Ghetto
Ghettos were originally separate, closed-off areas where Jewish people were forced to live, apart from everyone else.[1]
Today, it is common for the word "ghetto" to describe any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.
Use of the word
changeThe word "ghetto" was first used in 1516 to describe the part of Venice, Italy where Jews had to live.[1] The word has a few possible sources.
It may come from the word getto, the Venetian word for foundry slag, because Jews were only allowed to live in the area around the iron foundries.[2] It might also come from the Italian word borghetto, meaning a little borgo (borough).[3]
History
changeAccording to Encyclopedia Britannica:[1]
One of the earliest forced segregations of Jews was in Muslim Morocco when, in 1280, [Jews] were transferred to segregated [areas] called millahs. In some Muslim countries, rigid ghetto systems were enforced with [limits] on the sizes of houses and doors.
However, these areas were not called "ghettos". That word was first used in 1516 to describe the Venetian Ghetto, where Christian watchmen stood guard to make sure no Jews left.[1] Over the next 200 years, Jews were segregated into ghettos throughout Europe - in Rome, Prague, Frankfurt, and other cities. (The ghetto in Prague was called Judenstadt: "Jew Town".)[4]
By the 1800s, Jews were no longer legally required to live in ghettos.[4] However, between the 1930s and 1945, Nazi Germany forced Jews to live in ghettos throughout Nazi-controlled parts of Europe.
In the Holocaust
changeSee the main page: Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust
The Nazis established around 1,500 ghettos during the Holocaust and forced Jews to live there. Some Roma people, Greeks, and Soviets were also forced into Nazi ghettos.[5]
Nobody was allowed to leave the ghettos without special permission. Many (like the Warsaw Ghetto) were surrounded by walls or barbed wire.
Tens of thousands of Jews died in ghettos from starvation, disease, freezing to death, and the terrible conditions.[6] In some ghettos, one in every five people died.[6][7] Eventually, the Nazis used the ghettos to collect people before deporting them to concentration camps.[8]
The Nazis liquidated nearly all of these ghettos before losing World War II in 1945. Sometimes "liquidation" meant sending everyone to concentration camps and shooting people who resisted.[8] In other cases, the Nazis executed all of the people inside the ghetto.
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Ghetto | Definition, History, Map, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024-09-30. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ↑ "ghetto - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
- ↑ The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edition, Erina McKean, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Jewish Ghettos: Separated from the World | Facing History & Ourselves". www.facinghistory.org. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ↑ "Ghettos in Poland". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Warsaw Ghetto". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
- ↑ "Lodz". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Nazi Germany and the Establishment of Ghettos". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2024-09-09.