WO2017070289A1

WO2017070289A1 - Pipe-clamping block

Info

Publication number: WO2017070289A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/057818
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ralph Peek
Original assignee: Shell Oil Company; Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V.
Priority date: 2015-10-22
Filing date: 2016-10-20
Publication date: 2017-04-27
Also published as: BR112018008255A2; US20180306347A1; CN108138990B; MY194644A; US10527199B2; CN108138990A; AU2016341924A1; EP3365584A1; BR112018008255B1

Abstract

A pipe-clamping block (100) comprising a top surface (110), a first outside surface (120), a second outside surface (130), a bottom surface (140), a first inside surface (150), a second inside surface (160), and a recessed surface (170).

Description

PIPE-CLAMPING BLOCK

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/244,928, filed October 22, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure relates to a mattress for subsea pipelines. More specifically, in certain embodiments the present disclosure relates to a pipe-clamping mattress for subsea pipelines and associated methods and system.

[0003] In the production of oil and gas from subsea hydrocarbon formations, pipelines are often used to transport the oil and gas along the seafloor. These pipelines can extend over large distances. During production, these pipelines may have a tendency to move or "walk" due to thermal expansion and contraction of the pipelines. This movement of the pipeline can cause many problems, especially at connection points where the pipeline connects to subsea equipment, including pipeline end termination facilities, pumps, and manifolds.

[0004] Several methods and devices have been proposed to mitigate the effects of pipeline walking. These methods include the use of rock-dumps and the use of pipeline mattresses to secure the pipeline in place. However, these solutions may not always be optimal. Rock-dumps and conventional mattresses have a tendency of driving a subsea pipeline into soft seafloors when they are installed. As the pipeline works its way into the seafloor, the ability of the rock-dump or conventional mattress to restrict the movement of the pipeline is reduced. Additionally, conventional mattresses also have a tendency of arching over pipelines, reducing their ability to hold down a pipeline.

[0005] It is desirable to develop a subsea pipeline mattress capable of restraining a subsea pipeline against axial movements without driving the subsea pipeline into the seafloor.

SUMMARY

[0006] The present disclosure relates to a mattress for subsea pipelines. More specifically, in certain embodiments the present disclosure relates to a pipe-clamping mattress for subsea pipelines and associated methods and system.

[0007] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pipe-clamping block comprising a top surface, a first outside surface, a second outside surface, a bottom surface, a first inside surface, a second inside surface, and a recessed surface.

[0008] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pipe-clamping mattress comprising: a first pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface and a second pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface, wherein the first pipe-clamping block is connected to the second pipe-clamping block.

[0009] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a pipe-clamping mattress system comprising: a subsea pipeline disposed on a seafloor and a pipe-clamping mattress comprising, a first pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface and a second pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface, wherein the first pipe-clamping block is connected to the second pipe-clamping block and wherein the subsea pipeline is disposed within a cavity defined by the recessed clamping surface of the first pipe-clamping block and the recessed clamping surface of the second pipe-clamping block.

[0010] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method comprising: providing a subsea pipeline on a sea floor and installing a pipe-clamping mattress above the subsea pipeline, wherein the pipe-clamping mattress comprising: a first pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface and a second pipe-clamping block comprising a recessed clamping surface, wherein the first pipe-clamping block is connected to the second pipe-clamping block.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] A more complete and thorough understanding of the present embodiments and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0012] Figure 1 is an illustration of a pipe-clamping block for a pipe-clamping mattress in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2 is an illustration of pipe-clamping mattress in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. [0014] Figure 3 is an illustration of a pipe-clamping mattress system in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 4 is a force diagram illustrating the clamping forces of a pipe- clamping block in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0016] The features and advantages of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. While numerous changes may be made by those skilled in the art, such changes are within the spirit of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The description that follows includes exemplary apparatuses, methods, techniques, and/or instruction sequences that embody techniques of the inventive subject matter. However, it is understood that the described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.

[0018] The present disclosure relates to a mattress for subsea pipelines. More specifically, in certain embodiments the present disclosure relates to a pipe-clamping mattress for subsea pipelines and associated methods and system.

[0019] One potential advantage of the pipe-clamping mattresses described herein is that they are less likely to drive a subsea pipeline into the seafloor than conventional mattresses. Another potential advantage of the pipe-clamping mattresses described herein is that they are capable of clamping on to a subsea pipeline rather than just resting on top of the subsea pipeline. Another potential advantage of the pipe-clamping mattresses described herein is that they do not require an anchor flange relying instead on friction with the pipe over a considerable length of pipe. Another potential advantage of the pipe-clamping mattresses described herein is that they are able to clamp on to a subsea pipeline while contacting the seafloor without driving the subsea pipeline into the sea floor.

