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WO2009085935A2 - Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same - Google Patents

Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009085935A2
WO2009085935A2 PCT/US2008/087402 US2008087402W WO2009085935A2 WO 2009085935 A2 WO2009085935 A2 WO 2009085935A2 US 2008087402 W US2008087402 W US 2008087402W WO 2009085935 A2 WO2009085935 A2 WO 2009085935A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
polypeptide
seq
enhancing activity
preferred aspect
sequence
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2008/087402
Other languages
French (fr)
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WO2009085935A3 (en
Inventor
Paul Harris
Suchindra Maiyuran
Kimberly Brown
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Novozymes A/S
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to JP2010539794A priority Critical patent/JP2011507525A/en
Application filed by Novozymes A/S filed Critical Novozymes A/S
Priority to CN2008801271234A priority patent/CN101952420A/en
Priority to NZ586014A priority patent/NZ586014A/en
Priority to AU2008343105A priority patent/AU2008343105A1/en
Priority to US12/745,985 priority patent/US8323944B2/en
Priority to EA201070764A priority patent/EA201070764A1/en
Priority to CA2709490A priority patent/CA2709490A1/en
Priority to BRPI0821230A priority patent/BRPI0821230A2/en
Priority to EP08868044A priority patent/EP2235173A2/en
Priority to UAA201008853A priority patent/UA102832C2/en
Publication of WO2009085935A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009085935A2/en
Publication of WO2009085935A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009085935A3/en
Priority to US13/692,835 priority patent/US20130117892A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2437—Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01004—Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01021—Beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.21)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01091—Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (3.2.1.91)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and isolated polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides
  • the invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells compnsing the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides.
  • Cellulose is a polymer of the simple sugar glucose linked by beta-1 ,4-bonds
  • Many microorganisms produce enzymes that hydrolyze beta-linked glucans These enzymes include endoglucanases.
  • cellobiohydrolases and beta-glucosidases
  • Endoglucanases digest the cellulose polymer at random locations, opening it to attack by cellobiohydrolases
  • Cellobiohydrolases sequentially release molecules of cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose polymer
  • Cellobiose is a water-soluble beta-1 ,4-l ⁇ nked dimer of glucose. Beta-glucosidases hydrolyze cellobiose to glucose
  • lignocellulosic feedstocks into ethanol has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, the desirability of avoiding burning or land filling the materials and the cleanliness of the ethanol fuel.
  • Wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal solid wastes have been considered as feedstocks for ethanol production. These materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin Once the cellulose is converted to glucose, the glucose is easily fermented by yeast into ethanol.
  • WO 2005/074647 discloses isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides thereof from Thielavia te ⁇ estris.
  • WO 2005/074656 discloses an isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Thermoasc ⁇ s aurantiacus.
  • WO 2007/089290 discloses an isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Trichoderma reesei.
  • the present invention relates to polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides.
  • the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity selected from the group consisting of:
  • polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4;
  • polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:; 1 or SEQ ID NO;: 3, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of (i) or (ii);
  • the present invention also relates Io isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4;
  • the present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, recombinant expression vectors, recombinant host cells comprising the polynucleotides, and methods of producing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention.
  • dsRNA double-stranded inhibitory RNA
  • dsRNA double-stranded inhibitory RNA
  • the present invention also relates to methods for degrading or converting a cellulosic material, comprising: treating the cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of such a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity,
  • the present invention also relates to meihods of producing a fermentation product, comprising (a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared Io the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity: (b) fermenting the saccharified cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product; and (c) recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising: fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • the present invention also relates to plants comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, comprising' (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovenng the polypeptide.
  • the present invention further relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a gene encoding a protein, wherein the gene is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence.
  • Figure 1 shows the genomic DNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (SEQ ID NOs 1 and 2 respectively)
  • Figure 2 shows a restriction map of pSMai190
  • Figure 3 shows the genomic DNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 GH61 F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4 respectively).
  • Figure 4 shows a restriction map of pSMa ⁇ 192.
  • Figure 5 shows a restriction map of pSMa ⁇ 185
  • Figure 6 shows a restriction map of pSMa ⁇ 198
  • Figure 7 shows the effect of Myceliophthora thermophila GH61A and GH61F polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn stover
  • Cellulolytic enhancing activity is defined herein as a biological activity that enhances the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by proteins having cellulolytic activity
  • cellulolytic enhancing activity is determined by measuring the increase in reducing sugars or in the increase of the total of cellobiose and glucose from the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by cellulase protein under the following conditions' 1-50 mg of total protein/g of cellulose in PCS.
  • total protein is comprised of 80-99 5% w/w cellulase protein/g of cellulose in PCS and 0 5-20% w/w protein of cellulotytic enhancing activity for 1-7 days at 50°C compared to a control hydrolysis with equal total protein loading without cellulolytic enhancing activity (1-50 mg of cellulolytic protein/g of cellulose in PCS)
  • a mixture of CEUUCLAST® 1 5L (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in the presence of 3% of total protein weight Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (recombinant ⁇ produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to WO 02/095014) or 3% of total protein weight Aspergillus fumigatus beta- glucosidase (recombinanly produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to Example 22 of WO 02/095014) of cellulase protein loading is used as the source of
  • the polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity have at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50% more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70% more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 100% of the cellulolytic enhancing activity of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity enhance the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material catalyzed by proteins having cellulolytic activity by reducing the amount of cellulolytic enzyme required to reach the same degree of hydrolysis preferably at least 0 1-fold, more at least 0 2-fold more preferably at least 0 3-fold more preferably at least 0 4-fold, more preferably at least 0 5-fold more preferably at least 1-fold more preferably at least 3-fold, more preferably at least 4-fold more preferably at least 5-fold more preferably at least 10-fold, more preferably at least 20- fold, even more preferably at least 30-fold, most preferably at least 50-fold, and even most preferably at least 100-fold Cellulolytic activity:
  • the term "cellulorytic activity” is defined herein as a biological activity which hydrolyzes a cellulosic material
  • Cellulolytic protein may hydrolyze or hydrolyzes carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), thereby decreasing the viscosity of the incuba
  • the resulting reduction in viscosity may be determined by a vibration viscosimeter (e.g. , MIVI 3000 from Sofraser. France) Determination of cellulase activity, measured in terms of Cellulase Viscosity Unit (CEVU), quantifies the amount of catalytic activity present in a sample by measuring the ability of the sample to reduce the viscosity of a solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the assay is performed at the temperature and pH suitable for the cellulolytic protein and substrate For CELLUCLASTTM (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) the assay is carried out at 40°C in 0 1 M phosphate pH 9 0 buffer for 30 minutes with CMC as substrate (33 3 g/L carboxymethyl cellulose Hercules 7 LFD) and an enzyme concentration of approximately 3 3-4 2 CEVU/ml
  • the CEVU activity is calculated relative to a declared enzyme standard, such as C
  • cellulolytic activity is determined by measuring the increase in hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by a cellulolytic mixture under the following conditions 1-10 mg of cellulolytic protein/g of cellulose in PCS for 5- 7 day at 50°C compared to a control hydrolysis without addition of cellulolytic protein
  • Endoglucanase is defined herein as an endo-1 ,4- (1 ,3,1 ,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (E C No 3 2 1 4), which catalyses endohydrolysis of 1 ,4-beta-D-glycos ⁇ d ⁇ c linkages in cellulose, cellulose denvatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose), lichenin beta- 1 ,4 bonds in mixed beta-1 ,3 gluca ⁇ s such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components
  • endoglucanase activity is determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolysis according to the procedure of G hose, 1987 , Pure and App)
  • Chem 59 257-268 Cellobiohydrolase
  • Beta-glucosidase is defined herein as a beta-D- glucoside gl ⁇ cohydrolase (E C 3 2 1 21) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-redu ⁇ ng beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose
  • beta-glucosidase activity is determined according to the basic procedure described by Ventun et al 2002 J Basic Microbiol 42 55-66, except different conditions were employed as described herein
  • One unit of beta- glucosidase activity is defined as 1 0 ⁇ mole of ⁇ -n ⁇ trophenol produced per minute at 50 'C pH 5 from 4 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate, 0 01% TvVEEN® 20
  • Family 61 glycoside hydrolase The term "Family 61 glycoside hydrolase" or
  • “Family GH61” is defined herein as a polypeptide falling into the glycoside hydrolase Family 61 according to Henrissat B , 1991.
  • the cellulosic material can be any material containing cellulose
  • the predominant polysaccharide in the primary cell wall of biomass is cellulose, the second most abundant is hemi-cellulose, and the third is pectin
  • the secondary cell wall, produced after the cell has stopped growing, also contains polysacchandes and is strengthened by polymeric lignin covalently cross-linked to hemicellulose
  • Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and thus a linear beta- (1-4)-D-glucan, while hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans xyloglucans arabinoxylans and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substrtuents
  • cellulose is found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains Hemicelluloses usually hydrogen bond to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which help stabilize the cell wall matnx
  • Cellulose is generally found, for example in the stems, leaves hulls, husks and cobs of plants or leaves, branches and wood of trees
  • the cellulosic matenal can be, but is not limited to, herbaceous material, agricultural residue, forestry residue, municipal solid waste, waste paper and pulp and paper mill residue
  • the cellulosic material can be any type of biomass including but not limited to, wood resources, municipal solid waste, wastepaper, crops, and crop residues (see, for example, Wiselogel et al 1995 in Handbook on Bioethanol (Charles E Wyman, editor), pp 105- 1 18 Taylor & Francis Washington O C Wyman, 1994 Bioresource Technology 50 3- 16, Lynd 1990, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24/25 695-719 Mosier et al., 1999, Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, T Scheper managing editor, Volume 65 pp 23-40 Springer- Verlag, New York) It is understood here
  • the cellulosic material is herbaceous matenal In another aspect the cellulosic material is agricultural residue In another aspect the cellulosic material is forestry residue In another aspect, the cellulosic material is municipal solid waste In another aspect, the cellulosic material is waste paper In another aspect the cellulosic material is pulp and paper mill residue
  • the cellulosic material is corn stover In another preferred aspect, the cellulosic material is corn fiber In another aspect the cellulosic material is corn cob in another aspect the cellulosic matenal is orange peel In another aspect, the cellulosic material is ⁇ ce straw In another aspect, the cellulosic matenal is wheat straw In another aspect the cellulosic material is switch grass In another aspect, the cellulosic matenal is miscanthus In another aspect, the cellulosic material is bagasse
  • the cellulosic material is microcrystalline cellulose In another aspect the cellulosic material is bactenal cellulose
  • the cellulosic material may be used as is or may be subjected to pretreatment, using conventional methods known in the art as descnbed herein In a preferred aspect, the cellulosic material is pretreated
  • Pre-treated com stover The term "PCS or "Pre-treated Corn Stover” is defined herein as a cellulosic material derived from corn stover by treatment with heat and dilute acid
  • Isolated polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that is isolated from a source in a preferred aspect the polypeptide is at least 1% pure preferably at least 5% pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably at least 20% pure, more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure even more preferably at least 80% pure, and most preferably at least 90% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE
  • substantially pure polypeptide denotes herein a polypeptide preparation that contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5% more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3% even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1% and even most preferably at most 0 5% by weight of other polypeptide material with which it is natively or recombinants associated It is therefore preferred that the substantially pure polypeptide is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure more preferably at least 98% pure even more preferably at least 99% pure, most preferably at least 99 5% pure, and even most preferably 100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide material present in the preparation
  • the polypeptides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, i.e., that the polypeptide preparation is
  • the mature polypeptide is amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO: 4 based on the SignalP program that predicts amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4 are a signal peptide Mature polypeptide coding sequence:
  • the term "mature polypeptide coding sequence" is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that encodes a mature polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO: 1 based on the SignalP program that predicts nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 encode a signal peptide
  • the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3 based on the SignalP program that predicts nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO: 3 encode
  • the relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter 'identity'
  • the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J MoI Biol 48 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMEiOSS The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et at , 2000, Trends in Genetics 16 276-277) preferably version 3 0 0 or later
  • the optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0 5 and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix
  • the output of Needle labeled "longest identity" is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows (Identical Residues x 100)/(Length of Alignment - Total Number of Gaps in Alignment)
  • the percent identity is calculated as follows (Identical Residues x 100)/(Leng
  • homologous sequence is defined herein as a predicted protein having an E value (or expectancy score) of less than O 001 in a tfasty search (Pearson W R 1999 in Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols S Misener and S. A. Krawetz, ed , pp 185-219) with the Mycebophthora thermophita polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or the mature polypeptide thereof
  • Polypeptide fragment The term 'polypeptide fragment' is defined herein as a polypeptide having one or more (several) amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof, wherein the fragment has cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • a fragment contains at least 185 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 195 amino acid residues and most preferably at least 205 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a homologous sequence thereof
  • a fragment contains at least 190 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 200 amino a ⁇ d residues and most preferably at least 210 amino a ⁇ d residues of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 or a homologous sequence thereof
  • Subsequence is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence having one or more (several) nucleotides deleted from the 5' and/or 3' end of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous sequence thereof, wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • a subsequence contains at least 555 nucleotides more preferably at least 585 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 615 nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homologous sequence thereof
  • a subsequence contains at least 570 nucleotides, more preferably at least 600 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 630 nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous sequence thereof
  • Allelic variant denotes herein any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences
  • An allelic va ⁇ ant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.
  • Isolated polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide that is isolated from a source
  • the polynucleotide is at least 1% pure, preferably at least 5% pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably at least 20% pure more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, and most preferably at least 90% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis
  • substantially pure polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide preparation free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and in a form suitable for use wrthm genetically engineered protein production systems
  • a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10% preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6% more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%.
  • substantially pure polynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurnng 5' and 3' untranslated regions such as promoters and terminators It is preferred that the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 90% pure, preferably at least 92% pure, more preferably at least 94% pure more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure even more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99% pure, and even most preferably at least 99 5% pure by weight
  • the polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, / e , that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively or recombinant ⁇ associated.
  • the polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, / e , that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which
  • Coding sequence means a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product.
  • the boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, and TGA.
  • the coding sequence may be a DNA. cDNA. synthetic, or recombinant nucleotide sequence.
  • cDNA The term “cDNA” is defined herein as a DNA molecule that can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced. mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic cell.
  • cDNA lacks intron sequences that may be present in the corresponding genomic DNA.
