Papers by Krzysztof Gaidzik
Frontiers in Earth Science, Oct 28, 2022
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<p>The western flank of the Central Andes shows a high concentration of giant landslides (S... more <p>The western flank of the Central Andes shows a high concentration of giant landslides (Strasser and Schlunegger, 2005; Audin & Bechir 2006; Pinto et al., 2008; Matther et al., 2014; Crosta et al., 2014, Margirier et al., 2015; Zerathe et al., 2017; Delgado et al., 2020) related to specific characteristics such as a strong local relief (canyons, structural-flexures, etc.), strong and recurrent seismo-tectonic activities, and atypical climate combining long-term hyper-aridity and punctual extreme precipitation events. In this context, ongoing studies inventorying more than one-thousand giant paleo-landslides in this region underline their spatial clustering that is controlled by coupled conditioning factors including high topographical gradients and specific lithology (Delgado et al., 2020).</p><p>The purpose of this study is to constrain now the kinematics of landsliding and ultimately to get time-frequency law of the gravitational slope destabilizations of this Andean region. For this, we focus on the Locumba valley (south Peru) where more than 30 giant landslides are clustered and distributed in two main typologies (rockslide and rock-avalanche). We applied cosmogenic nuclide dating to 8 paleo-landslides, sampling 52 boulders. We used alternatively <sup>10</sup>Be/quartz or <sup>10</sup>Be/feldspar depending on the available lithology.</p><p>Our dataset opens an unprecedented opportunity for paleolandslides studies and reconstructions. Indeed, the exposure-ages obtained range from the Holocene to the Pleistocene, the oldest ages reaching one-million years. This new temporal-scale allows to address and discuss triggering processes in the context of seismo-tectonic activities and Quaternary climate changes. Exposure-ages distribution shows several time-frequency peaks suggesting that gravitational destabilizations are episodic phenomena with time recurrence on the range of ~100 ka. Additionally, our time-constraints indicate that most of the current landscapes along this Western Andean flank are older than one-million years. Especially, fluvial incision and valley deepening processes are currently very low as testified by relicts of landslide dams and associated lacustrine sediments of hundred&#8217;s thousand years old that are preserved along the main canyons and still not fully re-incised.</p>
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The Ngorongoro Crater is the largest unflooded and not destroyed collapse volcanic caldera of the... more The Ngorongoro Crater is the largest unflooded and not destroyed collapse volcanic caldera of the shield volcano on Earth. It attracts many visitors each year not only because of the undoubted -wealth of the -wildlife and breathtaking views, but also due to the geotouristic attractiveness of this definite location. The Crater is in fact a specific example of geological processes, relevant to the development of planet Earth. In a relatively small area one can observe rocks of different types and ages: Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks, -volcanic rocks formed in the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and even nowadays, as -well as sedimentary rocks, up to those currently forming -within the caldera floor. The origin and development of the Ngorongoro -volcano, and lately caldera, is closely related to the activity of rifting processes occurring along the Gregory Rift, belonging to the East African Rift System. It represents one of the three arms of the Afar triple junction associated -with...
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EGUGA, Apr 1, 2018
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2021
Abstract The Peruvian subduction zone is prone to destructive megathrust earthquakes that rupture... more Abstract The Peruvian subduction zone is prone to destructive megathrust earthquakes that rupture plate interface, often associated with devastating tsunamis, and usually smaller crustal earthquakes in the overriding plate that, due to the shallow focal depth and proximity to the human settlements, can be equally hazardous. However, these latter ones are generally less studied and often not included in the seismic hazard assessments. Thus, in this study, we used the Seismo-Lineament Analysis Method (SLAM) to explore potentially active structures on the overriding plate above the Nazca subduction zone in the Southern Peruvian Andes, which according to the current crustal seismicity, might have hosted ruptures in the past. Moreover, we computed their possible seismogenic potential, assuming the worst-case scenario, and discussed the tectonic implications and likely sources of stress that might trigger earthquakes along these faults. For that, we combined the focal mechanism data and obtained seismo-lineaments with the results of the morpho-tectonic analysis of the digital elevation models and satellite images. The principally W- to NW-striking seismo-lineaments identified in the study area that could represent the surface expressions of potentially seismogenic faults, in general, agree with the previously reported shallow crustal active fault systems in the Southern Peruvian Andes. The applied scaling relationships suggest a seismic potential for earthquakes of maximum moment magnitudes up to 7.3–7.4 for the recorded structures. Collected data indicates an extensional regime in the upper crust of the South American plate above the Nazca subduction, with the horizontal extension perpendicular to the trench axis. The reactivation of identified structures can be related to the following sources of stress: 1) strain partitioning in the oblique subduction zone, 2) crustal seismicity induced by megathrust earthquakes, 3) extension in the most upper part of the uplifting area above the subducting slab, and 4) volcanic activity. Our findings highlight the usefulness of the SLAM technique as a tool to recognize prone areas for potential seismogenic faults that should be studied in greater detail using paleoseismological, geomorphological, geodetic, and geophysical methods. These also show the importance of crustal faults in the overall seismic hazard assessments.
