iletişim araçlarıyla sınırlamayan reklamlar, günümüzde billboardları, otobüs duraklarını, bina duvarlarını, tuvaletleri ve hatta insanları birer mecra olarak kullanmakta ve her an her yerde yakaladığı tüketicilere belirli sembolik değerler iletmektedir. Bu sembolik değerlerin iletilmesinde ise kültürel kodlar kullanılmaktadır. Kısacası reklamlar, sahip oldukları ekonomik değerin yanında, kültürel değerlerin de taşıyıcısıdır.
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