Кмерски језик

Кмерски језик
Кмерски језик
Камбоџански
ភាសាខ្មែរ, Phiasa Khmae; ខេមរភាសា, Khemarak Phiasa
	Phéasa Khmêr („кмерски језик”) написан у кмерском писму
Говори се у	Камбоџа; Тајланд (исток и североисток); Вијетнам (делта Меконг)
Етничка припадност	Кмери
Број говорника	160 милиона (2007)
Језичка породица	Аустроазијски Кмерски Кмерски језик; ;
Ранији облици	Протокмерски Старокмерски Средњекмерски Кмерски језик; ; ;
Писмо	Кмерско писмо; кмерско Брајево писмо
Званични статус
Службени језик у	Камбоџа ASEAN;
Признати мањински језик у	Thailand; Vietnam
Језички кодови
ISO 639-1	km
ISO 639-2	khm Централнокмерски
ISO 639-3	Или:; khm – Кмерски; kxm – севернокмерски
Глотолог	khme1253 (Кмерски); cent1989 (Централнокмерски)
Лингосфера	46-FBA-a
	Khmer

Кмерски језик (ភាសាខ្មែរ)^[5] је званични језик Камбоџе. То је језик народа Кмер, најбројније етничке заједнице у земљи. Овај се језик убраја у аустроазијску језичку породицу. Са суседним таи, лао и вијетнамским језиком,^[6] кмерски језик сачињава језички савез. За разлику од њих, кмерски нема мелодијски акценат. Најранији записи кмерског језика потичу из 6-7. века нове ере. Преко будизма и хиндуизма, санскрит је утицао на кмерски језик. Кмерски језик се записује сопственим, кмерским писмом, које је слично таи и лао писму. Кмерским језиком се служи око 13-21 милион људи. Око 79% становништва у Камбоџи може да чита кмерско писмо.^[7]

Класификација

Khmer is a member of the Austroasiatic language family, the autochthonous family in an area that stretches from the Malay Peninsula through Southeast Asia to East India.^[8] Austroasiatic, which also includes Mon, Vietnamese and Munda, has been studied since 1856 and was first proposed as a language family in 1907.^[9] Despite the amount of research, there is still doubt about the internal relationship of the languages of Austroasiatic.^[10]

Diffloth places Khmer in an eastern branch of the Mon-Khmer languages.^[11] In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the Bahnaric and Pearic languages.^[12] More recent classifications doubt the validity of the Mon-Khmer sub-grouping and place the Khmer language as its own branch of Austroasiatic equidistant from the other 12 branches of the family.^[10]

Особине

Ред речи у кмерском одговара шаблону: субјекат-глагол-објекат. Речи се најчешће састоје из једне морфеме, а за творбу речи повремено служе префикси и инфикси. Кмерске речи најчешће имају два или три слога. Глаголи се често повезују у низове. Именице немају род ни број. Кмерски језик разликује неколико нивоа учтивог обраћања.

Фонетика

**сугласници**
слово	изговор	слово	изговор	слово	изговор	слово	изговор	слово	изговор
ក	kɑɑ	ខ	khɑɑ	គ	kɔɔ	ឃ	khɔɔ	ង	ŋɔɔ
ច	cɑɑ	ឆ	chɑɑ	ជ	cɔɔ	ឈ	chɔɔ	ញ	ɲɔɔ
ដ	dɑɑ	ឋ	tɑɑ	ឌ	dɔɔ	ឍ	thɔɔ	ណ	nɑɑ
ត	tɑɑ	ថ	thɑɑ	ទ	tɔɔ	ធ	thɔɔ	ន	nɔɔ
ប	bɑɑ	ផ	pɑɑ	ព	bɔɔ	ភ	pɔɔ	ម	mɔɔ
យ	jɔɔ	រ	rɔɔ	ល	lɔɔ	វ	vɔɔ
ស	sɑɑ	ហ	hɑɑ	ឡ	lɑɑ	អ	ʔɑɑ

Напомена: изговор је означен по IPA.

Референце

^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
^ „Languages of ASEAN”. Приступљено 7. 8. 2017.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ур. (2016). „Кмерски”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ур. (2016). „Централнокмерски”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
^ David A. Smyth, Judith Margaret Jacob (1993). Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-7286-0218-2.
^ Hul, Reaksmey; Woods, Ben (3. 3. 2015). „Campaign Aims to Boost Adult Literacy”. The Cambodia Daily. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 10. 2017. г. Приступљено 7. 2. 2016.
^ Diffloth, Gerard & Zide, Norman. Austroasiatic Languages Архивирано 2012-04-25 на сајту Wayback Machine.
^ Thomas, David (1964). „A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies”. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 1: 149—163. Приступљено 19. 6. 2012.
^ ^а ^б Sidwell, Paul (2009a). The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.
^ Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.
^ Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3

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Спољашње везе

Етнолошки извештај о кмерском језику
Увод у кмерски језик
енглеско-кмерско-енглески речник
Kheng.info—An online audio dictionary for learning Khmer, with thousands of native speaker recordings and text segmentation software.
SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Khmeric Branch
Khmer Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Dictionary and SpellChecker open sourced and collaborative project based on Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary
How to install Khmer script on a Windows 7 computer
How to install Khmer script on a Windows XP computer
Khmer at UCLA Language Materials project
Online Khmer & English dictionary
Khmer Online Dictionaries

[NE100-1] Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin

[2] „Languages of ASEAN”. Приступљено 7. 8. 2017.

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ур. (2016). „Кмерски”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog2-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ур. (2016). „Централнокмерски”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[5] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[cl-6] David A. Smyth, Judith Margaret Jacob (1993). Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-7286-0218-2.

[7] Hul, Reaksmey; Woods, Ben (3. 3. 2015). „Campaign Aims to Boost Adult Literacy”. The Cambodia Daily. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 10. 2017. г. Приступљено 7. 2. 2016.

[DiffZide-8] Diffloth, Gerard & Zide, Norman. Austroasiatic Languages Архивирано 2012-04-25 на сајту Wayback Machine.

[9] Thomas, David (1964). „A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies”. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 1: 149—163. Приступљено 19. 6. 2012.

[SidwellNew-10] а ^б Sidwell, Paul (2009a). The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.

[Diffloth05-11] Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.

[Shorto-12] Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3

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Нормативна контрола
Међународне	FAST
Државне	Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Јапан Чешка
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика Ethnologue