  • the initial, primary RNA transcnpt is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a senes of steps before appeanng as mature spliced mRNA These steps include the removal of intron sequences by a process called splicing cDNA derived from mRNA lacks, therefore, any intron sequences
  • nucleic acid construct refers to a nucleic acid molecule either single- or double-stranded which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature or which is synthetic
  • nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term “expression cassette” when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence of the present invention
  • Control sequences The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components necessary for the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or native or foreign to each other Such control sequences include, but are not limited to a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence promoter, signal peptide sequence and transcription terminator At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcnptional and translational
  • expression includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcnption, post-transcnptional modification translation post-translational modification and secretion
  • Expression vector is defined herein as a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention and is operably linked to additional nucleotides that provide for its expression
  • host cell includes any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention
  • Modification means herein any chemical modification of the polypeptide consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof, as well as genetic manipulation of the DNA encoding such a polypeptide
  • the modification can be a substitution a deletion and/or an insertion of one or more (several) amino acids as well as replacements of one or more (several) amino acid side chains
  • artificial variant means a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity produced by an organism expressing a modified polynucleotide sequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a homologous sequence thereof
  • the modified nucleotide sequence is obtained through human intervention by modification of the polynucleotide sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a homologous sequence thereof
  • the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence having a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ IDNO: 4 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 66% more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%.
  • homologous polypeptides have an amino acid sequence that differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
  • a polypeptide of the present invention preferably comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an allelic variant thereof or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the polypeptide comprises the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2
  • the polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO: 2
  • the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:.
  • polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:. 2 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO:' 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO:. 2 A polypeptide of the present invention preferably comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises the mature polypeptide of SEQ IDNO: 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide compnses amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO: 4, or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect the polypeptide comprises amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:' 4. In another preferred aspect the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:.
  • polypeptide consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:; 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ IDNO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:. 4.
  • the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity that are encoded by polynucleotides that hybndize under preferably very low stnngency conditions, more preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, (it) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO:.
  • a subsequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:' 3 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides.
  • the subsequence may encode a polypeptide fragment having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3. or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a fragment thereof; may be used to design nucleic acid probes to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art
  • probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein
  • Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14 preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35, and most preferably at least 70 nucleotides in length It is.
  • the nucleic acid probe is at least 100 nucleotides in length.
  • the nucleic a ⁇ d probe may be at least 200 nucleotides, preferably at least 300 nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 500 nucleotides in length
  • Even longer probes may be used, e g.. nucleic acid probes that are preferably at least 600 nucleotides, more preferably at least 700 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 800 nucleotides in length.
  • Both DNA and RNA probes can be used
  • the probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with 32 P. 3 H, "S, biotin, or avidin) Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.
  • a genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other strains may. therefore, be screened for DNA that hybridizes with the probes descnbed above and encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • Genomic or other DNA from such other strains may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques DNA from the libranes or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material
  • the carrier matenal is preferably used in a Southern blot,
  • hybridization indicates that the nucleotide sequence hybndizes to a labeled nucleic acid probe corresponding to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3: the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, its full-length complementary strand; or a subsequence thereof, under very low to very high stringency conditions Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions can be detected using, for example, X-ray film.
  • the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO:: 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a subsequence thereof In another preferred aspect the nucleic acid probe is SEQ ID NO: 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the polynucleotide sequence contained in plasmid pSMa ⁇ 190 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083 wherein the polynucleotide sequence thereof encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pSMa ⁇ 190 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083
  • the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3
  • the nucleic acid probe is nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the nucleic acid probe is a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a subsequence thereof
  • the nucleic acid probe is SEQ ID NO:' 3
  • the nucleic acid probe is the polynucleotide sequence contained in plasmid ⁇ SMa ⁇ 192 which is contained in E.
  • the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pSMa ⁇ 192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085
  • very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybndization and hybridization at 42 ⁇ C in 5X SSPE 1 0 3% SDS, 200 ⁇ g/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally
  • the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0 2% SDS preferably at 45 1 C (very low stringency), more preferably at 50°C (low st ⁇ ngency), more preferably at 55 s C (medium stringency), more preferably at 60°C (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at 65'C (high stringency), and most preferably at 70 'C (very high stringency)
  • the carrier material is washed once in 6X SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6X SSC at 5°C to 10°C below the calculated T 11
  • the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity encoded by polynucleotides comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences that have a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70% more preferably at least 75% more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, or at least 99%, which encode a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity See polynucleotide section herein
  • the present invention relates to artificial vanants comprising a substitution deletion and/or insertion of one or more (or several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof
  • amino acid changes are of a minor nature that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein, small deletions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids, small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue a small linker peptide of up to about 20-25 residues, or a small extension that facilitates purrfication by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain
  • amino acids (argmine lysine and histidine) acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagme) hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine tryptophan and tyrosine) and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine) Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example by H Neurath and R L Hill, 1979, In 1 The Proteins, Academic Press, New York The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/lle,
  • non-standard amino acids such as
  • 6-N-methyl lysine 2-am ⁇ no ⁇ sobutyr ⁇ c acid isovaline, and alpha-methyl serine) may be substituted for amino acid residues of a wild-type polypeptide
  • a limited number of non-conservative amino acids, amino acids that are not encoded by the genetic code, and unnatural amino acids may be substituted for amino acid residues "Unnatural amino acids' have been modified after protein synthesis, and/or have a chemical structure in their side cha ⁇ n(s) different from that of the standard amino acids
  • Unnatural amino acids can be chemically synthesized, and preferably, are commercially available, and include pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylprol ⁇ ne, and 3 3-d ⁇ methylprol ⁇ ne
  • amino acid changes are of such a nature that the physico- chemical properties of the polypeptides are altered
  • amino acid changes may improve the thermal stability of the polypeptide, alter the substrate specificity change the pH optimum and the like
  • Essential amino acids in the parent polypeptide can be identified according to procedures known in the art such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells. 1989. Science 244 1081-1085) In the latter technique single alanine mutations are introduced at every residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for biological activity i.e.
  • the active site of the enzyme or other biological interaction can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography electron diffraction, or photoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids See, for example, de Vos et at , 1992 Science 255 306-312 Smith ef al. 1992, J MoI Biol 224 899-904 Wlodaver al.
  • the identities of essential amino acids can also be inferred from analysis of identities with polypeptides that are related to a polypeptide according to the invention
  • Single or multiple amino acid substitutions deletions, and/or insertions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis recombination, and/or shuffling, followed by a relevant screening procedure, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer. 1988, Science 241 53-57 Bowie and Sauer, 1989 Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 86 2152-2156, WO 95/17413, or WO 95/22625
  • Other methods that can be used include error-prone PCR, phage display (e.g. .
  • Mutagenesis/shuffling methods can be combined with high-throughput automated screening methods to detect activity of cloned, mutagenized polypeptides expressed by host cells (Ness et al., 1999, Nature Biotechnology 17 893-896) Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly seq ⁇ enced using standard methods in the art. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied to polypeptides of unknown structure.
  • the total number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4, is 10. preferably 9, more preferably 8, more preferably 7, more preferably at most 6, more preferably 5, more preferably 4, even more preferably 3, most preferably 2. and even most preferably 1.
  • a polypeptide of the present invention may be obtained from microorganisms of any genus.
  • the term Obtained from shall mean that the polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence is produced by the source or by a strain in which the nucleotide sequence from the source has been inserted.
  • the polypeptide obtained from a given source is secreted extracellularly.
  • a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention may be a bacterial polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus. Enterococc ⁇ s, Lactobacillus. Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, or Oceanobacillus polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide such as an £ colt, Pseudomonas. Salmonella, Campylobacter. Helicobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, llyobacter.
  • the polypeptide is a Bacillus alkabphil ⁇ s, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Badllus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus m ⁇ gaterium, Bacillus pumilus. Bacillus st ⁇ arothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis. or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • the polypeptide is a Streptococcus equisimilis,
  • the polypeptide is a Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermitilis. Streptomyces coeticotor, Streptomyces griseus, or Streptomyces lividans polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention may also be a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an Acremoni ⁇ m, Agancus Altemana, Aspergillus Aureobasidium, Botryospaena, Cenponopsis, Chaetomidtum, Chrysosponum, Clavic ⁇ ps, Cochliobolus, Copnnopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectna, Cryptococcus, D ⁇ lodia, Exidia Ftlibasidium, Fusanum, Gibberella, Holomastigotoides Humicola, Irpex, Lentinula, Leptospaena
  • polypeptide is a Saccharomyc ⁇ s carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastatic ⁇ s, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the polypeptide is an A ⁇ emonium cellulolyticus, Aspergillus ac ⁇ leatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus foetidus Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosponum kerabnophilum, Chrysosponum lucknowense, Chrysosponum tropicum.
  • Thielavia subthermophila Thielavia terrestns Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma konmgii, Tnchoderma longibrachiatum, Tnchoderma reesei, or Trichoderma vinde polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • polypeptide is a Mycehophthora hmnulea, Myceliophthora lutea, Mycehophthora thermophila, or Myceliophthora vellerea polypeptide having cell ⁇ loiytic enhancing activity
  • the polypeptide is a Myceliophthora thermophita polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the polypeptide is a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, e g , the polypeptide compnsing the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • DSM Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH
  • CBS Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures
  • NRRL Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection Northern Regional Research Center
  • polypeptides may be identified and obtained from other sources including microorganisms isolated from nature (e g , soil, composts, water, etc ) using the above-mentioned probes Techniques for isolating microorganisms from natural habitats are well known in the art
  • the polynucleotide may then be obtained by similarly screening a genomic or cDNA library of such a microorganism
  • the polynucleotide can be isolated or cloned by utilizing techniques that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see e g , Sambrook ef al , 1989, supra)
  • Polypeptides of the present invention also include fused polypeptides or cleavable fusion polypeptides in which another polypeptide is fused at the N-tenminus or the C-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment thereof
  • a fused polypeptide is produced by fusing a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding another polypeptide to a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) of the present invention
  • Techniques for producing fusion polypeptides are known in the art, and include ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so that they are in frame and that expression of the fused polypeptide is under control of the same promoter(s) and terminator
  • a fusion polypeptide can further comprise a cleavage site Upon secretion of the fusion protein the site is cleaved releasing the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity from the fusion protein
  • cleavage sites include, but are not limited to a Kex2 site that encodes the dipeptide Lys-Arg (Martin ef al , 2003. J lnd Microbiol Biotechnol 3 568-76, Svetma et at , 2000, J Biotechnol 76 245-251 , Rasmussen- Wilson et al , 1997, Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3488-3493, Ward et al.
  • the present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides compnsing or consisting of nucleotide sequences that encode polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence contained in plasmid pSMa ⁇ 190 which is contained in E coli IMRRL B-50083
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence contained in plasmid pSMari 90 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083
  • nucleotide sequence compnses or consists of SEQ ID NO: 3
  • nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence contained in plasmtd pSMa ⁇ 192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085
  • nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:.
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence contained in plasmid pSMa ⁇ 192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085
  • the present invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences that encode polypeptides comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:' 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or the mature polypeptide thereof, which differ from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or the mature polypeptide coding sequence thereof, respectively, by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code
  • the present invention also relates to subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 that encode fragments of SEQ IDNO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 that have cellulolytic enhancing activity, respectively.
  • the present invention also relates to mutant polynucleotides comprising or consisting of at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, in which the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4. respectively
  • the techniques used to isolate or clone a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof
  • the cloning of the polynucleotides of the present invention from such genomic DNA can be effected, e g .
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • LAT ligated activated transcription
  • NASBA nucleotide sequence-based amplification
  • the polynucleotides may be cloned from a strain of Myceliophthora, or another or related organism and thus for example, may be an allelic or species variant of the polypeptide encoding region of the nucleotide sequence.
  • the present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences that have a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90% most preferably at least 95%. and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or al least 99% identity which encode a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • Modification of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides substantially similar to the polypeptide.
  • the term substantially similar" to the polypeptide refers to non-naturally occurring forms of the polypeptide
  • These polypeptides may differ in some engineered way from the polypeptide isolated from its native source e.g.
  • variants that differ in specific activity thermostability, pH optimum, or the like
  • the variant sequence may be constructed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence presented as the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:' 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, e.g., a subsequence thereof, and/or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions that do not give nse to another amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence, but which correspond to the codon usage of the host organism intended for production of the enzyme, or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions that may give rise to a different amino acid sequence
  • nucleotide substitution see e g , Ford et al , 1991 , Protein Expression and Purification 2 95-107
  • Amino acid residues essential to the activity of the polypeptide encoded by an isolated polynucleotide of the invention, and therefore preferably not subject Io substitution may be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site- directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (see, e g , Cunningham and Wells, 1989 supra) In the latter technique, mutations are introduced at every positively charged residue in the molecule and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for cellulolytic enhancing activity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule
  • Sites of substrate-enzyme interaction can also be determined by analysis of the three-dimensional structure as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance analysis crystallography or photoaffinity labeling (see, e g , de Vos et al 1992, supra, Smith et al , 1992 supra, W
  • the present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the present invention, which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stnngency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stnngency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 ( ⁇ ) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:. 3 or (in) a full-length complementary strand of ( ⁇ ) or ( ⁇ ) or allelic variants and subsequences thereof (Sambrook et al.
  • the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
  • the present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides obtained by (a) hyb ⁇ dizing a population of DNA under very low low, medium medium-high, high, or very high stringency conditions with ( ⁇ ) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, ( ⁇ ) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (in) a fulHength complementary strand of ( ⁇ ) or (n), and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide, which encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • the present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences
  • An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide Manipulation of the polynucleotide s sequence prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector
  • the techniques for modifying polynucleotide sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art
  • the control sequence may be an appropnate promoter sequence, a nucleotide sequence thai is recognized by a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention
  • the promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences that mediate the expression of the polypeptide
  • the promoter may be any nucleotide sequence that shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybnd promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell
  • suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention are the promoters obtained from the E coli lac operon.
  • Streptomyces coettcotor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilts levansucrase gene ⁇ sacB), Bacillus lich ⁇ mformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL) Bacillus stearothetmopbilus maltogenic amylase gene (amy/Vf) Bacillus amyioliq ⁇ efa ⁇ ens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ) Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xyiB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al 1978 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75 3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer
  • promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspeiyillus niger or Aspergillus awamon glucoamylase (glaA) Rhizom ⁇ cor miehei lipase Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase.
  • Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase
  • Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase
  • Trichoderma reesei beta-glucosidase Trichoderma reesei cetlobiohydrolase I 1 T ⁇ choderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichoderm ⁇ reesei endoglucanase I T ⁇ choderma reesei endoglucanase Il Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III, Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase IV Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Tricho
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase ENO-1
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase GAL1
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase ADH1 , ADH2/GAP
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase TPl
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein CUP1
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al. , 1992, Yeast 8' 423-488
  • the control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription.
