The physics of complex systems stands to greatly benefit from the qualitative changes in data availability and advances in data-driven computational methods. Many of these systems can be represented by interacting degrees of freedom on inhomogeneous graphs. However, the irregularity of the graph structure and the vastness of configurational spaces present a fundamental challenge to theoretical tools, such as the renormalization group, which were so successful in characterizing the universal physical behaviour in critical phenomena. Here we show that compression theory allows to extract relevant degrees of freedom in arbitrary geometries, and develop efficient numerical tools to build an effective theory from data. We demonstrate our method by applying it to a strongly interacting system on an Ammann-Beenker quasicrystal, where it discovers an exotic critical point with broken conformal symmetry.