Naglaa Loutfy
Phone: 002 01000149668
Address: Egypt, Ismailia, Ring road, new campus, Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture
Address: Egypt, Ismailia, Ring road, new campus, Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture
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study, dissipation and residual levels of thiamethoxam in tomato under open field conditions were investigated. Thiamethoxam residues tend to dissipate following firstorder rate kinetics with a half-life of 2.34 days. At harvest time, the remaining residues of thiamethoxam were below the European Union (EU) maximum residue level of 0.2 mg kg when measured 14 days after the final application. Exposure of thiamethoxam was determined and compared to acceptable daily intake (ADI). The assessment of consumer exposure was based upon the estimated daily intake (EDI) which was compared to ADI and expressed as percentage. Based upon tomato consumption, the EDI of thiamethoxam ranged from 8.82
£ 10 ¡6 to 3.38£ 10¡ 4 mg kg b.w. day, which corresponds to 0.08% and 3.3% of ADI, respectively. Since the dietary exposure never exceeded 4% ADI, the tomato fruit may be considered safe for human consumption after application of the recommended dose of thiamethoxam.
Profenofos is used widely in Egypt for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and vegetables. Profenofos toxicological evaluation was done by assessing biochemical and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of albino rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) is used as an alternative to the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for a more quantitative way of deriving acute and chronic reference doses. The BMD and the lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) were calculated to estimate the critical dose for the most sensitive biochemical marker. Toxicity assessment revealed that cholinesterase is the most sensitive biomarker for male rats while uric acid is the most sensitive biomarker for female rats. Profenofos dietary intake based on tomato, sweet pepper, and strawberries were five times higher than EPA chronic RfD. The acute and chronic reference doses were 0.002 mg/kg b.w and 0.0002 mg/kg b.w for females and 0.00031 mg/kg b.w and 0.000031 mg/kg b.w for males. Profenofos risk characterization was determined by comparing the dietary intake of profenofos via consuming fresh vegetables with the calculated acute and chronic reference doses
Profenofos is used widely in Egypt for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and vegetables. Profenofos toxicological evaluation was done by assessing biochemical and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of albino rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) is used as an alternative to the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for a more quantitative way of deriving acute and chronic reference doses. The BMD and the lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) were calculated to estimate the critical dose for the most sensitive biochemical marker. Toxicity assessment revealed that cholinesterase is the most sensitive biomarker for male rats while uric acid is the most sensitive biomarker for female rats. Profenofos dietary intake based on tomato, sweet pepper, and strawberries were five times higher than EPA chronic RfD. The acute and chronic reference doses were 0.002 mg/kg b.w and 0.0002 mg/kg b.w for females and 0.00031 mg/kg b.w and 0.000031 mg/kg b.w for males. Profenofos risk characterization was determined by comparing the dietary intake of profenofos via consuming fresh vegetables with the calculated acute and chronic reference doses
lene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood serum samples collected from a cohort
12 of fasting females attending the health insurance outpatient clinic at Port Said between July 1999
13 and July 2000. Females involved in the study included 43 females diagnosed with invasive adeno14
carcinoma of the breast, 21 female suffering benign breast disease, and 11 normal healthy females.
15 Serum was separated and its contents of DDE and PCBs were extracted and determined, using gas
16 chromatography, equipped with electron capture detector. Mean residues of DDE detected in the
17 three examined groups of females were 41±5.2, 48±6.2 and 31±2.5 ng/g for breast cancer cases,
18 benign breast disease cases and controls, respectively, indicating some significantly less residues
19 in blood serum of control females. While PCBs residues detected were 54 ± 17, 59 ± 23 and
20 61 ± 21 ng/g, for the three groups, respectively. Residues of DDE detected in all females alike in
21 the present study are about 15 times higher than residues detected in Canada and The Netherlands.