  • the terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3 terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention
  • Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase. and Fusarium oxysporum trypsm-like protease
  • Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are descnbed by Romanos et al , 1992 supra
  • the control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of an mRNA that is important for translation by the host cell
  • the leader sequence is operably linked to the 5' terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention
  • Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase.
  • Suitable leaders for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for
  • ENO-1 Saccbaromyces cerevisiae enolase
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3- phosphoglycerate kinase Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).
  • the control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operabry linked to the 3' terminus of the nucleotide sequence and. when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.
  • Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin- like protease, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.
  • Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo and
  • the control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding sequence that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the DCrs secretory pathway.
  • the 5' end of the coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding sequence naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding sequence that encodes the secreted polypeptide.
  • the 5' end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding sequence that is foreign to the coding sequence.
  • the foreign signal peptide coding sequence may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding sequence.
  • the foreign signal peptide coding sequence may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding sequence in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide.
  • any signal peptide coding sequence that directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice, i.e. , secreted into a culture medium, may be used in the present invention.
  • Effective signal peptide coding sequences for bacterial host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Bacillus NCIB 11837 mattogenic amylase Bacillus stearothetmophilus alpha-amylase Bacillus lichenifonms s ⁇ btilisin Bacillus hchemforrms beta-laclamase Bacillus stearotheimophtlus neutral proteases (nprT nprS nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA Further signal peptides are described by Simonen and Palva, 1993, Microbiological Reviews 57 109-137 Effective signal peptide coding sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase Hum
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase Other useful signal peptide coding sequences are descnbed by Romanos ef al. , 1992 supra
  • the signal peptide comprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2
  • the signal peptide coding sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • the signal peptide comprises or consists of amino a ⁇ ds 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4
  • the signal peptide coding sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO: 3
  • the control sequence may also be a propeptide coding sequence that codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide
  • the resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases)
  • a propeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide
  • the propeptide coding sequence may be obtained from the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE), Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT) Saccnaromyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, Rhizomucor miehet aspartic protein
  • the propeptide sequence is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide sequence is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide sequence
  • regulatory systems that allow the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell
  • regulatory systems are those that cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound
  • Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac tac, and trp operator systems In yeast, the ADH2 system or GAL1 system may be used- In filamentous fungi, the TAKA alpha-amyiase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter may be used as regulatory sequences.
  • regulatory sequences are those that allow for gene amplification In eukaryotic systems, these regulatory sequences include the dihydrofolate reductase gene that is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes that are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence
  • the present Invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals.
  • the various nucleic acids and control sequences descnbed herein may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector that may include one or more (several) convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites.
  • a polynucleotide sequence of the present invention may be expressed by inserting the nucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression.
  • the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression
  • the recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g , a plasmid or virus) that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about expression of the nucleotide sequence
  • the choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced.
  • the vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids
  • the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector. / e , a vector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome
  • the vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication Alternatively, the vector may be one that, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has teen integrated.
  • a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon. may be used
  • the vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more (several) selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed, transfected. transduced, or the like cells
  • a selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance resistance to heavy metals prototrophy to auxotrophs and the like
  • bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers that confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin kanamycin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline resistance
  • markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3.
  • the vector may rely on the polynucleotide's sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination
  • the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell at a precise locat ⁇ on(s) in the chromosome(s)
  • the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids such as 100 to 10 000 base pairs preferably 400 to 10 000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which have a high degree of identity to the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination
  • the integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell
  • the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences
  • the vector may be integrated into the
  • the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question
  • the origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication that functions in a cell
  • the term "ongm of replication" or 'plasmid replicator' is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo
  • Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322 pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E coli and pUB110, pEi94 pTAi060 and pAM ⁇ i permitting replication in Bacillus
  • Examples of origins of replication for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micron origin of replication ARS1 , ARS4, the combination of ARS1 and CEN3, and the combination of ARS4 and CEN6
  • AMA1 and ANSI examples of origins of replication useful in a filamentous fungal cell are AMA1 and ANSI (Gems el al., 1991, Gene 98 61-67 Cullen et al. , 1987. Nucleic Acids Research 15 9163-9175 WO 00/24883) Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectors comprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methods disclosed in WO 00/24883
  • More than one copy of a polynucleotide of the present invention may be inserted into a host cell to increase production of the gene product
  • An increase in the copy number of the polynucleotide can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the polynucleotide where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the polynucleotide, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent
  • the procedures used to ligate the elements descnbed above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art (see e g , Sambrook et at , 1989, supra)
  • Host Cells The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention which are advantageously used in the recombinant production of the polypeptides
  • a vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention is introduced into a host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier
  • the term "host cell” encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source
  • the host cell may be any cell useful in the recombinant production of a polypeptide of the present invention, e g , a prokaryote or a eukaryote
  • the prokaryotic host cell may be any Gram positive bacterium or a Gram negative bactenum Gram positive bacteria include, but not limited to, Bacillus Streptococcus. Streptomyces, Staphylococcus Enterococc ⁇ s, Lactobacillus Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, and Oceanobacillus Gram negative bacteria include, but not limited to, E colt Pse ⁇ domonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Flavobactenum, Fusobacterium, llyobacter, Neisseria, and Ureaplasma
  • the bacterial host cell may be any Bacillus cell Bacillus cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliq ⁇ efactens, Ba ⁇ llus brevis Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clau ⁇ n, Bacillus coagulans Bacillus firmus Bacillus lautus.
  • Bacillus lent ⁇ s Bacillus lent ⁇ s, Ba ⁇ llus licheniformis. Bacillus megatenum, Ba ⁇ llus pumilus. Bacillus stearothermophilus Ba ⁇ llus subtilis. and Bacillus tbu ⁇ ngiensis cells.
  • the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus lent ⁇ s Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis cell In a more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus clausii cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus licheniformis cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus subtilis cell
  • the bacterial host cell may also be any Streptococcus cell Streptococcus cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Streptococcus equisimilis Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus ub ⁇ ns, and Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemtcus cells.
  • the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus equisimilis cell In another preferred aspect the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus pyogenes cell In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus uberis cell In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus equi subsp Zooeptdemicus cell
  • the bacterial host cell may also be any Streptomyces cell Streptomyces cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermttilts, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces g ⁇ seus, and Streptomyces lividans cells
  • the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces achrvmogenes cell
  • the bactenal host cell is a Streptomyces avermitilis cell.
  • the bactenal host cell is a Streptomyces coelicolor cell
  • the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces gnseus cell.
  • the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces lividans cell
  • the introduction of DNA into a Bacillus cell may. for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g . Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular General Genetics 168 111-115), by using competent cells (see, e g . Young and Spizizen. 1961 , Journal of Bactenology 81 : 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971 , Journal of Molecular Biology 56.
  • the introduction of DNA into an E coli cell may. for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e g , Hanahan, 1983, J MoI Biol. 166' 557-580) or electroporation (see, e g , Dower et al.. 1988. Nucleic Acids Res.
  • the introduction of DNA into a Streptomyces cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation and electroporation (see, e g , Gong et at , 2004, Folia Microbiol (Praha) 49 399-405), by conjugation (see. e.g . Mazodier e/ al. , 1989, J. Bactenot. 171. 3583-3585), or by transduction (see, e g , Burke et al , 2001 , Proc Natl Acad Sci.
  • the introduction of DNA into a Pseudomonas cell may, for instance, be effected by electroporation (see, ⁇ g , Choi et al , 2006, J. Microbiol. Methods 64- 391-397) or by conjugation (see. e g , Pinedo and Smets, 2005, Appl Environ Microbiol. 71 : 51-57).
  • the introduction of DNA into a Streptococcus cell may, for instance, be effected by natural competence (see. e.g Perry and Kuramitsu, 1981 , Infect Immun. 32 1295-1297), by protoplast transformation (see, e g.
  • the host cell may also be a eukaryote, such as a mammalian, insect, plant or fungal cell
  • the host cell is a fungal cell "Fungi” as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycete (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995 CAB International, University Press, Cambndge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al , 1995, supra)
  • the fungal host cell is a yeast cell.
  • yeast as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales), basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi lmperfedi (Blastomycetes) Since the classification of yeast may change in the future, for the purposes of this invention yeast shall be defined as described in Biology and Activities of Yeast (Skinner, FA, Passmore, S.M., and Davenport, R R . eds, Soc App Bacterid Symposium Senes No 9, 1980)
  • the yeast host cell is a Candida, Hansenula
  • Kluyveromyces Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowta cell.
  • the yeast host cell is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces dtastattcus Saccharomyces douglash, Saccharomyces kluyven, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis cell
  • the yeast host cell is a Kluyveromyces lactis cell
  • the yeast host cell is a Yarrowia lipolytics cell
  • the fungal host cell is a filamentous fungal cell "Filamentous fungi" include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al. , 1995, s ⁇ pra)
  • the filamentous fungi are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chrtin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides.
  • Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic
  • vegetative growth by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is an Acremoni ⁇ m, Aspergillus, A ⁇ reobasidium, Bjerkandera, Cenponopsis, Chrysosponum Coprinus, Conolus, Cryptococcus, Filtbasidium, Fusanum, H ⁇ micola, Magnaporthe, M ⁇ cor Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phtebia, Piromyces Pleurotus Schizophyilum, Talaromyces. Thermoascus, Thtelavia, Tolypodadium. Trametes. or Tnchodetma cell.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus. Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae cell
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium bactndioides, Fusanum cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusanum culmorum, Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum graminum Fusanum heterosporum Fusanum negundt, Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum r ⁇ ticulatum Fusanum roseum, Fusanum sambucinum, Fusanum sarcochroum.
  • the filamentous fungal host cell is a Bjerkandera adusta, Cenponopsis anei ⁇ na.
  • Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus and Tnchoderma host cells are descnbed in EP 238 023 and Yelton et al , 1984.
  • Suitable methods for transforming Fusarium species are described by Malardier et al 1989, Gene 78 147-156, and WO 96/00787 Yeast may be transformed using the procedures descnbed by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J N and Simon M l , editors Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194 pp 182-187, Academic Press, lnc , New York, lto et al., 1983 Journal of Bacteriology 153 163 and Hinnen ⁇ t at 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75 1920
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comprising (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form produces the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • the cell is of the genus Myceliophthora
  • the cell is Myceliophthora thermophila in a most preferred aspect, the cell is Myceliophthora thermophita CBS 202 75 In another most preferred aspect the cell is Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, composing (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell, as described herein under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide and (b) recovenng the polypeptide
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comp ⁇ sing (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide wherein the host cell comprises a mutant nucleotide sequence having at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide that comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide using methods well known in the art
  • the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small- scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide Io be expressed and/or isolated
  • the cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium compnsing carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures Known in the art Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.o/ , in catalogues of the Amencan Type Culture Collection)
  • the polypeptide is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide can be recovered directly from the medium If the polypeptide is not secreted into the medium it can be recovered from cell lysates
  • the polypeptides may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides These detection methods may include
  • the polypeptide may be recovered from the nut ⁇ ent medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, cent ⁇ fugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation
  • polypeptides of the present invention may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e g . ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic chromatofocusi ⁇ g, and size exclusion), eledrophoretic procedures (e g , preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e g , aminonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE or extraction (see, e g Protein Purification, J -C Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York 1989) to obtain substantially pure polypeptides
  • chromatography e g ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic chromatofocusi ⁇ g, and size exclusion
  • eledrophoretic procedures e g , preparative isoelectric focusing
  • differential solubility e g , aminonium sulfate precipitation
  • SDS-PAGE or extraction see, e g Protein Purification, J -C Janson and Lars Ry
  • the present invention also relates to plants, e g , a transgenic plant plant part or plant cell comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention so as to express and produce the polypeptide in recoverable quantities
  • the polypeptide may be recovered from the plant or plant part Alternatively the plant or plant part containing the recombinant polypeptide may be used as such for improving the quality of a food or feed e g , improving nutritional value palatability, and rheological properties, or to destroy an aneckrrtive factor
  • the transgenic plant can be dicotyledonous (a dicot) or monocotyledonous (a monocot)
  • monocot plants are grasses, such as meadow grass (blue grass, Poa) forage grass such as Festuca, Lolium, temperate grass, such as Agrostis, and cereals, e.g , wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and maize (corn)
  • dicot plants are tobacco legumes, such as lupins potato, sugar beet, pea bean and soybean, and cruciferous plants (family Brassicaceae), such as cauliflower, rape seed, and the closely related model organism Arabidopsis thaliana
  • plant parts are stem, callus leaves root, fruits seeds, and tubers as well as the individual tissues comprising these parts, e.g., epidermis, mesophyll, parenchyme, vascular tissues, meristems
  • Specific plant cell compartments such as chloroplasts, apoplasts. mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes and cytoplasm are also considered to be a plant part
  • any plant cell whatever the tissue origin, is considered to be a plant part
  • plant parts such as specific tissues and cells isolated to facilitate the utilisation of the invention are also considered plant parts, e g embryos, endosperms, aleurone and seeds coats
  • the transgenic plant or plant cell expressing a polypeptide of the present invention may be constructed in accordance with methods known in the art
  • the plant or plant cell is constructed by incorporating one or more (several) expression constructs encoding a polypeptide of the present invention into the plant host genome or chloroplast genome and propagating the resulting modified plant or plant cell into a transgenic plant or plant cell
  • the expression construct is conveniently a nucleic acid construct that compnses a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention operably linked with appropriate regulatory sequences required for expression of the nucleotide sequence in the plant or plant part of choice.
  • the expression construct may comprise a selectable marker useful for identifying host cells into which the expression construct has been integrated and DNA sequences necessary for introduction of the construct into the plant in question (the latter depends on the DNA introduction method to be used)
  • the choice of regulatory sequences is determined, for example on the basis of when where, and how the polypeptide is desired to be expressed
  • the expression of the gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be constitutive or inducible, or may be developmental, stage or tissue specific, and the gene product may be targeted to a specific tissue or plant part such as seeds or leaves.
  • Regulatory sequences are, for example, descnbed by Tague er al.