[0020] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a block for a pipe- clamping mattress. Referring now to Figure 1, Figure 1 illustrates pipe-clamping block 100. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise a concrete block. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise any combination of any features of any element described in U.S. Patent No. 5,944,449, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0021] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise a cross- sectional shape. In certain embodiments, the cross-sectional shape of pipe-clamping block 100 may be any geometric shape comprising recessed clamping surface 170. In certain embodiments, recessed clamping surface 170 may define a cavity. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may have a length in the range of from 1 to 5 meters along an axial direction of the cross-sectional shape. In certain embodiments, pipe- clamping block 100 may have a length in the range of from 2 to 3 meters along an axial direction of the cross-sectional shape. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may have a thickness in the range of from 0.2 meters to 2 meters. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may have a thickness in the range of from 0.3 meters to 1.2 meters.

[0022] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise top surface 110, first outside surface 120, second outside surface 130, bottom surface 140, first inside surface 150, second inside surface 160, and/or recessed clamping surface 170.

[0023] In certain embodiments, top surface 110 may have a length in the range of from 1 meter to 5 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 may have a length of 2 meters. In certain embodiments, bottom surface 140 may have a length in the range of from 0.5 meters to 4 meters. In certain embodiments, bottom surface 140 may have a length in the range of from 1 meter to 2 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 may have a greater length than bottom surface 140 to allow for a greater clamping force to be generated by the pipe-clamping block when placed onto a subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 may have a length that is at least 50% greater than the length of bottom surface 140. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 may have a length that is at least 100% greater than the length of bottom surface 140. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 and bottom surface 140 are parallel surfaces. In other embodiments, top surface 110 and bottom surface 140 are not parallel surfaces.

[0024] In certain embodiments, first outside surface 120 may have a length in the range of from 0.01 meters to 0.1 meters. In certain embodiments, first outside surface 120 may have a length in the range of from 0.02 meters to 0.04 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 and first outside surface 120 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be 90 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees. In certain embodiments, first outside surface 120 may interest with top surface 110 at a loading edge 115.

[0025] In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have a length in the range of from 0.5 meters to 4.5 meters. In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have a length that is equal to the length of first outside surface 120. In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have length in the range of from 0.02 meters to 0.04 meters. In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have a length that is at least equal to 75% of the difference of lengths between the length top surface 110 and bottom surface 140. In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have length in the range of from 1 meter to 4.5 meters. In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 may have a length in the range of from 1.5 meters to 3 meters.

[0026] In certain embodiments, first outside surface 120 and second outside surface 130 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 45 degrees to 135 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 70 degrees to 110 degrees. In certain embodiments, first outside surface 120 may interest with second outside surface 130 at a flex point 125.

[0027] In certain embodiments, second outside surface 130 and bottom surface 140 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be the same as the angle defined by top surface 110 and first outside surface 120. In certain embodiments, the angle may be 90 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees. In certain embodiments, the angle may be in the range of from 135 degrees to 165 degrees.

[0028] In certain embodiments, first inside surface 150 may have a length in the range of from 0.01 meters to 0.2 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 110 and first inside surface 150 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be the same angle that top surface 110 and first outside surface 120 define. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees.

[0029] In certain embodiments, second inside surface 160 may have a length in the range of from 0.01 meters to 0.1 meters. In certain embodiments, second inside surface 160 may have a length that is less than the length of first inside surface 150. In certain embodiments, second inside surface 160 may have length in the range of from 0.01 meters to 0.2 meters.

[0030] In certain embodiments, first inside surface 150 and second inside surface 160 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 155 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 120 degrees to 125 degrees. In certain embodiments, first inside surface 150 may intersect with second outside surface 160 at a flex point 155.

[0031] In certain embodiments, recessed surface 170 may be a curved surface. In certain embodiments, recessed surface 170 may have a cross-sectional geometry of a semicircle. In certain embodiments, recessed surface 170 may have a cross-sectional geometry of a circular arc. In certain embodiments, the circular arc may have a central angle in the range of from 60 degrees to 120 degrees. In certain embodiments, the circular arc may have a central angle in the range of from 80 degrees to 120 degrees. In certain embodiments, the circular arc may have a radius in the range of from 0.1 meters to 1.3 meters. In certain embodiments, the circular arc may define a circular sector cavity. In other embodiments, recessed surface 170 may be a partially curved surface.