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Frontiers in Earth Science, 2021
Uplift is the predominant factor controlling fluvial systems in tectonically deforming regions. M... more Uplift is the predominant factor controlling fluvial systems in tectonically deforming regions. Mountains along subduction zones force incision, aggradation, or sinuosity modifications, showing differential uplift and variations in erosion rates, in river incision, and in channel gradient produced by ongoing tectonic deformation. Thus, landscape can provide information on the tectonic activity of a defined region. Here, field studies, analysis of geomorphic indices using a digital elevation model, and dating of river terraces were undertaken to extract the following: (1) determine rates of ongoing tectonic deformation, (2) identify evidence of active faulting, and (3) explain the possible relation of ongoing differential uplift in the topography of the overriding plate with the geometry and roughness effects of subducting slab along the Mexican subduction within the Guerrero sector. Landscape analysis using geomorphic indices suggests segmentation along stream of the studied Tecpan ...
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Geosphere, 2018
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Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 2015
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Acta Geologica Polonica, 2015
A spectacular epigenetic silicification was encountered in the Oxfordian bedded limestones expose... more A spectacular epigenetic silicification was encountered in the Oxfordian bedded limestones exposed in the Sokole Hills situated in the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland. The main epigenetic mineral is microcrystalline quartz accompanied by minor goethite, hematite, barite, galena and sphalerite. Locally, the mineralized limestones reveal Pb and Cu contents exceeding over 150 times the background values of these metals in unmineralized limestones.The epigenetic mineralization of the bedded limestones was probably a two-stage process. During the first, Early Cretaceous stage, silicified limestones formed at the erosional surface of a denuded carbonate complex. Such silicification greatly limited the progress of the first karstification phase of the Upper Jurassic carbonates initiated in the Hauterivian. The sources of silica accumulated in the limestones were descending solutions enriched in silica derived from the weathering zone. This silicification affected the topmost part of the Upper Ju...
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Contemporary Trends in Geoscience, 2012
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2013
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Geoscience Frontiers, 2017
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Jerzy ̄ABA, Zbigniew MA£OLEPSZY, Krzysztof GAIDZIK, Justyna CIESIELCZUK & Andrzej PAULO 1 De part... more Jerzy ̄ABA, Zbigniew MA£OLEPSZY, Krzysztof GAIDZIK, Justyna CIESIELCZUK & Andrzej PAULO 1 De part ment of Fun da men tal Ge ol ogy, Fac ulty of Earth Sci ences, Uni ver sity of Silesia, Bêdziñska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland, jerzy.zaba@gmail.com; malol@us.edu.pl; k.gaidzik@gmail.com; justyna.ciesielczuk@us.edu.pl 2 Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Geo phys ics and En vi ron ment Pro tec tion, AGH Uni ver sity of Sci ence and Tech nol ogy, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, paulo@geol.agh.edu.pl
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Comparison of fold deformation sequences in the northern and southern metamorphic cover of the Ka... more Comparison of fold deformation sequences in the northern and southern metamorphic cover of the Karkonosze granitoids. A b s t r a c t. We applied the detailed structural analysis to 394 outcrops in the southern and northern metamorphic cover of the Karkonosze Intrusion. We recognised five generations of fold structures: F 1 – poorly preserved tight intrafoliation folds; F 2 – the most common generation, with the whole variety of fold geometries, W–E and WSW–ENE-oriented fold axes in the northern contact zone, and W–E and WNW–ESE-oriented fold axes in the southern contact zone; F 3 – chevron folds; F 4 – kink folds observed only in the Stara Kamienica schist belt; and F5–wide open folds, locally transformed into monoclinal kink folds, probably formed during the Variscan intrusion of the Karkonosze pluton. Similarity observed in the structural style in the northern and southern contact zones prove that these lithostratigraphic units had formed a single unit – the Izera-Kowary Unit – a...
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Papers by Krzysztof Gaidzik