  • the 35S-CaMV the maize ubiquitin 1 , and the nee actin 1 promoter may be used (Franck et al 1980 Cell 21 285-294 Christensen et al ,
  • Organ-specific promoters may be, for example, a promoter from storage sink tissues such as seeds, potato tubers and fruits (Edwards and Coruzzi, 1990 Ann Rev Genet 24 275-303), or from metabolic sink tissues such as meristems (Ito et al., 1994, Plant MoI Biol 24 863-878), a seed specific promoter such as the glutehn, prolamin, globulin, or albumin promoter from rice (Wu et al , 1998 Plant and Cell Physiology 39 885-889) a Vicia faba promoter from the legumin B4 and the unknown seed protein gene from Vi ⁇ a faba (Conrad et al 1998, Journal of Plant Physiology 152 708-711), a promoter from a seed oil body protein (Chen et al , 1998, Plant and Cell Physiology 39 935-941) the storage protein napA promoter
  • the promoter may be a leaf specific promoter such as the rbcs promoter from rice or tomato (Kyozuka et al. , 1993, Plant Physiology 102 991-1000, the chlorelta virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter (Mitra and Higgins, 1994, Plant Molecular Biology 26 85-93), or the aldP gene promoter from rice (Kagaya et al , 1995 Molecular and General Genetics 248 668-674), or a wound inducible promoter such as the potato p ⁇ n2 promoter (Xu et al , 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 22 573-588)
  • the promoter may inducible by abiotic treatments such as temperature drought, or alterations in salinity or induced by exogenously applied substances that activate the promoter, e g , ethanol oestrogens, plant hormones such as ethylene abscisic acid, and gibberelli
  • a promoter enhancer element may also be used to achieve higher expression of a polypeptide of the present invention in the plant
  • the promoter enhancer element may be an intron that is placed between the promoter and the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention
  • the nucleic acid construct is incorporated into the plant genome according to conventional techniques known in the art, including Agrobactenum-m&ale ⁇ transformation, virus- mediated transformation, microinjection, particle bombardment biolistic transformation, and electroporation (Gasser et al , 1990, Science 244 1293
  • Agrobadenum tumefiaciens-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for generating transgenic dicots (for a review, see Hooykas and Schilperoort, 1992, Plant Molecular Biology 19 15-38) and can also be used for transforming monocots. although other transformation methods are often used for these plants
  • the method of choice for generating transgenic monocots is particle bombardment (microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with the transforming DNA) of embryonic calli or developing embryos (Chnstou. 1992, Plant Journal 2 275- 281 ; Shimamoto. 1994. Current Opinion Biotechnology 5 158-162, Vasil et al. , 1992, Bio/Technology 10 667-674)
  • An alternative method for transformation of monocots is based on protoplast transformation as descnbed by Omirulleh et al , 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 21 : 415-428.
  • the transformants having incorporated the expression construct are selected and regenerated into whole plants according to methods well- known in the art Often the transformation procedure is designed for the selective elimination of selection genes either dunng regeneration or in the following generations by using, for example, co-transformalion with two separate T-DNA constructs or site specific excision of the selection gene by a specific recombinase
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a mutant of a parent cell, which comprises disrupting or deleting a polynucleotide sequence, or a portion thereof, encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell when cultivated under the same conditions
  • the mutant cell may be constructed by reducing or eliminating expression of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention using methods well known in the art, for example, insertions, disruptions, replacements, or deletions
  • the nucleotide sequence is inactivated.
  • the nucleotide sequence to be modified or inactivated may be, for example, the coding region or a part thereof essential for activity, or a regulatory element required for the expression of the coding region
  • An example of such a regulatory or control sequence may be a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e , a part that is sufficient for affecting expression of the nucleotide sequence
  • Other control sequences for possible modification include, but are not limited to, a leader, pofyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, signal peptide sequence, transcription terminator, and transcriptional activator
  • Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by subjecting the parent cell to mutagenesis and selecting for mutant cells in which expression of the nucleotide sequence has been reduced or eliminated
  • the mutagenesis which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis
  • the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents
  • Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N- ⁇ itrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues
  • the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parent cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and screening and/or selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene
  • Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be accomplished by introduction, substitution, or removal of one or more (several) nucleotides in the gene or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof
  • nucleotides may be inserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a change in the open reading frame
  • modification or inactivation may be accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art
  • the modification may be performed in vivo, / e., directly on the cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to be modified, it is preferred that the modification be performed in vitro as exemplified below An example of a convenient way to
  • modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by established anti-sense or RNAi techniques using a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence More specifically, expression of the nucleotide sequence by a cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene that may be transcribed in the cell and is capable of hybndizmg to the mRNA produced in the cell Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated
  • the present invention further relates to a mutant cell of a parent cell that comprises a disruption or deletion of a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or a control sequence thereof, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide or no polypeptide compared to the parent cell
  • the present invention further relates to methods of producing a native or heterologous polypeptide comprising (a) cultivating the mutant cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • heterologous polypeptides is defined herein as polypeptides that are not native to the host cell, a native protein in which modifications have been made to alter the native sequence, or a native protein whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation of the host cell by recombinant DNA techniques
  • the present invention relates to a method of producing a protein product essentially free of cellulolytic enhancing activity by fermentation of a cell that produces both a polypeptide of the present invention as well as the protein product of interest by adding an effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting cellulolytic enhancing activity to the fermentation broth before, during, or after the
  • the present invention relates to a method of producing a protein product essentially free of cellulofytic enhancing activity by cultivating the cell under conditions permitting the expression of the product, subjecting the resultant culture broth to a combined pH and temperature treatment so as to reduce the cellulolytic enhancing activity substantially, and recovering the product from the culture broth
  • the combined pH and temperature treatment may be performed on an enzyme preparation recovered from the culture broth
  • the combined pH and temperature treatment may optionally be used in combination with a treatment with an cellulolylic enhancing inhibitor
  • the combined pH and temperature treatment is preferably earned out at a pH in the range of 2-4 or 9-11 and a temperature in the range of at least 60-70 J C for a sufficient period of time to attain the desired effect, where typically 30 to 60 minutes is sufficient
  • the methods used for cultivation and purification of the product of interest may be performed by methods known in the art
  • the methods of the present invention for producing an essentially cellulolytic enhancing-free product is of particular interest in the production of eukaryotic polypeptides, in particular fungal proteins such as enzymes
  • the enzyme may be selected from, e g an amylolytic enzyme, lipolytic enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, cellulolytic enzyme, oxidoreductase, or plant cell-wall degrading enzyme
  • examples of such enzymes include an aminopeptidase, amylase, amyloglucosidase carbohydrase carboxypeplidase, catalase, cellobiohydrolase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextnn glycosyltransferase, deoxynbonuclease, endoglucanase, esterase galactosidase beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase glucose oxidase glucosidase, haloperoxida
  • eukaryotic polypeptides includes not only native polypeptides, but also those polypeptides, e g , enzymes, which have been modified by amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions or other such modifications to enhance activity, thermostability pH tolerance and the like
  • the present invention relates to a protein product essentially free from cellulolytic enhancing activity that is produced by a method of the present invention.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention
  • dsRNA double-stranded RNA
  • the dsRNA is about 15. 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24. 25 or more duplex nucleotides in length
  • the dsRNA is preferably a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a micro RNA (miRNA)
  • the dsRNA is small interfering RNA (siRNAs) for inhibiting transcription
  • the dsRNA is micro RNA (miRNAs) for inhibiting translation.
  • the present invention also relates to such double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, comprising a portion of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO. 3 for inhibiting expression of a polypeptide in a cell
  • dsRNA double-stranded RNA
  • the present invention is not limited by any particular mechanism of action the dsRNA can enter a cell and cause the degradation of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) of similar or identical sequences, including endogenous mRNAs
  • ssRNA single-stranded RNA
  • mRNA from the homologous gene is selectively degraded by a process called RNA interference (RNAi)
  • the dsRNAs of the present invention can be used in gene-silencing therapeutics
  • the invention provides methods to selectively degrade RNA using the dsRNAis of the present invention
  • the process may be practiced in vitro, ex wvo or in vivo
  • the dsRNA molecules can be used to generate a loss-of- function mutation in a cell, an organ or an animal
  • Methods for making and using dsRNA molecules to selectively degrade RNA are well known in the art. see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,506,559, U S. Patent No. 6,511 ,824, U S Patent No. 6,515,109, and U S Patent No 6,489,127
  • the present invention also relates to compositions compnsing a polypeptide of the present invention
  • the compositions are enriched in such a polypeptide
  • the term "enriched" indicates that the cellulolytic enhancing activity of the composition has been increased, e g , with an enrichment factor of at least 1.1.
  • the composition may comprise a polypeptide of the present invention as the major enzymatic component e g.. a mono-component composition
  • the composition may comprise multiple enzymatic activities, such as an aminopeptidase. amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase catalase.
  • the additional enzyme(s) may be produced for example, by a microorganism belonging to the genus Aspergillus, preferably Aspergillus ac ⁇ leatus, Aspergillus awamon, Aspergillus fumigat
  • polypeptide compositions may be prepared in accordance with methods known in the art and may be in the form of a liquid or a dry composition
  • the polypeptide composition may be in the form of a granulate or a microgranulate
  • the polypeptide to be included in the composition may be stabilized in accordance with methods known in the art
  • the present invention also relates to methods for degrading or converting a cellulosic matenal, comprising treating the cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention
  • the method further comprises recovenng the degraded or converted cellulosic matenal
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a fermentation product comprising (a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention, (b) fermenting the saccharified cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product and (c) recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
  • the present invention also relates to methods of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising, fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the fermenting of the cellulosic material produces a fermentation product
  • the method further compnses recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
  • composition comprising the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity can be in the form of a crude fermentation broth with or without the cells removed or in the form of a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation or the composition can comprise a host cell of the present invention as a source of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a fermentation process with the biomass
  • the methods of the present invention can be used to saccharify a cellulosic material to fermentable sugars and convert the fermentable sugars to many useful substances, e g , chemicals and fuels
  • the production of a desired fermentation product from cellulosic material typically involves pretreatment. enzymatic hydrolysis
  • the processing of cellulosic material according to the present invention can be accomplished using processes conventional in the art Moreover, the methods of the present invention can be implemented using any conventional biomass processing apparatus configured to operate in accordance with the invention
  • Hydrolysis (saccharification) and fermentation, separate or simultanoeus include but are not limited to. separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous sacchanficaiion and cofermentation (SSCF); hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF), SHCF (separate hydrolysis and co-ferme ⁇ tat ⁇ on), HHCF (hybnd hydrolysis and fermentation), and direct microbial conversion (DMC).
  • SHF separate hydrolysis and fermentation
  • SSF simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  • SSCF simultaneous sacchanficaiion and cofermentation
  • HHF hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation
  • SHCF separate hydrolysis and co-ferme ⁇ tat ⁇ on
  • HHCF hybnd hydrolysis and fermentation
  • DMC direct microbial conversion
  • SHF uses separate process steps to first enzymatically hydrolyze lignocellulose to fermentable sugars, e.g , glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and pentose sugars, and then ferment the fermentable sugars to ethanol
  • fermentable sugars e.g , glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and pentose sugars
  • the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and the fermentation of sugars to ethanol are combined in one step (Philippidis, G P .
  • HHF HHF
  • the steps in an HHF process can be carried out at different temperatures, / e., high temperature enzymatic saccharification followed by SSF at a lower temperature that the fermentation strain can tolerate.
  • DMC combines all three processes (enzyme production, hgnocellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation) in one or more steps where the same organism is used to produce the enzymes for conversion of the lignocellulose to fermentable sugars and to convert the fermentable sugars into a final product (Lynd, L R , Weimer, P J van ZyI, W H., and Pretonus, I S , 2002, Microbial cellulose utilization Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiol MoI Biol Reviews 66 506-577) It is understood herein that any method known in the art comprising pretreatment enzymatic hydrolysis (saccharification) fermentation, or a combination thereof can be used in the practicing the methods of the present invention
  • a conventional apparatus can include a fed-batch stirred reactor, a batch stirred reactor, a continuous flow stirred reactor with ultrafiltration, and/or a continuous plug- flow column reactor (Fernanda de Castilhos Corazza, Flavio Faria de Moraes, Gisella Maria Zanin and Ivo Neitzel, 2003, Optimal control in fed-batch reactor for the cellobiose hydrolysis, Acta Scientiarum Technology 25 33-38 Gusakov A V , and Simtsyn A P , 1985, Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. 1.
  • any pretreatment process known in the art can be used to disrupt the plant cell wall components
  • the cellulosic material can also be subjected to pre-soaking, wetting or conditioning prior to pretreatment using methods known in the art
  • Conventional pretreatments include, but are not limited to, steam pretreatment (with or without explosion), dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment. lime pretreatment. wet oxidation, wet explosion, aminonia fiber explosion, organosolv pretreatment, and biological pretreatment
  • Additional pretreatments include ultrasound electroporation. microwave, supercritical CO 2 , supercritical H 2 0, and aminonia percolation pretreatments
  • the cellulosic matenal can be pretreated before hydrolysis and/or fermentation Pretreatment is preferably performed pnor to the hydrolysis Alternatively, the pretreatment can be carried out simultaneously with hydrolysis such as simultaneously with treatment of the cellulosic material with one or more cellulotytic enzymes, or other enzyme activities, to release fermentable sugars, such as glucose and/or maltose. In most cases the pretreatment step itself results in some conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars (even in absence of enzymes)
  • the cellulosic material is heated to disrupt the plant cell wall components, including lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose to make the cellulose and other fractions e g , hemicellulase accessible to enzymes
  • the lignocellulose material is passed to or through a reaction vessel where steam is injected to increase the temperature to the required temperature and pressure and is retained therein for the desired reaction time
  • Steam pretreatment is preferably done at 140- 230 C more preferably 160-200°C, and most preferably 170-190°C, where the optimal temperature range depends on any addition of a chemical catalyst Residence time for the steam pretreatment is preferably 1-15 minutes, more preferably 3-12 minutes and most preferably 4-10 minutes, where the optimal residence time depends on temperature range and any addition of a chemical catalyst
  • Steam pretreatment allows for relatively high solids loadings, so that the cellulosic material is generally only moist during the pretreatment
  • the steam pretreatment is often combined with an explosive discharge of the matenal after the pretreatment, which is known as steam
  • a catalyst such as H,->SO,i or SO? (typically 0.3 to 3% w/w) is often added prior to steam pretreatment, which decreases the time and temperature, increases the recovery, and improves enzymatic hydrolysis (Ballesteros et al. , 2006, Appl Biochem Biotechnol 129-132 496-508; Varga et at , 2004 Appl Biochem Biotechnol 113-116 509-523 Sassner et al 2006 Enzyme Microb Technol 39 756-762)
  • Chemical Pretreatment refers to any chemical pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or iignin
  • suitable chemical pretreatment processes include, for example, dilute acid pretreatment lime pretreatment wet oxidation, aminonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX), aminonia percolation (APR), and organosolv pretreatments
  • the cellulosic material is mixed with dilute acid, typically H;SO ⁇ :, and water to form a slurry, heated by steam to the desired temperature and after a residence time flashed to atmospheric pressure
  • dilute acid pretreatment can be performed with a number of reactor designs e g plug-flow reactors, counter- current reactors or continuous counter-current shnnking bed reactors (Duff and Murray, 1996, supra Schell et at , 2004, Btoresource Technol 91 179-188, Lee et al , 1999, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnot 65 93-115)
  • alkaline pretreatments include, but are not limited to, lime pretreatment wet oxidation aminonia percolation (APR) and aminonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX)
  • Lime pretreatment is performed with calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or aminonia at low temperatures of 85-150°C and residence times from 1 hour to several days (Wyman et al. , 2005 Bioresource Technol 96 1959-1966, Mosier et at . 2005, Bioresource Technol 96 673-686) WO 2006/1 10891 WO 2006/11899, WO
  • Wet oxidation is a thermal pretreatmerrt performed typically at 180-200°C for 5-15 minutes with addition of an oxidative agent such as hydrogen peroxide or over-pressure of oxygen (Schmidt and Thomsen, 1998, Bioresource Technol 64 139-151 , Palonen et al 2004, Appl Biochem Biotechnot 117 1-17, Varga et at , 2004 Btotechnot Btoeng 88 567-574 Martin et al 2006.