[0032] In other embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 1, recessed surface 170 may comprise a plurality of semi- surfaces. In certain embodiments, recessed surface 170 may comprise 5 to 30 semi-surfaces. In certain embodiments, each semi-surface may comprise a center point. In certain embodiments, each center point may be arranged in a semi-circle geometry. In certain embodiments, each center point may be arranged in a semi-circle geometry wherein the semi-circle has a radius in the range of from 0.1 meters to 1.3 meters.

[0033] In certain embodiments, the length of recessed surface 170 may depend on the radius of the semi-circle and the degree of the semi-circle. In certain embodiments, the length of each semi-surface may depend on the number of semi-surfaces and the length of recessed surface 170.

[0034] In certain embodiments, recessed surface 170 may be padded. In certain embodiments, the padding may be an interference padding may comprise a rubber or a similar material with groves included to allow the rubber to expand in the direction tangent to the surface 170 as it is compressed in the direction normal to the surface 170. In certain embodiments, the padding may have a thickness in the range of from 10 mm to 50 mm.

[0035] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may have a geometry that allows pipe-clamping block 100 to clamp onto a subsea pipeline resting on a sea floor after two pipe-clamping blocks 100 are lowered on top of the subsea pipeline and downward force is applied to pipe-clamping blocks 100. In certain embodiments, the subsea pipeline may be partially disposed within the circular sector cavities of the pipe-clamping blocks 100. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be due to the weight of pipe- clamping blocks 100. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surfaces 110 and/or loading edges 115. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surface 110s and/or loading edges 115 by placing an object, such as an upper mattress, on top of pipe-clamping blocks 100.

[0036] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may further comprise cable 180 passing through the body of pipe-clamping block 100. In certain embodiments, cable 180 may comprise any conventional wire cables passing through the body of conventional concrete blocks used to stabilize subsea pipelines. In certain embodiments, cable 180 may exit pipe-clamping block 100 at and/or near flex point 125 and/or flex point 155. In certain embodiments, cable 180 may comprise embedded cables or polypropylene ropes. In other embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 1, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise one or more hinges at and/or near flex point 125 and/or flex point 155.

[0037] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping block 100 may comprise one or more lift points 190. In certain embodiments, the lift points 190 may permit pipe-clamping block 100 to be lifted from or lowered to a sea floor.

[0038] In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 1, pipe-clamping block 100 may further comprise one or more holes. In certain embodiments, the one or more holes in pipe-clamping block 100 may reduce the weight of pipe-clamping block 100.

[0039] Referring now to Figure 2, Figure 2 illustrates a pipe-clamping mattress 1000 in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 1000 may comprise first pipe-clamping block 1100 and a second pipe-clamping block 1200. In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 may comprise any combination of features discussed above with respect to pipe-clamping block 100. In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 may comprise recessed surface 1170 and a flex point 1155. In certain embodiments, second pipe-clamping block 1200 may comprise recessed surface 1270 and a flex point 1255. In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 2, first pipe-clamping block 1100 may comprise a plurality of holes. In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 2, second pipe-clamping block 1200 may comprise a plurality of holes. In certain embodiments, the plurality of holes may be arranged in a number of columns and/or rows throughout first pipe-clamping block 1100 and/or second pipe- clamping block 1200. In certain embodiments, the plurality of holes in first pipe-clamping block 1100 and/or the plurality of holes in second pipe-clamping block 1200 may reduce the weight of pipe-clamping mattress 1000.

[0040] In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe- clamping block 1200 may be connected to each other by a cable 1300. In certain embodiments, a portion of cable 1300 may be disposed within first pipe-clamping block 1100 and/or second pipe-clamping block 1200. In certain embodiments, cable 1300 may pass into first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe-clamping block 1100 at and/or near flex points 1155 and 1255. In other embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 2, first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe-clamping block 1200 may be connected to each other by hinges located at and/or near flex points 1155 and 1255.

[0041] In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe- clamping block 1200 may be oriented such that recessed surface 1170 of first pipe- clamping block 1100 is adjacent to recessed surface 1270 of second pipe-clamping block 1200. In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe-clamping block 1200 may be oriented such that flex points 1155 and 1255 are a distance in the range of from 0.03 meters to 0.15 meters apart.

