Maximal subgroups of the modular and other groups

GA Jones - Journal of Group Theory, 2019 - degruyter.com
Journal of Group Theory, 2019degruyter.com
In 1933 BH Neumann constructed uncountably many subgroups of SL 2⁢(ℤ) which act
regularly on the primitive elements of ℤ 2. As pointed out by Magnus, their images in the
modular group PSL 2⁢(ℤ)≅ C 3* C 2 are maximal nonparabolic subgroups, that is, maximal
with respect to containing no parabolic elements. We strengthen and extend this result by
giving a simple construction using planar maps to show that for all integers p≥ 3, q≥ 2 the
triangle group Γ= Δ⁢(p, q,∞)≅ C p* C q has uncountably many conjugacy classes of …
Abstract
In 1933 B. H. Neumann constructed uncountably many subgroups of which act regularly on the primitive elements of . As pointed out by Magnus, their images in the modular group are maximal nonparabolic subgroups, that is, maximal with respect to containing no parabolic elements. We strengthen and extend this result by giving a simple construction using planar maps to show that for all integers , the triangle group has uncountably many conjugacy classes of nonparabolic maximal subgroups. We also extend results of Tretkoff and of Brenner and Lyndon for the modular group by constructing uncountably many conjugacy classes of such subgroups of Γ which do not arise from Neumann’s original method. These maximal subgroups are all generated by elliptic elements, of finite order, but a similar construction yields uncountably many conjugacy classes of torsion-free maximal subgroups of the Hecke groups for odd . Finally, an adaptation of work of Conder yields uncountably many conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of for all .
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