  • an oxidative agent such as hydrogen peroxide or over-pressure of oxygen
  • the pretreatment is performed at preferably 1-40% dry matter, more preferably 2-30% dry matter and most preferably 5-20% dry matter, and often the initial pH is increased by the addition of alkali such as sodium carbonate
  • alkali such as sodium carbonate
  • AFEX Ammonia fiber explosion
  • Organosolv pretreatment dehgnifies cellulosic material by extraction using aqueous ethanol (40-60% etha ⁇ ol) at 160-200°C for 30-60 minutes (Pan et al., 2005, Biotechnol Bioeng 90 473-481, Pan et al., 2006. Biotechnol Bioeng 94. 851-861, Kurabi et al 2005, Appl. Biochem Biotechnol 121 219-230) Sulphuric acid is usually added as a catalyst. In organosolv pretreatment, the majority of the hemicellulose is removed
  • the chemical pretreatment is preferably earned out as an a ⁇ d treatment, and more preferably as a continuous dilute and/or mild acid treatment
  • the acid is typically sulfuric acid, but other acids can also be used, such as acetic acid, citric acid, nit ⁇ c acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, hydrogen chloride or mixtures thereof
  • Mild a ⁇ d treatment is conducted in the pH range of preferably 1-5.
  • the acid concentration is in the range from preferably 0 01 to 20 wt % acid, more preferably 0 05 to 10 wt % acid, even more preferably 0 1 to 5 wt % acid, and most preferably 02 to 2 0 wt % acid
  • the acid is contacted with the cellulosic material and held at a temperature in the range of preferably 160-220°C, and more preferably 165-195°C, for periods ranging from seconds to minutes to, e g , 1 second to 60 minutes
  • pretreatment is carried out as an aminonia fiber explosion step (AFEX pretreatment step)
  • pretreatment takes place in an aqueous slurry.
  • the cellulosic material is present during pretreatment in amounts preferably between 10-80 wt%, more preferably between 20-70 wt%, and most preferably between
  • the pretreated cellulosic material can be unwashed or washed using any method known in the art, e g , washed with water
  • Mechanical Pretreatment refers to various types of grinding or milling (e g , dry milling, wet milling, or vibratory ball milling)
  • Physical Pretreatment refers to any pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin from cellulosic matenal
  • physical pretreatment can involve irradiation (e g , microwave irradiation), steaming/steam explosion hydrothermolysis, and combinations thereof
  • Physical pretreatment can involve high pressure and/or high temperature (steam explosion) in one aspect, high pressure means pressure in the range of preferably about 300 to about 600 psi, more preferably about 350 to about 550 psi and most preferably about 400 to about 500 psi, such as around 450 psi In another aspect high temperature means temperatures in the range of about 100 to about 300°C preferably about 140 to about 235°C In a preferred aspect, mechanical pretreatment is performed in a batch- process steam gun hydrolyzer system that uses high pressure and high temperature as defined above e g. a Sunds Hydrolyzer available from Sunds Defibrator AB, Sweden
  • the cellulosic matenal can be pretreated both physically and chemically
  • the pretreatment step can involve dilute or mild acid treatment and high temperature and/or pressure treatment
  • the physical and chemical pretreatments can be earned out sequentially or simultaneously, as desired
  • a mechanical pretreatment can also be included
  • the cellulosic material is subjected to mechanical, chemical or physical pretreatment or any combination thereof to promote the separation and/or release of cellulose hemicellulose and/or lignin
  • Bio pretreatment refers to any biological pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or lignin from the cellulosic material
  • Biological pretreatment techniques can involve applying lignm-solubilizmg microorganisms (see for example,
  • the pretreated cell ⁇ losic material is hydrolyzed to break down cellulose and alternatively also hemicellulose to fermentable sugars, such as glucose xylose xylulose arabinose maltose, mannose galactose, or soluble oligosaccharides
  • the hydrolysis is performed enzymaticalty by a cellulolytic enzyme composition compnsing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention which can further comprise one or more hemicellulolytic enzymes
  • the enzymes of the compositions can also be added sequentially
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably earned out in a suitable aqueous environment under conditions that can be readily determined by one skilled in the art
  • hydrolysis is performed under conditions suitable for the activity of the enzyme(s), / e , optimal for the enzyme(s)
  • the hydrolysis can be earned out as a fed batch or continuous process where the pretreated cellulosic material (substrate) is fed gradually to, for example, an enzyme containing hydrolysis solution
  • the saccharification is generally performed in stirred-tank reactors or fermentors under controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions Suitable process time temperature and pH conditions can readily be determined by one skilled in the art
  • the saccharification can last up to 200 hours, but is typically performed for preferably about 12 to about 96 hours, more preferably about 16 to about 72 hours, and most preferably about 24 to about 48 hours
  • the temperature is in the range of preferably about 25X to about 7OX, more preferably about 30°C to about 65X 1 and more preferably about 4OX to 6OX, in particular about 50X
  • the pH is in the range of preferably about 3 to about 8 more preferably about 3 6 to about 7 and most preferably about 4 to about 6, in particular about pH 5
  • the dry solids content is in the range of preferably about 5 to about 50 wt %, more preferably about 10 to about 40 wt %, and most preferably about 20 to about 30 wt %
  • the cellulolytic enzyme components of the composition are preferably enzymes having endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and beta-glucosidase activities
  • the cellulolytic enzyme composition comprises one or more (several) cellulolytic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase. endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase.
  • the cellulolytic enzyme preparation is supplemented with one or more additional enzyme activities selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, esterases (e g , lipases, phospholipases and/or cutinases), proteases, laccases peroxidases, or mixtures thereof
  • the additional enzyme(s) can be added prior to or du ⁇ ng fermentation, including dunng or after propagation of the fermenting m ⁇ croorgan ⁇ sm(s)
  • the enzymes can be derived or obtained from any suitable origin including, bacterial, fungal, yeast, plant or mammalian origin
  • the term "obtained' means herein that the enzyme may have been isolated from an organism that naturally produces the enzyme as a native enzyme
  • the term “obtained” also means herein that the enzyme may have been produced recombinantly in a host organism employing methods described herein, wherein the recombinantly produced enzyme is either native or foreign to the host organism or has
  • the enzymes used in the present invention can be in any form suitable for use in the methods described herein, such as a crude fermentation broth with or without cells or substantially pure polypeptides
  • the enzyme(s) can be a dry powder or granulate, a non-dusting granulate, a liquid, a stabilized liquid, or a protected enzyme(s) Granulates can be produced, e g , as disclosed in U S Patent Nos 4,106 991 and 4 661 ,452 and can optionally be coated by process known in the art
  • Liquid enzyme preparations can, for instance be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established process
  • Protected enzymes can be prepared according to the process disclosed in EP 238,216
  • an effective amount of cellulolytic enzyme(s) to cellulosic material is about 0 5 to about 50 mg. preferably at about 0 5 to about 40 mg. more preferably at about 0 5 to about 25 mg, more preferably at about 0 75 to about 20 mg, more preferably at about 0,75 to about 15 mg. even more preferably at about 0 5 to about 10 mg, and most preferably at about 2 5 to about 10 mg per g of cellulosic material
  • an effective amount of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity to cellulosic matenal is about 0 01 to about 50 mg preferably at about O 5 to about 40 mg, more preferably at about O 5 to about 25 mg, more preferably at about O 75 to about 20 mg, more preferably at about O 75 to about 15 mg, even more preferably at about 0 5 to about 10 mg and most preferably at about 2 5 to about 10 mg per g of celiulosic material
  • an effective amount of polypept ⁇ de(s) having cellulolytic enhancing activity to celiulosic material is about 0 01 to about 50 0 mg preferably about 0 01 to about 40 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 30 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 20 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 10 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 5 mg, more preferably at about 0 025 to about 1 5 mg, more preferably at about 0 05 to about 1 25 mg
  • an effective amount of poly ⁇ e ⁇ t ⁇ de(s) having cellulolytic enhancing activity to cellulolytic enzyme(s) is about 0 005 to about 1 0 g, preferably at about 0 01 to about 1 0 g, more preferably at about 0 15 to about 0 75 g, more preferably at about 0 15 to about 0 5 g, more preferably at about 0 1 to about 0 5 g even more preferably at about 0 1 to about 0 5 g.
  • fermentable sugars obtained from the pretreated and hydrolyzed celiulosic material can be fermented by one or more fermenting microorganisms capable of fermenting the sugars directly or indirectly into a desired fermentation product
  • Fermentation or 'fermentation process refers to any fermentation process or any process comprising a fermentation step Fermentation processes also include fermentation processes used in the consumable alcohol industry
  • dairy industry e g fermented dairy products
  • leather industry e g , leather industry
  • tobacco industry e g , tobacco industry
  • the fermentation conditions depend on the desired fermentation product and fermenting organism and can easily be determined by one skilled in the art
  • sugars released from the celiulosic matenal as a result of the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps are fermented to a product e g ethanol, by a fermenting organism such as yeast Hydrolysis (saccha ⁇ fication) and fermentation can be separate or simultaneous
  • yeast Hydrolysis saccha ⁇ fication and fermentation
  • SSCF simultaneous sacchanfication and cofermentation
  • HHF simultaneous sacchanfication and cofermentation
  • SHCF separate hydrolysis and co- fermentation
  • HHCF hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation
  • DMC direct microbial conversion
  • Any suitable hydrolyzed cellulosic material can be used in the fermentation step in practicing the present invention The material is generally selected based on the desired fermentation product, i.e.
  • substrates suitable for use in the methods of present invention include cellulosic matenals, such as wood or plant residues or low molecular sugars DP 1-3 obtained from processed cellulosic material that can be metabolized by the fermenting microorganism and which can be supplied by direct addition to the fermentation medium
  • fermentation medium is understood herein to refer to a medium before the fermenting m ⁇ croorgan ⁇ sm(s) ⁇ s(are) added, such as, a medium resulting from a sacchanfication process, as well as a medium used in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF)
  • Fermenting microorganism refers to any microorganism including bacterial and fungal organisms, suitable for use in a desired fermentation process to produce a fermentation product
  • the fermenting organism can be C 6 and/or C 5 fermenting organisms, or a combination thereof.
  • C 6 and C 5 fermenting organisms are well known in the art Suitable fermenting microorganisms are able to ferment, / e convert sugars, such as glucose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose, maltose, mannose, galactose, or oligosaccharides, directly or indirectly into the desired fermentation product
  • sugars such as glucose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose, maltose, mannose, galactose, or oligosaccharides
  • fermenting microorganisms that can ferment C6 sugars include bacterial and fungal organisms, such as yeast Preferred yeast includes strains of the Saccnaromyces spp , preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • yeast Preferred yeast includes strains of the Saccnaromyces spp , preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Other fermenting organisms include strains of Zymomonas such as Zymomonas mobilis, Hansenula such as Hansenula anomala Klyveromyces, such as K
  • the yeast is a Saccharomyces spp In a more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces distaticus In another more preferred aspect the yeast is
  • yeast Saccharomyces uvarum
  • yeast is a Kluyveromyces
  • yeast is Kluyveromyces marxianus
  • yeast is Kluyveromyces fragilis
  • yeast is a Candida
  • yeast is Candida boidinit
  • the yeast is Candida brassicae In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida diddensn In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida pseudotroptcalts In another more preferred aspect the yeast is
  • the yeast is a Ctavispora In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora iusitaniae In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora op ⁇ ntiae In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pachysolen In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Pachysolen tannophilus In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pichia In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pichia stiprtis In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Bretannomyces In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Bretannomyces cla ⁇ senti (Philippidis G P ,
  • Bacteria that can efficiently ferment hexose and pentose to ethanol include for example Zymomonas mobilis and Clostridium thermocellum (Philippidis 1996 supra)
  • the bacterium is a Zymomonas In a more preferred aspect the bacterium is Zymomonas mobilis In another preferred aspect, the bacterium is a Clostridium In another more preferred aspect, the bacterium is Clostridium thermoceHum
  • yeast suitable for ethanol production includes, e.g. , ETHANOL RED"- yeast (available from Fermentis/Lesaffre, USA), FALl TM (available from Fleischmann s Yeast USA), SUPERSTARTTM and THERMOSACCTM fresh yeast (available from Ethanol Technology, Wl, USA), BIOFERMTM AFT and XR (available from NABC - North American Byproducts Corporation, GA USA), GERT STRANDTM (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden), and FERMIOLTM (available from DSM Specialties)
  • the fermenting microorganism has been genetically modified to provide the ability to ferment pentose sugars, such as xylose utilizing, arabinose utilizing, and xylose and arabinose co-utilizing microorganisms
  • the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is
  • the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Zymomonas mobilis. In another preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Escherichia coli. In another preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Klebsiella oxytoca. It is well known in the art that the organisms described above can also be used to produce other substances, as described herein.
  • the fermenting microorganism is typically added to the degraded lignocellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 8 to about 96 hours, such as about 24 to about 60 hours.
  • the temperature is typically between about 26 1 C to about 60°C. in particular about 32°C or 50°C, and at about pH 3 to about pH 8, such as around pH 4-5. 6. or 7.