[0042] In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 1100 and second pipe- clamping block 1200 may be connected to each other in a manner that allows each block to clamp onto a subsea pipeline when pipe-clamping mattress 1000 is placed on top of a subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 1000 may have a geometry that allows for pipe-clamping blocks 1100 and/or 1200 to clamp onto a subsea pipeline resting on a sea floor pipe when clamping mattress 1000 is lowered on top of the subsea pipeline and downward force is applied to pipe-clamping mattress 1000. In certain embodiments, the subsea pipeline may be partially disposed within the circular sector cavities of pipe-clamping blocks 1100 and 1200. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be due to the weight of pipe-clamping mattress 1000. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surfaces 1110 and 1210 and/or loading edges 1115 and 1215. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surfaces 1110 and 1210 and/or loading edges 1115 and 1215 by placing an object on top of pipe-clamping mattress 1000.

[0043] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 1000 may have a geometry that allows for a subsea pipeline to be partially lifted from the sea floor when pipe- clamping mattress 1000 clamps onto the subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, pipe- clamping mattress 1000 may have a geometry that permits the bottom surfaces of pipe- clamping mattress to rest on a sea floor when pipe-clamping mattress 1000 clamps onto a subsea pipeline.

[0044] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 1000 may further comprise one or more outer blocks 1400. In certain embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, pipe- clamping mattress 1000 may comprise a first outer block 1400 connected to first pipe- clamping block 1100 and a second outer block 1400 connected to a second pipe-clamping block 1200. In other embodiments, not shown in Figure 2, pipe-clamping mattress 1000 may comprise a series of outer blocks 1400 connected to first pipe-clamping block 1100 and/or a series of outer blocks 1400 connected to second pipe-clamping block 1200.

[0045] In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may comprise a concrete blocks comprising any combination of any features of any element described in U.S. Patent No. 5,944,449. In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may comprise a cross-sectional shape.

[0046] In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may have a length of from 0.5 to

3 meters along an axial direction of the cross-sectional shape. In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may have a length in the range of from 2 to 3 meters along an axial direction of the cross-sectional shape. In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may have a thickness in the range of from 0.5 meters to 0.7 meters. In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may have a thickness in the range of from 0.04 meters to 0.1 meters.

[0047] In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may comprise a top surface 1410, a bottom surface 1440, first outside surface 1420, second outside surface 1430, first inside surface 1450, and second inside surface 1460.

[0048] In certain embodiments, top surface 1410 and/or bottom surface 1440 may have a length in the range of from 1 meter to 5 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 1410 and/or bottom surface 1440 may have a length of 2 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 1410 and bottom surface 1440 are parallel surfaces. In other embodiments, top surface 1410 and bottom surface 1440 are not parallel surfaces.

[0049] In certain embodiments, first outside surface 1420, second outside surface 1430, first inside surface 1450, and/or second inside surface 1460 may have a length in the range of from 0.1 meters to 0.3 meters. In certain embodiments, first outside surface 1420, second outside surface 1430, first inside surface 1450, and/or second inside surface 1460 may have a length in the range of from 0.02 meters to 0.04 meters. In certain embodiments, top surface 1410 and first outside surface 1420 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be 90 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees.

[0050] In certain embodiments, first outside surface 1420 and second outside surface 1430 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 45 degrees to 135 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 70 degrees to 110 degrees. In certain embodiments, first outside surface 1420 may interest with second outside surface 1430 at a flex point 1425.

[0051] In certain embodiments, second outside surface 1430 and bottom surface 1440 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be the same as the angle defined by top surface 1410 and first outside surface 1420. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees.

[0052] In certain embodiments, top surface 1410 and first inside surface 1450 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be the same angle that top surface 1410 and first outside surface 1420 define. In other embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 135 degrees.

[0053] In certain embodiments, first inside surface 1450 and second inside surface 1460 may define an angle. In certain embodiments, the angle may be the same angle that top surface 1410 and first inside surface 1450 define. In certain embodiments, the angle may be an angle in the range of from 90 degrees to 155 degrees. In certain embodiments, first inside surface 1450 may interest with second outside surface 1460 at a flex point 1455.