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined using GC/HRMS in food (butter, seafood and meat) and feed samples (chicken,
cattle and fish) purchased from Ismailia city, Egypt. PCDD/F concentrations in food samples ranged between 0.12 and 3.35 pg WHO
TEQ/g wet w, while those in feed samples were between 0.08 and 0.2 pg WHO TEQ/g dry w. Levels of PCB TEQ ranged from 0.14 to
3.2 pg/g wet w in the food samples. The feed samples have an average of 0.35 pg PCB TEQ /g dry w. In this study, butter samples showed
the highest contamination levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The PCBs contribution to the total TEQ was on average 63% in seafood and on
average 49% for meat and butter. The highest contamination levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were found in butter samples. The butter
TEQ content is several times higher than that reported in all EU countries and exceeded the EU limits, while the PCDD/F levels in seafood
and the feed samples is far below the current EU limit. Generally, congener profiles in the food samples reflect the non-industrialized
nature of the city and suggest solid waste burning as a significant source of emission. Nevertheless, the profiles for butter suggest
an impact from various sources. In the case of the sum of 16 PAH contamination levels in food samples were in the range of
11.7–154.3 ng/g wet w and feed samples had a range of 116–393 ng/g dry w. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been detected in the range of
0.05–3.29 ng/g wet w in the food samples; butter showed the highest contamination which exceeded the EU standard set for fats and
oil. Fingerprints of PAHs suggested both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources of contamination.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
issues. A number of reasons are behind this situation, which include, but are not
restricted to, the relatively uneven distribution of precipitation, high temperatures,
increased demands for irrigation water, and impacts of tourism. Climate change is
expected to aggravate the situation even more. The use of wastewater is one of the
most sustainable alternatives to cope with water shortage. It would have a number
of advantages that include closing the gap between supply and demand, stopping
the pollution of fresh water resources, providing sound solution to water scarcity
and climate change, and helping to achieve Millennium Development Goals. With
Egypt, trying to cope with water shortage issues, The Ministry of Water Resources,
MWRI has developed a National Water Resources Plan, with wastewater reuse as a
central mechanism. At present, there are more than 200 wastewater treatment plants
in the country. Urban coverage of improved sanitation gradually increased from
45% in 1993 to 56% in 2004. In contrast, rural sanitation coverage remains
incredibly low at 4%. The low coverage, in combination with a sub-optimal
treatment, results in some problems of water pollution and degradation of health
conditions because the majority of villages and rural areas discharge their raw
domestic wastewater directly into the waterways. Drainage water reuse is practiced
on a very large scale. The official reuse of agricultural drainage water in irrigation
amounted to 4.84 km3/year in 2001. The present aim of the Government of Egypt is
to reuse up to 8 km3/year in new reclamation areas in the near future. Meanwhile, El
Salam canal, one of the mega projects in Egypt is transferring a mix of fresh Nile
water and wastewater to Sinai, to irrigate thousands of newly reclaimed areas.
study, dissipation and residual levels of thiamethoxam in tomato under open field conditions were investigated. Thiamethoxam residues tend to dissipate following firstorder rate kinetics with a half-life of 2.34 days. At harvest time, the remaining residues of thiamethoxam were below the European Union (EU) maximum residue level of 0.2 mg kg when measured 14 days after the final application. Exposure of thiamethoxam was determined and compared to acceptable daily intake (ADI). The assessment of consumer exposure was based upon the estimated daily intake (EDI) which was compared to ADI and expressed as percentage. Based upon tomato consumption, the EDI of thiamethoxam ranged from 8.82
£ 10 ¡6 to 3.38£ 10¡ 4 mg kg b.w. day, which corresponds to 0.08% and 3.3% of ADI, respectively. Since the dietary exposure never exceeded 4% ADI, the tomato fruit may be considered safe for human consumption after application of the recommended dose of thiamethoxam.
Profenofos is used widely in Egypt for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and vegetables. Profenofos toxicological evaluation was done by assessing biochemical and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of albino rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) is used as an alternative to the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for a more quantitative way of deriving acute and chronic reference doses. The BMD and the lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) were calculated to estimate the critical dose for the most sensitive biochemical marker. Toxicity assessment revealed that cholinesterase is the most sensitive biomarker for male rats while uric acid is the most sensitive biomarker for female rats. Profenofos dietary intake based on tomato, sweet pepper, and strawberries were five times higher than EPA chronic RfD. The acute and chronic reference doses were 0.002 mg/kg b.w and 0.0002 mg/kg b.w for females and 0.00031 mg/kg b.w and 0.000031 mg/kg b.w for males. Profenofos risk characterization was determined by comparing the dietary intake of profenofos via consuming fresh vegetables with the calculated acute and chronic reference doses
Profenofos is used widely in Egypt for controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and vegetables. Profenofos toxicological evaluation was done by assessing biochemical and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of albino rats. The benchmark dose (BMD) is used as an alternative to the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for a more quantitative way of deriving acute and chronic reference doses. The BMD and the lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) were calculated to estimate the critical dose for the most sensitive biochemical marker. Toxicity assessment revealed that cholinesterase is the most sensitive biomarker for male rats while uric acid is the most sensitive biomarker for female rats. Profenofos dietary intake based on tomato, sweet pepper, and strawberries were five times higher than EPA chronic RfD. The acute and chronic reference doses were 0.002 mg/kg b.w and 0.0002 mg/kg b.w for females and 0.00031 mg/kg b.w and 0.000031 mg/kg b.w for males. Profenofos risk characterization was determined by comparing the dietary intake of profenofos via consuming fresh vegetables with the calculated acute and chronic reference doses
lene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood serum samples collected from a cohort
12 of fasting females attending the health insurance outpatient clinic at Port Said between July 1999
13 and July 2000. Females involved in the study included 43 females diagnosed with invasive adeno14
carcinoma of the breast, 21 female suffering benign breast disease, and 11 normal healthy females.