  • the yeast and/or another microorganism is applied to the degraded lignocellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 12 to about 96 hours, such as typically 24-60 hours,
  • the temperature is preferably between about 20°C to about 60°C, more preferably about 25°C to about 50°C, and most preferably about 32*C to about 50°C, in particular about 32°C or 50°C
  • the pH is generally from about pH 3 to about pH 7. preferably around pH 4-7
  • some bacterial fermenting organisms for example, have higher fermentation temperature optima.
  • Yeast or another microorganism is preferably applied in amounts of approximately 10 5 to 10 c , preferably from approximately 1o 7 to 1o 10 .
  • SSF simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
  • ethanol obtained according to the methods of the invention can be used as e g y fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol. / e potable neutral spints, or industrial ethanol
  • a fermentation stimulator can be used in combination with any of the enzymatic processes described herein to further improve the fermentation process, and in particular, the performance of the fermenting microorganism, such as, rate enhancement and ethanol yield
  • a "fermentation stimulator” refers to stimulators for growth of the fermenting microorganisms in particular, yeast Preferred fermentation stimulators for growth include vitamins and minerals Examples of vitamins include multivitamins, biotin, pantothenate nicotinic acid, meso-inositol, thiamine, py ⁇ doxine, para-aminobenzoic acid folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamins A, B, C D, and E See for example, Alfenore et al , Improving
  • a fermentation product can be any substance derived from the fermentation
  • the fermentation product can be without limitation, an alcohol (e g , arabinitol butanol ethanol, glycerol methanol, 1 ,3-propaned ⁇ ol sorbitol, and xylitol), an organic acid (e g acetic acid acetonic acid adipic acid ascorbic acid citric acid 2,5-d ⁇ keto-D-gluco ⁇ c acid, formic acid, fumaric acid glucanc acid gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutaric acid 3-hydroxyprop ⁇ on ⁇ c acid itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid malonic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and xylonic acid) a ketone (e.g., acetone), an amino acid (e g , aspartic acid glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, se ⁇ ne, and threonine
  • the fermentation product is an alcohol
  • the term "alcohol' encompasses a substance that contains one or more hydroxy! moieties
  • the alcohol is arabinitol
  • the alcohol is butanol
  • the alcohol is ethanol
  • the alcohol is glycerol
  • the alcohol is methanol
  • the alcohol is 1 3-propaned ⁇ ol
  • the alcohol is sorbitol
  • the alcohol is xyiitol See, for example, Gong C S , Cao, N J , Du, J , and Tsao, G T , 1999 Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T , ed Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65 207-241 , Silveira M M , and Jonas, R , 2002, The biotechnological production of
  • the fermentation product is an organic acid
  • the organic acid is acetic acid
  • the organic acid is acetonic acid
  • the organic acid is adipic acid
  • the organic acid is ascorbic acid
  • the organic acid is citric acid
  • the organic acid is 2 5-d ⁇ keto-D-glucon ⁇ c acid
  • the organic acid is formic acid
  • the organic acid is fumanc acid
  • the organic acid is glucanc acid
  • the organic acid is gluconic a ⁇ d
  • the organic acid is glucuronic acid
  • the organic acid is glutaric acid
  • the organic a ⁇ d is 3-hydroxyprop ⁇ on ⁇ c a ⁇ d
  • the organic acid is itaconic acid
  • the organic acid is lactic acid
  • the organic acid is malic
  • the fermentation product is an amino acid
  • the organic acid is aspartic acid
  • (he amino aod is glutamic acid
  • the amino acid is glycine.
  • the amino acid is lysine
  • the amino acid is serine.
  • the amino acid is threonine See, for example, Richard, A,, and Margarrtis, A.,
  • the fermentation product is a gas.
  • the gas is methane
  • the gas is H;
  • the gas is CO;
  • the gas is CO See, for example, Kataoka, N , A. Miya, and K. Kinyama. 1997, Studies on hydrogen production by continuous culture system of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria, Water Science and Technology 36 (6-7)- 41-47: and Gunaseelan V N in Biomass and Bioenergy, VoI 13 (1-2), pp 83-1 14 1997, Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production- A review
  • the fermentation ⁇ roduct(s) can be optionally recovered from the fermentation medium using any method known in the art including, but not limrted to, chromatography, eledrophoretic procedures, differential solubility, distillation, or extraction
  • alcohol is separated from the fermented cellulosic material and purified by conventional methods of distillation. Ethanol with a purity of up to about
  • 96 vol.% can be obtained, which can be used as, for example fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, / e , potable neutral spinis, or industnal ethanol.
  • the cellulolytic enzyme composition may comprise any protein involved in the processing of a cellulose-containing material to glucose, or hemicellulose to xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabmose, their polymers, or products derived from them as described below
  • the cellulolytic enzyme composition comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase and a beta-glucosidase
  • the cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprises one or more additional enzyme activities to improve the degradation of the cellulose-containing material
  • Preferred additional enzymes are hemicellulases, esterases (e g., lipases, phospholipases and/or cutmases), proteases, laccases, peroxidases, or mixtures thereof
  • the cellulolytic enzyme composition may be a monocomponent preparation e g , an endoglucanase, a multicomponent preparation e g endoglucanase(s) DClob ⁇ ohydrolase(s), and beta-glucosidase(s). or a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations
  • the cellulolytic proteins may have activity, / e , hydrolyze the cellulose-containing material, either in the acid, neutral or alkaline pH- range
  • the cellulolytic proteins used in the present invention may be monocomponent preparations, i.e. , a component essentially free of other cellulolytic components
  • the single component may be a recombinant component, / e . produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see, for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244)
  • the host cell may be a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host) or the host may also be a wild-type host (enzyme is native to host)
  • Monocomponent cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth
  • the enzymes used in the present invention may be in any form suitable for use in the processes described herein, such as, for example, a crude fermentation broth wrth or without cells, a dry powder or granulate a non-dusting granulate, a liquid a stabilized liquid, or a protected enzyme Granulates may be produced, e g , as disclosed in U S Patent Nos 4,106,991 and 4,661,452, and may optionally be coated by process known m the art
  • Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another poiyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established process
  • Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the process disclosed in EP 238,216
  • a polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity may be a bacterial polypeptide
  • the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a Bacillus. Streptococcus Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus Lactobacillus. Lactococcus, Clostridium Geobacill ⁇ s, or Oceanobactll ⁇ s polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity, or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide such as an E coli Pseudomonas. Salmonella Campylobacter Helicobacter, Ftavobactenum, Fusobactenum, llyobacter. Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity.
  • the polypeptide is a Bacillus alkabphtlus, Ba ⁇ llus amylokquefactens Bacillus brevts Bacillus ⁇ rculans, Ba ⁇ llus clausn Ba ⁇ llus coagulans. Bacillus firmus Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus ltcheniformis
  • Bacillus megatenum, Bacillus pumil ⁇ s, Bacillus siearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity Bacillus megatenum, Bacillus pumil ⁇ s, Bacillus siearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
  • the polypeptide is a Streptococcus equistmilis, Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus ⁇ bens or Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemicus polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptomyces achromogenes,
  • the polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity may also be a fungal polypeptide and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida. Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as aan Acremonium, Agartcus, Alternana, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium Botryospaena, Cenponopsis, Chaetomidium, Cbrysospori ⁇ m, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Coprmopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococc ⁇ s, Diplodia, Exidia, Filibasidium, Fusan ⁇ m Gibberella Holomastigototdes Humicola Irpex.
  • a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida. Kluyveromy
  • Lentinula Leptospaeria Magnaporthe Melanocarpus, Me ⁇ pitus Mucor Myceliopbthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Piromyces, Poitrasia, Pseudoptedania, Pseudotrichonympha, Rhiiomucor, Schizophyllum. Scytalidium, Talaromyces Thermoascus Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Tnchodeima, Tnchophaea, Verticillium, Volva ⁇ ella, or Xyiana polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
  • polypeptide is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevistae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
  • polypeptide is an Acremonium cellulolyticus.
  • Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus.
  • Aspergillus japonicus Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosponum keratinophilum Chrysosponum tucknowense Chrysosponum tropicum.
  • Chrysosponum merdarium Chrysosponum inops ⁇ Chrysosporium pannicola Chrysosponum q ⁇ eenslandtcum, Chrysosponum zonatum, Fusanum bactndioides, Fusanutn cereatis, Fusanum crookwellense.
  • Fusanum culmorum Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum gramtnum, Fusan ⁇ m heterosporum, Fusanum negundi, Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum reticulatum, Fusanum roseum Fusanum sambucinum, Fusanum sarcochro ⁇ m, Fusahum sporotrichioides, Fusanum sulphureum, Fusanum tor ⁇ losum, Fusanum trichothectoides, Fusanum venenatum, Humtcola gr/sea, Humicoia insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Irpex lacteus.
  • Mucor miehei Myceliophthora thermophila Neurospora crassa, Pem ⁇ llium funiculosum Penicitlnim pu ⁇ urogenum Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Thielavia achromatica Thielavta albomyces, Thielavia albopiiosa, Thielavia a ⁇ stratetnsts Thi ⁇ lavia fimett Thielavia microspora Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededoni ⁇ m Thielavia setosa.
  • Thielavia subthermophiia Thielavia terrestns, Tnchoderma harzianum, Tnchoderma konmgti, Tnchoderma longibrachiatum Tnchoderma rees ⁇ i Tnchoderma viride, or Tnch ⁇ phaea saccata polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
  • One or more components of the cellulolytic enzyme composition may be a recombinant component i.e. , produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244)
  • the host is preferably a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host), but the host may under certain conditions also be a homologous host (enzyme is native to host)
  • Monocompone ⁇ t cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth
  • cellulolytic protein preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, CELLUCLASTTM (available from Novozymes A/S) and NOVOZYM TM 188 (available from Novozymes A/S)
  • Other commercially available preparations comprising cellulase that may be used include CELLUZYMETM, CEREFLOTM and ULTRAFLOTM (Novozymes A/S), LAMINEXTM and SPEZYMETM CP (Genencor Int ) ROHAMENTTM 7069 W (R ⁇ hm GmbH), and FIBREZYME® LDI FIBREZYME® LBR, or VISCOSTARiS ) 150L (Dyadic International lnc Jupiter, FL, USA)
  • the cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about O 001% to about 5 O % wt of solids, more preferably from about O 025% to about 4 0% wt of solids, and most preferably from about 0 005% to
  • bactenal endoglucanases examples include, but are not limited to, an Acidotherm ⁇ s cetlutofyticus endoglucanase (WO 91/05039 WO 93/15186 U S Patent No 5,275,944, WO 96/02551 , U S Patent No 5,536 655 WO 00/70031 , WO 05/093050), Thermobifida f ⁇ sca endoglucanase III (WO 05/093050). and Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase V (WO 05/093050)
  • fungal endoglucanases examples include, but are not limited to a Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase I (Penttila et al. 1986 Gene 45 253-263 GENBANK vl accession no M15665) Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase Il (Saloheimo. et al. , 1988, Gene 63 11-22 GENBANK 0 " 1 accession no. M19373); Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase III (Okada et al. , 1988. Appl Environ. Microbiol 64 555-563, GENBANKTM accession no.
  • Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV (Saloheimo et al , 1997 Eur J Biochem. 249. 584-591 ; GENBANKTM accession no. Y11113). and Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase V (Saloheimo et ⁇ / , 1994, Molecular Microbiology 13 219-228, GENBANK U) accession no Z33381), Aspergillus acuteatus endoglucanase (Ooi et al. , 1990.
  • Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 35), Thtelavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 37), Thtelavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 39); Thielavia terrestns NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 41) Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO:.
  • Trichoderma reeset strain No VTT-D-80133 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 45, GENBANK 1 M accession no M15665)
  • SEQ ID NO: 45 GENBANK 1 M accession no M15665
  • SEQ ID NO:. 31 , SEQ ID NO:; 33, SEQ ID NO:: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41 , SEQ ID NO: 43, and SEQ ID NO: 45 described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:; 24 SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO:. 30, SEQ ID NO:.
  • cellobtohydrolases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Tnchoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO:. 47), Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO: 49), Humicola insolens cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO:: 51), Myceliophthora thermophila cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO:.
  • Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase Il (CEL6A) (SEQ ID NO: 57), Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 59), and Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO: 61)
  • the cellobiohydrolases Of SEQ ID NO:' 47, SEQ ID NO:' 49, SEQ ID NO: 51 , SEQ ID NO:: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55 SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 59, and SEQ ID NO: 61 described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50 SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58, and SEQ ID NO: 60, respectively
  • beta-glucosidases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are
  • the Aspergillus oryzae polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2002/095014
  • the Aspergillus fumig ⁇ tus polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2005/047499
  • the Penicillium brasilianum polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2007/019442
  • the Aspergillus niger polypeptide having beta- glucosidase activity can be obtained according to Dan et al , 2000, J Biol Cham 275 4973-4980
  • the Aspergillus aculeatus polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to Kawaguchi et al 1996 Gene 173 287-288
  • the beta-glucosidase may be a fusion protein
  • the beta- glucosidase is the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 73 or the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 75
  • the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein is encoded by the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 72 or the Aspergillus oryzae beta- glucosidase fusion protein is encoded by the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 74
  • endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases are disclosed in numerous Glycosyl Hydrolase families using the classification according to Henrissat B 1991 , A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem J 280 309-316, and Henrissat B . and Bairoch A 1 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases Biochem J 316 695-696
  • cellulolytic enzymes that may be used in the present invention are described in EP 495,257, EP 531.315 EP 531 ,372 WO 89/09259, WO 94/07998.
  • WO 95/24471 WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397 WO 96/034108 WO 97/14804, WO 98/08940, WO 98/012307, WO 98/13465, WO 98/015619 WO 98/015633, WO 98/028411 , WO 99/06574, WO 99/10481 , WO 99/025846, WO 99/025847 WO 99/031255.
  • the cellulolytic enzymes used in the methods of the present invention may be produced by fermentation of the above-noted microbial strains on a nutrient medium containing suitable carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see.
  • Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e g in catalogues of the Amencan Type Culture Collection) Temperature ranges and other conditions suitable for growth and cellulolytic enzyme production are known in the art (see, e g , Bailey. J E , and Ollis, D F .
  • the fermentation can be any method of cultivation of a cell resulting in the expression or isolation of a cellulolytic enzyme Fermentation may therefore, be understood as comprising shake flask cultivation, or small- or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industnal fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the cellulolytic enzyme to be expressed or isolated
  • the resulting cellulolytic enzymes produced by the methods descnbed above may be recovered from the fermentation medium and punfied by conventional procedures
  • the present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs compnsing a gene encoding a protein wherein the gene is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4. wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence
  • the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO 3
  • the present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors and recombinant host cells comprising such nucleic acid constructs.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating such a recombinant host cell under conditions suitable for production of the protein; and (b) recovering the protein.