[0054] In certain embodiments, outer block 1400 may be connected to pipe- clamping block 1100 and/or pipe-clamping block 1200 by cable 1300. In certain embodiments, cables 1300 may pass through the body of pipe-clamping block 1400. In certain embodiments, cable 1300 may exit the wire cables may exit outer block 1400 at and/or near flex point 1425 and/or flex point 1455. In other embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 2, outer block 1400 may comprise one or more hinges at and/or near flex point 1425 and/or flex point 1455 connecting one or more outer blocks 1400 to pipe-clamping block 1100 and/or pipe-clamping block 1200.

[0055] Referring now to Figure 3, Figure 3 illustrates a pipe-clamping mattress system 2000. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress system 2000 may comprise pipe-clamping mattress 2100, subsea pipeline 3000, and sea floor 4000. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 2100 may comprise any combination of features discussed above with respect to pipe-clamping mattress 1000.

[0056] In certain embodiments, as shown in Figure 3, pipe-clamping mattress 2100 may comprise first pipe-clamping block 2200 connected to a second pipe-clamping block 2300 by one or more cables 2400. In certain embodiments, first pipe-clamping block 2200 may comprise any combination of features discussed above with respect to pipe-clamping block 100 and/or first pipe-clamping block 1100. In certain embodiments, first pipe- clamping block 2200 may comprise a recessed surface 2270 defining a circular sector cavity and a loading edge 2215. In certain embodiments, second pipe-clamping block 2300 may comprise any combination of features discussed above with respect to pipe- clamping block 100 and/or second pipe-clamping block 1200. In certain embodiments, second pipe-clamping block 2300 may comprise a recessed surface 2370 defining a circular sector cavity and a loading edge 2315. In certain embodiments, one or more cables 2400 may comprise any combination of features discussed above with respect to cable 180 and/or 1300. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 2100 may be articulated only in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the subsea pipeline 3000.

[0057] In certain embodiments, subsea pipeline 3000 may be resting on sea floor 4000. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 2100 may be clamped onto subsea pipeline 3000. In certain embodiments, subsea pipeline 3000 may be partially disposed within the circular sector cavities defined by recessed surface 2170 and recessed surface 2270. In certain embodiments, recessed surface 2170 and/or recessed surface 2270 may apply a clamping force to subsea pipeline 3000. In certain embodiments, the clamping force applied by recessed surface 2170 and/or recessed surface 2270 may be generated from a downward force acting upon pipe-clamping mattress 2100. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be due to the weight of pipe-clamping mattress 2100. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surfaces 2210 and 2310 and/or loading edges 2215 and 2315. In certain embodiments, the downward force may be applied to top surfaces 2210 and 2310 and/or loading edges 2215 and 2315 by placing an upper mattress on top of pipe-clamping mattress 1000. In certain embodiments, the clamping force may be capable of partially lifting subsea pipeline 3000 off of sea floor 4000. In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress 2100 may clamp onto subsea pipeline 3000 while contacting sea floor 4000 without driving subsea pipeline 3000 into sea floor 4000.

[0058] In certain embodiments, pipe-clamping mattress system 2000 may further comprise upper mattress 5000. In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may comprise a series logs 5100 connected by one or more cables.

[0059] In certain embodiment, each of the logs 5100 may be comprise a hexagonal cross section. In certain embodiments, each of the logs 5100 may have a width in the range of from 0.25 meters to 1 meter. In certain embodiments, each of the logs may have a length of from 2 meters to 20 meters. In certain embodiments, each of the logs may have a length that is greater than the distance between loading edges 2315 and 2215. In certain embodiments, each of the logs may have a length that is less than twice the distance between loading edges 2215 and 2315. In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may comprise 3 to 12 logs 5100.

[0060] In certain embodiments, the one or more cables connected the series of logs 5100 may comprise any conventional wire cable or synthetic rope used in conventional subsea mattresses. In certain embodiments, the one or more cables may pass through the body of each of the logs 5100.

[0061] In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may span the entire length of pipe-clamping mattress 2100. In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may contact pipe-clamping mattress 2100 at loading edges 2215 and 2315. In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may be articulated. In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may be articulated only in a direction normal to the axis of subsea pipeline 3000. In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 3, upper mattress 5000 may contact pipe-clamping mattress 2100 on inner edges of the outer blocks.

[0062] In certain embodiments, upper mattress 5000 may generated a downward force on pipe-clamping mattress 2100. In certain embodiments, the downward force may generate a pipe-clamping force on subsea pipeline 3000.