15 Serum was separated and its contents of DDE and PCBs were extracted and determined, using gas
16 chromatography, equipped with electron capture detector. Mean residues of DDE detected in the
17 three examined groups of females were 41±5.2, 48±6.2 and 31±2.5 ng/g for breast cancer cases,
18 benign breast disease cases and controls, respectively, indicating some significantly less residues
19 in blood serum of control females. While PCBs residues detected were 54 ± 17, 59 ± 23 and
20 61 ± 21 ng/g, for the three groups, respectively. Residues of DDE detected in all females alike in
21 the present study are about 15 times higher than residues detected in Canada and The Netherlands.
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined using GC/HRMS in food (butter, seafood and meat) and feed samples (chicken,
cattle and fish) purchased from Ismailia city, Egypt. PCDD/F concentrations in food samples ranged between 0.12 and 3.35 pg WHO
TEQ/g wet w, while those in feed samples were between 0.08 and 0.2 pg WHO TEQ/g dry w. Levels of PCB TEQ ranged from 0.14 to
3.2 pg/g wet w in the food samples. The feed samples have an average of 0.35 pg PCB TEQ /g dry w. In this study, butter samples showed
the highest contamination levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The PCBs contribution to the total TEQ was on average 63% in seafood and on
average 49% for meat and butter. The highest contamination levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were found in butter samples. The butter
TEQ content is several times higher than that reported in all EU countries and exceeded the EU limits, while the PCDD/F levels in seafood
and the feed samples is far below the current EU limit. Generally, congener profiles in the food samples reflect the non-industrialized
nature of the city and suggest solid waste burning as a significant source of emission. Nevertheless, the profiles for butter suggest
an impact from various sources. In the case of the sum of 16 PAH contamination levels in food samples were in the range of
11.7–154.3 ng/g wet w and feed samples had a range of 116–393 ng/g dry w. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been detected in the range of
0.05–3.29 ng/g wet w in the food samples; butter showed the highest contamination which exceeded the EU standard set for fats and
oil. Fingerprints of PAHs suggested both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources of contamination.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
issues. A number of reasons are behind this situation, which include, but are not
restricted to, the relatively uneven distribution of precipitation, high temperatures,
increased demands for irrigation water, and impacts of tourism. Climate change is
expected to aggravate the situation even more. The use of wastewater is one of the
most sustainable alternatives to cope with water shortage. It would have a number
of advantages that include closing the gap between supply and demand, stopping
the pollution of fresh water resources, providing sound solution to water scarcity
and climate change, and helping to achieve Millennium Development Goals. With
Egypt, trying to cope with water shortage issues, The Ministry of Water Resources,
MWRI has developed a National Water Resources Plan, with wastewater reuse as a
central mechanism. At present, there are more than 200 wastewater treatment plants
in the country. Urban coverage of improved sanitation gradually increased from
45% in 1993 to 56% in 2004. In contrast, rural sanitation coverage remains
incredibly low at 4%. The low coverage, in combination with a sub-optimal
treatment, results in some problems of water pollution and degradation of health
conditions because the majority of villages and rural areas discharge their raw
domestic wastewater directly into the waterways. Drainage water reuse is practiced
on a very large scale. The official reuse of agricultural drainage water in irrigation
amounted to 4.84 km3/year in 2001. The present aim of the Government of Egypt is
to reuse up to 8 km3/year in new reclamation areas in the near future. Meanwhile, El
Salam canal, one of the mega projects in Egypt is transferring a mix of fresh Nile
water and wastewater to Sinai, to irrigate thousands of newly reclaimed areas.