  • the protein may be native or heterologous to a host cell.
  • the term "protein” is not meant herein to refer to a specific length of the encoded product and, therefore, encompasses peptides, oligopeptides, and proteins.
  • the term “protein” also encompasses two or more polypeptides combined to form the encoded product.
  • the proteins also include hybrid polypeptides that comprise a combination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained from at least two different proteins wherein one or more (several) may be heterologous or native to the host cell. Proteins further include naturally occurring allelic and engineered variations of the above mentioned proteins and hybrid proteins.
  • the protein is a hormone or variant thereof, enzyme, receptor or portion thereof, antibody or portion thereof, or reporter.
  • the protein is an oxidoreductase. transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomer ase, or ligase.
  • the protein is an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta- galactostdase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, invertase, laccase, another lipase, ma ⁇ nosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase or xylanase.
  • the gene may be obtained from any prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or other source.
  • BA medium was composed per liter of 10 g of com steep liquor dry matter, 10 g of NH,NO 3 , 10 g of KH 2 PO,, 0 75 g of MgSO 4 7H : O 0 1 ml of pluronic and 0 5 g of CaCQ;, The pH was adjusted to 6 5 before autoclaving YEG medium was composed per liter of 20 g of dextrose and 5 g of yeast extract
  • Minimal medium plates were composed per liter of 6 g of NaNO 3 , 0 52 g of KCl, 1.52 g of KH 2 PO 4 , 1 ml of COVE trace elements solution 20 g of Noble agar, 20 ml of 50% glucose 2 5 ml of MgSO 4 7H 2 O and 20 ml of a 0 02% biotin solution COVE trace metals solution was composed per liter of 0 04 g of Na 2 B 4 O 3 10H-O,
  • M410 medium was composed per liter of 50 g of maltose, 50 g of glucose, 2 g of MgSO. 7H-O, 2 g of KH-PO 4 , 4 g of anhydrous citric acid 8 g of yeast extract, 2 g of urea, O 5 g of CaCI;, and O 5 ml of AMG trace metals solution
  • AMG trace metals was composed per liter of 14 3 g of ZnSO,- 7H 2 O 2 5 g of CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 0.5 g of NiCl 2 6H 2 O, 13.8 g of FeSO 4 7H 2 O, 8 5 g of MnSO, 7H 2 O and 3 g of crtric acid
  • a doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 615 84 m/z sequence was determined to be Val-Asp-Asn-AJa-Ala- Thr-Ala-Ser-Pro-Ser-Gly-[Leu]-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 6)
  • a doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 715.44 m/z sequence was determined to be [Leu]-Pro-AJa-Asp-[Leu]-Pro-Ser-Gly- Asp-Tyr-[Leu]-(Leu]-Arg (SEQ ID NO:: 7)
  • a doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 988.58 m/z sequence was determined to be Gly-Pro-[L ⁇ u]-[Gln]-Val-Tyr-[Leu]-Ala-Lys (SEQ ID NO: ' 8),
  • Example 2 Preparation of Myceliophthor ⁇ thermophila CBS 117.65 cDNA pool Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 was cultivated in 200 ml of BA medium at 3CTC for five days at 200 rpm Mycelia from the shake flask culture were harvested by filtering the contents through a funnel lined with MIRACLOTHTM (CalBiochem, San Diego CA. USA). The mycelia were then sandwiched between two MIRACLOTHTM pieces and blotted dry with absorbent paper towels The mycelial mass was then transferred to plastic centrifuge tubes and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen mycelia were stored in a -80°C freezer until use.
  • MIRACLOTHTM CalBiochem, San Diego CA. USA
  • RNA extraction was performed with g ⁇ anidinium thiocyanate followed by uttrace ⁇ tnfugation through a 5.7 M CsCI cushion, and isolation of poly(A)+RNA was carried out by ol ⁇ go(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography, using the procedures described in WO 94/14953
  • Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5 ⁇ g of poly(A)+ RNA by the RNase H method (Gubler and Hoffman, 1983, Gene 25 263-269, Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor lab , Cold Spnng Harbor, NY, USA)
  • the poly(A)+ RNA (5 ⁇ g in 5 ⁇ l of DEPC (0 1% d ⁇ ethylpyrocarbonate)-treated water) was heated at 70°C for 8 minutes in a pre- stliconized, RNase-free EPPENDORF® tube, quenched on ice and combined in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l with reverse transcriptase buffer composed of 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8 3, 75 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Bethesda Research Laboratories, Bethesda, MD, USA), 1 m
  • First-strand cDNA was synthesized by incubating the reaction mixture at 45 C for 1 hour. After synthesis, the mRNA.cDNA hybrid mixture was gel filtrated through a MICROSPIN 1 " S- 400 HR spin column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ. USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions
  • the hybnds were diluted in 250 ⁇ l of second strand buffer (20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.4, 90 mM KCI 4.6 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0 16 mM NAD) containing 200 ⁇ M of each dNTP, 60 units of E. coli DNA polymerase I (GE Healthcare. Piscataway, NJ USA), 5.25 units of RNase H (Promega, Madison. Wl 1 USA), and 15 units of E colt DNA ligase (Boehringer Mannheim Manheim, Germany).
  • second strand buffer 20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.4, 90 mM KCI 4.6 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0 16 mM NAD
  • Second strand cDNA synthesis was performed by incubating the reaction tube at 16°C for 2 hours and an additional 15 minutes at 25°C, The reaction was stopped by addition of EDTA to a final concentration of 20 mM followed by phenol and chloroform extractions.
  • the double-stranded cDNA was precipitated at -20°C for 12 hours by addition of 2 volumes of 96% ethanol and 0.2 volume of 10 M aminonium acetate, recovered by centrifugation at 13,000 x g, washed in 70% ethanol, dried, and resuspended in 30 ⁇ l of Mung bean nuclease buffer (30 mM sodium acetate pH 4 6, 300 mM NaCI, 1 mM ZnSO,. 0.36 mM DTT, 2% glycerol) containing 25 units of Mung bean nuclease (GE HeaHhcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
  • the single-stranded hair-pin DNA was clipped by incubating the reaction at 30°C for 30 minutes, followed by addition of 70 ⁇ l of 10 mM Tris-HCl-1 mM EDTA pH 7.5, phenol extraction, and precipitation with 2 volumes of 96% ethanol and 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate pH 5,2 on ice for 30 minutes.
  • the double-stranded cDN As were recovered by centrifugation at 13,000 x g and blunt-ended in 30 ⁇ l of T4 DNA polymerase buffer (20 mM Tns-acetate, pH 7.9, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 50 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM DTT) containing 0,5 mM of each dNTP and 5 units of T4 DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich. MA USA) by incubating the reaction mixture at 16 -C for 1 hour.
  • T4 DNA polymerase buffer (20 mM Tns-acetate, pH 7.9, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 50 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM DTT) containing 0,5 mM of each dNTP and 5 units of T4 DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich. MA USA) by incubating the reaction mixture at 16 -C for 1 hour.
  • Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 and Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 1 17 65 strains were grown in 100 ml of YEG medium in a baffled shake flask at 45°C and 200 rpm for 2 days
  • Mycelia were harvested by filtration using MIRACLOTH® (Calbiochem, La JoIIa, CA, USA), washed twice in deio ⁇ ized water and frozen under liquid nitrogen
  • Frozen mycelia were ground by mortar and pestle, to a fine powder, and total DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Rant Maxi Kit (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA, USA)
  • Example 4 Molecular screening of a Family 61 gene from Myceliophthora thermophila
  • CI61A sense and CI61A anti primers were used in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65 cDNA pool or Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65 genomic DNA 1 X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA, USA) 0 4 mM each of dATP.
  • dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP and 1 0 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA) in a final volume of 30 ⁇ l
  • the amplifications were performed using a ROBOCYCLER® 40 (Strategene, La JoIIa, CA, USA) programmed for 1 cycle at 96*C for 3 minutes; 1 cycle at 72*C for 3 minutes dunng which DNA polymerase was added, 30 cycles each at 94°C for 50 seconds 52°C for 50 seconds. and 72"C for 90 seconds, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 72"C.
  • reaction products were fractionated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 40 mM Tns base- 20 mM sodium acetate- 1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer and a band of greater than 400-500 bp was excised, purified using a QIAEX II® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and subcloned using a TOPO® TA Kit (Invitrogen, Carisbad, CA, USA) Plasmid DNA was extracted from a number of E colt transformants and sequenced Sequence analysis revealed several clones containing a coding region of one Family 61 gene designated gh61f
  • Example 5 Isolation of a full-length Family 61 gene ⁇ gh61a) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75
  • a full-length Family 61 gene (gh61a) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 was isolated using a GENOMEWALKERTM Universal Kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Mountain View, CA USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions Briefly, total genomic DNA from Myceltophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 was digested separately with four different restriction enzymes ⁇ Dra I 1 Eco RV 1 Pvu II, and Stu I) that leave blunt ends.
  • amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denaturing at 94°C for 1 minute 7 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72X for 5 minutes, and 32 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation 67°C for 5 minutes followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67 C
  • the secondary amplifications were composed of 1 ⁇ l of each primary PCR product as template, 0 4 mM each of dATP dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP 10 pmol of Adaptor Primer 2 (Clontech Laboratones lnc , Mountain View, CA, USA), 10 pmol of nested primer MtCel61A-R2 or MtCel61A-F2 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix in a final volume of 25 ⁇ l
  • the amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denatunng at 94°C for 1 minute, 5 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94X for 30 seconds annealing and elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes, and 20 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds,
  • Example 6 Characterization of the Myc ⁇ liophthora thermophila CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity DNA sequencing of the PCR fragment was performed with a Perkin-Elmer
  • the PCR consisted of fifty picomoles of forward and reverse primers in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 genomic DNA, Pit Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), O 4 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 1 mM MgCb and 2 5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invrtrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l
  • the amplification was performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 1 cycle at 98°C for 3 minutes, and 30 cycles each at 98"C for 30 seconds, 60 v C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 1 minute, , followed by a final extension of 15 minutes at 72X
  • the heat block then went to a 4 'C soak cycle.
  • reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and punfled using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions
  • a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions
  • addition of 3' A-ove ⁇ t ⁇ angs was performed using Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Ipswich, MA, USA)
  • E colt pSMa ⁇ 190 was deposited with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, Peona, IL, USA, on December 5, 2007, and assigned accession number B-50083
  • the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the Mycehophthora thermophil ⁇ GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity are shown in Figure 1
  • the genomic polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of 232 amino acids, interrupted by 2 mtrons of 88 and 137 bp
  • the % G+C content of the full-length coding sequence and the mature coding sequence are 61 1% and 66.5% respectively
  • a signal peptide of 17 residues was predicted
  • the predicted mature protein contains 215 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22 6 kDa,
  • Example 7 Isolation of a full-length Family 61 gene (gh61f) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75
  • a full-length Family 61 gene (gh61f) from Myceliophthora thermoplvla CBS 202 75 was isolated using a GENOMEWALKERTM Universal Kit (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions Briefly.
  • Upstream Region Pnmers MtGH61F-R1 5'-CCCTTGTGGCTGGCGTCCATGACATCGTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 18) MtGH61F-R2 5'-GTGCCTCCAGATGGCCTTGACCGTGGTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 19) Downstream Region Primers MtGH61F-F6 5'-GGCGGCGAGCACTACATGTGAGCCATTCCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 20) MtGH61F-F7 5'-TGACGATCTCGC ⁇ GACCCG ⁇ GCAACAAGTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 21)
  • PCR amplifications Two primary PCR amplifications were performed, one to isolate the upstream region and the other to isolate the downstream region of the Myc ⁇ ltophthora thermopbila gh61f gene.
  • Each PCR amplification 25 ⁇ l was composed of 1 > ⁇ (approximately 6 ng) of each library as template. O 4 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP. 10 pmol of Adaptor Pnmer 1 (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA.
  • primer MtGH61F-R1 or primer MtGH61 F-F6, 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer 10 pmol of primer MtGH61F-R1 or primer MtGH61 F-F6, 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer, and 1 ,25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix
  • the amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denatu ⁇ ng at 94°C for 1 minute, 7 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72X for 5 minutes; and 32 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation 67' 1 C for 5 minutes, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67 'C.
  • the secondary amplifications were composed of 1 ⁇ l of each primary PCR product as template. 0.4 mM each of dATP. dTTP. dGTP, and dCTP, 10 pmol of Adaptor Primer 2 (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View. CA, USA), 10 pmol of nested primer MtGH61F-R2 or MtGH61F-F7, 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer, and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix in a final volume of 25 ⁇ l.
  • the amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denaturing at 94°C for 1 minute, 5 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes; and 20 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds; annealing and elongation at 67°C for 5 minutes, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67°C
  • the reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer where a 1.3 kb PCR product (upstream region) from the Pw Il library and a 1.2 kb PCR product (upstream region) from the Puv Il library were excised from the gel, purified using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc . Valencia. CA 1 USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the PCR products were sequenced directly or subcloned
  • Example 8 Characterization of the Myceliophthora thermophila genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity DNA sequencing of the PCR fragments was performed with a Perkin-Elmer
  • the PCR consisted of 50 picomoles of forward and reverse pnmers in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 genomic DNA Pit Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 04 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 1 mM MgCb and 2 5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l
  • the amplification were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 1 cycle at 98°C for 3 minutes, and 30 cycles each at 98"C for 30 seconds. 60 v C for 30 seconds, and 72"C for 1 minute, followed by a final extension of 15 minutes at 72°C
  • the heat block then went to a 4 'C soak cycle
  • reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and punfled using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions
  • a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions
  • addition of 3' A-ove ⁇ t ⁇ angs was performed using Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Ipswich, MA USA)
  • the Mycehophthora thermophtla gh61f insert was confirmed by DNA sequencing E colt pSMa ⁇ 192 was deposited with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, IL, USA, on December 5, 2007, and assigned accession number B-50085
  • the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:. 4) of the Myceliophthora thermophila GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity are shown in Figure 1
  • the genomic polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of 235 amino acids interrupted by 2 mtrons of 62 and 84 bp
  • the % G+C content of the full-length coding sequence and the mature coding sequence are 64.1% and 65.4% respectively
  • a signal peptide of 15 residues was predicted
  • the predicted mature protein contains 220 amino acids with a molecular mass of 23 kDa
  • Example 9 Construction of an Aspergillus oryzae expression vector containing Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • the ligation reaction (50 ⁇ l) was composed of 1X InFusion Buffer (BD Biosciences. Palo Alto, CA 1 USA) 1X BSA (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA), 1 ⁇ l of Infusion enzyme (diluted 1 10) (BD Biosciences. Palo Allo, CA. USA), 100 ng of pAlLo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I and 50 ng of the Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a purified PCR product The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. One ⁇ l of the reaction was used to transform E. colt XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold Supercompetent cells (Stratagene. La JoIIa 1 CA. USA) An E.