[0063] In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 3, pipe-clamping mattress system 2000 may comprise a pipe-clamping mattress bank comprising a plurality of pipe- clamping mattresses 2100 each clamped onto subsea pipeline 3000. In certain embodiments, an upper mattress 5000 may rest on top of each pipe-clamping mattress 2100 in the pipe-clamping mattress bank. In certain embodiments, not illustrated in Figure 3, pipe-clamping mattress system 2000 may comprise a plurality of pipe-clamping mattress banks, each spaced a distance of 400 meters or more apart.

[0064] Referring now to Figure 4, Figure 4 illustrates a free body diagram showing the forces generated by the clamping action of the pipe-clamping block. In certain embodiments, the pipe-clamping block may comprise any pipe-clamping block discussed above with respect to pipe-clamping blocks 100, 1100, and/or 1200. In Figure 4, the pipe- clamping force applied by the pipe-clamping block can be calculated according to equation (1): Q = [W,c, + ½ W_s (a_sl - μ_{η yED}) - R, a,]/b (1)

where, Wi is weight of the pipe-clamping block; ci is the distance from the center line of the pipe to the center of gravity of the pipe-clamping block; W_s is the weight of the upper mattress; a_si is the distance from the loading edge of the pipe-clamping block to the vertical plane through the center line of the pipe; ypo is the distance from the loading edge of the pipe-clamping block to the horizontal plane through the center line of the pipe; μ₀ is dimensionless force coefficient; Ri = Wi + ½ W_s + ½ W_Pi_pe; W_Pi_pe is the submerged weight of the pipe; and b is the distance from the flex point of the pipe-clamping block to the vertical plane through the center line of the pipe.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method comprising: providing a subsea pipeline on a seafloor and placing a pipe-clamping mattress on top of the subsea pipeline.

[0066] In certain embodiments, the subsea pipeline may comprise any type of subsea pipeline discussed above with respect to subsea pipeline 3000. In certain embodiments, the seafloor may comprise any type of seafloor discussed above with respect to seafloor 4000. In certain embodiments, the pipe-clamping mattress may comprise any pipe-clamping mattress discussed above with respect to pipe-clamping mattress 1000 and/or 2100.

[0067] In certain embodiments, placing the pipe-clamping mattress on top of the subsea pipeline may comprise lowering the pipe-clamping mattress onto the subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, the pipe-clamping mattress may be lowered onto the subsea pipeline by attaching the pipe-clamping mattress to an installation frame, positioning the pipe-clamping mattress so that the subsea pipeline is between the first pipe- clamping block of the pipe-clamping mattress and the second pipe-clamping block of the pipe-clamping mattress, and lowering the pipe-clamping mattress and the installation frame until the recessed surface of the clamping mattress contact the subsea pipeline.

[0068] In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise disconnecting the pipe-clamping mattress from the installation frame. In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise allowing the pipe-clamping mattress to clamp the subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, the pipe-clamping mattress may clamp onto the subsea pipeline while resting on the sea floor without driving the subsea pipeline into the seafloor. In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise partially lifting the subsea pipeline while allowing the pipe-clamping mattress the clamp the subsea pipeline. In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise laying an upper mattress on top of the pipe-clamping mattress. In certain embodiments, the method may further comprise placing a second pipe-clamping mattress on the subsea pipeline.

[0069] While the embodiments are described with reference to various implementations and exploitations, it will be understood that these embodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the inventive subject matter is not limited to them. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvements are possible.

[0070] Plural instances may be provided for components, operations and/or structures described herein as a single instance. In general, structures and functionality presented as separate components in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements may fall within the scope of the inventive subject matter.

Claims

1. A pipe-clamping block comprising a top surface, a first outside surface, a second outside surface, a bottom surface, a first inside surface, a second inside surface, and a recessed surface.

2. The pipe-clamping block of claim 1, wherein the recessed surface defines a cavity.

3. The pipe-clamping block of claim 2, wherein the cavity is a circular sector cavity.

4. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the pipe- clamping block has a length in the range of from 1 to 5 meters.

5. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the pipe- clamping block has a thickness in the range of from 0.2 meters to 2 meters.

6. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the recessed surface is padded.

7. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the top surface has a length that is at least 50% greater than the length of the bottom surface.

8. The pipe-clamping block of claim 1-7, wherein the second outside surface has a length that is at least equal to 75% of the difference of lengths between the top surface and the bottom surface.

9. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the top surface and the bottom surface are parallel surfaces.

10. The pipe-clamping block of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the bottom surface and the second outside surface define an angle, wherein the angle is an angle in the range of from 135 degrees to 165 degrees.