A growing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of instant response systems (IRSs) in
fostering learning, but related studies in foreign language education are scarce. This study
aims to fill this gap by examining the efficacy of IRS question-and-answer learning activities
in the context of large English as a foreign language (EFL) classes for beginner students
with elementary-level English proficiency. A series of question-and-answer activities based
on IRS using the peer instruction (PI) is created for helping students promote their learning …