  • coli tra ⁇ sformant containing pSMa ⁇ 185 was detected by restriction digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600 (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA. USA). The Myceliophthora thermophiia gh ⁇ ia insert in ⁇ SMa ⁇ i85 was confirmed by DNA sequencing
  • Example 10 Construction of an Aspergillus oryz ⁇ e expression vector containing Myceliophthora thermophiia CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • Example 11 Expression of the Myceliophthora thermophiia Family 61 glycosyl hydrolase genes (gh61a and gh61f Individually in Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 Aspergillus ot ⁇ zae JaL355 (WO 2002/40694) protoplasts were prepared according to the method of Christensen et al. , 1988, Bio/Technology 6 1419-1422 Three ⁇ g of pSMa ⁇ 185 (gh ⁇ ia) or pSMa ⁇ 198 (gh61t) were transformed individually into Aspergillus oryzae JaL355
  • Confluent Minimal Medium plates of each of the transformants were washed with 6 ml of 0 01% TWEEN® 20 and inoculated separately into 25 ml of M410 medium in 125 ml glass shake flasks and incubated at 34X, 250 rpm After 5 days incubation, 5 ⁇ l of supernatant from each culture were analyzed on CRITERION® 8-16% Tris-HCI gels with a CRITERION® Cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories lnc , Hercules, CA.
  • Example 12 Effect of Mycelfophthora thermophila GH61A and GH61F polypeptides on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn stover
  • Culture broth was prepared as decribed in Example 11 and concentrated approximately 20-fold using an Amicon ultrafiltration device (Millipore, Bedfored, MA , 10 kDa polyethersulfone membrane, 40 psi, 4°C) Protein concentration was estimated by densitometry following SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining Corn slover was pretreated and prepared as an assay substrate as described in WO 2005/074647 to generate pretreated com stover (PCS) The base cellulase mixture used to assay enhancing activity was prepared from Tnchoderma reesei strain SMA135 (WO 2008/057637)
  • An isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity selected from the group consisting of (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NC 4,
  • polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, and
  • a vanant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
  • polypeptide of paragraph 8 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
  • polypeptide of paragraph 1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • polypeptide of paragraph 10 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
  • polypeptide of paragraph 10 comprising or consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:' 4
  • the polypeptide of paragraph 1 which is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, ( ⁇ i) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or (HI) a full-length complementary strand of ( ⁇ ) or ( ⁇ i) [14]
  • the polypeptide of paragraph 13 which is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stnngency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (n) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or ( ⁇ i) a full-length complementary strand of ( ⁇ ) or ( ⁇ i) [15]
  • the polypeptide of paragraph 14 which is encoded by a polyn
  • polypeptide of paragraph 16 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 65% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 17 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 18 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 75% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 19 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 20 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 85% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 21 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 22 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 1 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3 or a subsequence thereof encoding a fragment having celluloiytic enhancing activity
  • polypeptide of paragraph 24 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 24 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
  • polypeptide of paragraph 1 wherein the polypeptide is a vanant comprising a substitution deletion, and'or insertion of one or more (several) amino a ⁇ ds of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ ID NO 4
  • polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-29, wherein the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO 1 or nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO 3
  • a nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the production of the polypeptide in an expression host
  • a recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 33
  • a method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30 comprising (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form produces the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide and (b) recovering the polypeptide [37]
  • a method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1 -30 comprising' (a) cultivating a host cell comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovenng the polypeptide
  • a method of producing a mutant of a parent cell comprising disrupting or deleting a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30. which results in the mutant producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell
  • mutant cell of paragraph 39 further comprising a gene encoding a native or heterologous protein.
  • a method of producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating the mutant cell of paragraph 40 under conditions conducive for production of the protein, and (b) recovenng the protein.
  • the isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 obtained by (a) hybridizing a population of DNA under at least high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO' 3, ( ⁇ ) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or
  • SEQ ID NO. 3 or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of ( ⁇ ) or ( ⁇ i), and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide, which encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
  • a method of producing a polynucleotide comprising a mutant nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity comprising (a) introducing at least one mutation into the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ
  • mutant nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comp ⁇ sing or consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ
  • a method of producing a polypeptide comprising (a) cultivating a cell comprising the mutant polynucleotide of paragraph 45 encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • a method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30 comprising' (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
  • dsRNA double- stranded inhibitory RNA
  • dsRNA double-stranded inhibitory RNA
  • a method of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell compnsing administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of the polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 (52)
  • the method of paragraph 51 wherein the dsRNA is about 15, 16 17, 18,
  • a nucleic acid construct comprising a gene encoding a protein operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO 4 wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence
  • a recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 53
  • a method of producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating the recombinant host cell of paragraph 55 under conditions conducive for production of the protein and (b) recovering the protein
  • a method for degrading or converting a cell ⁇ losic material comprising treating the cell ⁇ losic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of paragraphs 1-30 wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • step (b) fermenting the sacchanfied cellulosic mate ⁇ al of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product
  • a method of fermenting a cellulosic material comprising fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellutolytic enhancing activity of any of paragraphs 1-30 and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
  • cellulolytic enzyme composition compnses one or more cellulolytic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase
  • cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a hemtcellulase, esterase protease, laccase. and peroxidase

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Abstract

The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and isolated polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides.

Description

POLYPEPTIDES HAVING CELLULOLYTIC ENHANCING ACTIVITY AND POLYNUCLEOTIDES ENCODING SAME
Reference to a Sequence Listing
This application contains a Sequence Listing in computer readable form The computer readable form is incorporated herein by reference
Reference to Deposit of Biological Material This application contains a reference to a deposit of biological material, which deposit is incorporated herein by reference
Background of the Invention
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and isolated polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells compnsing the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides.
Description of the Related Art
Cellulose is a polymer of the simple sugar glucose linked by beta-1 ,4-bonds Many microorganisms produce enzymes that hydrolyze beta-linked glucans These enzymes include endoglucanases. cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases Endoglucanases digest the cellulose polymer at random locations, opening it to attack by cellobiohydrolases Cellobiohydrolases sequentially release molecules of cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose polymer Cellobiose is a water-soluble beta-1 ,4-lιnked dimer of glucose. Beta-glucosidases hydrolyze cellobiose to glucose
The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into ethanol has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, the desirability of avoiding burning or land filling the materials and the cleanliness of the ethanol fuel. Wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal solid wastes have been considered as feedstocks for ethanol production. These materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin Once the cellulose is converted to glucose, the glucose is easily fermented by yeast into ethanol.
It would be advantageous in the art to improve the ability to convert cellulosic feedstocks WO 2005/074647 discloses isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides thereof from Thielavia teσestris. WO 2005/074656 discloses an isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Thermoascυs aurantiacus. WO 2007/089290 discloses an isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Trichoderma reesei.
The present invention relates to polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4;
(b) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:; 1 or SEQ ID NO;: 3, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of (i) or (ii);
(C) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3; and
(d) a variant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4.
The present invention also relates Io isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4;
(b) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of
SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:. 3, or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of (i) or (ii);
(C) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3; and
(d) a polynucleotide encoding a variant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4.
The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, recombinant expression vectors, recombinant host cells comprising the polynucleotides, and methods of producing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention. The present also relates to such a double-stranded inhibitory RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein optionally the dsRNA is a siRNA or a miRNA molecule. The present invention also relates to methods for degrading or converting a cellulosic material, comprising: treating the cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of such a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity,
The present invention also relates to meihods of producing a fermentation product, comprising (a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared Io the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity: (b) fermenting the saccharified cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product; and (c) recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation.
The present invention also relates to methods of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising: fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
The present invention also relates to plants comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. The present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, comprising' (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovenng the polypeptide.
The present invention further relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a gene encoding a protein, wherein the gene is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence.
Brief Description of the Figures
Figure 1 shows the genomic DNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (SEQ ID NOs 1 and 2 respectively) Figure 2 shows a restriction map of pSMai190
Figure 3 shows the genomic DNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 GH61 F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4 respectively). Figure 4 shows a restriction map of pSMaι192. Figure 5 shows a restriction map of pSMaι185 Figure 6 shows a restriction map of pSMaι198
Figure 7 shows the effect of Myceliophthora thermophila GH61A and GH61F polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn stover
Definitions
Cellulolytic enhancing activity: The term "cellulotytic enhancing activity" is defined herein as a biological activity that enhances the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by proteins having cellulolytic activity For purposes of the present invention, cellulolytic enhancing activity is determined by measuring the increase in reducing sugars or in the increase of the total of cellobiose and glucose from the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by cellulase protein under the following conditions' 1-50 mg of total protein/g of cellulose in PCS. wherein total protein is comprised of 80-99 5% w/w cellulase protein/g of cellulose in PCS and 0 5-20% w/w protein of cellulotytic enhancing activity for 1-7 days at 50°C compared to a control hydrolysis with equal total protein loading without cellulolytic enhancing activity (1-50 mg of cellulolytic protein/g of cellulose in PCS) In a preferred aspect, a mixture of CEUUCLAST® 1 5L (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in the presence of 3% of total protein weight Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (recombinant^ produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to WO 02/095014) or 3% of total protein weight Aspergillus fumigatus beta- glucosidase (recombinanly produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to Example 22 of WO 02/095014) of cellulase protein loading is used as the source of the cellulolytic activity. The polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity have at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50% more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70% more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 100% of the cellulolytic enhancing activity of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
The polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity enhance the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material catalyzed by proteins having cellulolytic activity by reducing the amount of cellulolytic enzyme required to reach the same degree of hydrolysis preferably at least 0 1-fold, more at least 0 2-fold more preferably at least 0 3-fold more preferably at least 0 4-fold, more preferably at least 0 5-fold more preferably at least 1-fold more preferably at least 3-fold, more preferably at least 4-fold more preferably at least 5-fold more preferably at least 10-fold, more preferably at least 20- fold, even more preferably at least 30-fold, most preferably at least 50-fold, and even most preferably at least 100-fold Cellulolytic activity: The term "cellulorytic activity" is defined herein as a biological activity which hydrolyzes a cellulosic material Cellulolytic protein may hydrolyze or hydrolyzes carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), thereby decreasing the viscosity of the incubation mixture. The resulting reduction in viscosity may be determined by a vibration viscosimeter (e.g. , MIVI 3000 from Sofraser. France) Determination of cellulase activity, measured in terms of Cellulase Viscosity Unit (CEVU), quantifies the amount of catalytic activity present in a sample by measuring the ability of the sample to reduce the viscosity of a solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) The assay is performed at the temperature and pH suitable for the cellulolytic protein and substrate For CELLUCLAST™ (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) the assay is carried out at 40°C in 0 1 M phosphate pH 9 0 buffer for 30 minutes with CMC as substrate (33 3 g/L carboxymethyl cellulose Hercules 7 LFD) and an enzyme concentration of approximately 3 3-4 2 CEVU/ml The CEVU activity is calculated relative to a declared enzyme standard, such as CELLUZYME™ Standard 17-1194 (obtained from Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd Denmark)
For purposes of the present invention, cellulolytic activity is determined by measuring the increase in hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by a cellulolytic mixture under the following conditions 1-10 mg of cellulolytic protein/g of cellulose in PCS for 5- 7 day at 50°C compared to a control hydrolysis without addition of cellulolytic protein
Endoglucanase: The term "endoglucanase" is defined herein as an endo-1 ,4- (1 ,3,1 ,4)-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase (E C No 3 2 1 4), which catalyses endohydrolysis of 1 ,4-beta-D-glycosιdιc linkages in cellulose, cellulose denvatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose), lichenin beta- 1 ,4 bonds in mixed beta-1 ,3 glucaπs such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components For purposes of the present invention, endoglucanase activity is determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolysis according to the procedure of G hose, 1987 , Pure and App) Chem 59 257-268 Cellobiohydrolase: The term 'cellobiohydrolase' is defined herein as a 1 ,4- beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E C 3 2 1 91) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1 4- beta-D-glucosιdιc linkages in cellulose, cellooligosacchandes or any beta-1 ,4-imked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chain For purposes of the present invention, cellobiohydrolase activity is determined according to the procedures described by Lever et al , 1972. Anal Bochem 47 273-279 and by van Tilbeurgh et al. , 1982 FEBS Letters 149 152-156 van Tilbeurgh and Claeyssens 1985, FESS Letters 187 283-288 In the present invention, the Lever et al method was employed to assess hydrolysis of cellulose in corn stover while the method of van Tilbeurgh et al was used to determine the cellobiohydrolase activity on a fluorescent disacchaπde derivative
Beta-glucosidase: The term "beta-glucosidase" is defined herein as a beta-D- glucoside glυcohydrolase (E C 3 2 1 21) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reduαng beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose For purposes of the present invention beta-glucosidase activity is determined according to the basic procedure described by Ventun et al 2002 J Basic Microbiol 42 55-66, except different conditions were employed as described herein One unit of beta- glucosidase activity is defined as 1 0 μmole of ρ-nιtrophenol produced per minute at 50 'C pH 5 from 4 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate, 0 01% TvVEEN® 20 Family 61 glycoside hydrolase: The term "Family 61 glycoside hydrolase" or
"Family GH61" is defined herein as a polypeptide falling into the glycoside hydrolase Family 61 according to Henrissat B , 1991. A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Bioctiem J 280 309-316 and Henrissat B , and Bairoch A 1996 Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases Biochem J 316 695-696 Presently Henrissat lists the GH61 Family as unclassified indicating that properties such as mechanism, catalytic nucleophile/base catalytic proton donors, and 3-0 structure are not known for polypeptides belonging to this family
Cellυlosic material: The cellulosic material can be any material containing cellulose The predominant polysaccharide in the primary cell wall of biomass is cellulose, the second most abundant is hemi-cellulose, and the third is pectin The secondary cell wall, produced after the cell has stopped growing, also contains polysacchandes and is strengthened by polymeric lignin covalently cross-linked to hemicellulose Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and thus a linear beta- (1-4)-D-glucan, while hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans xyloglucans arabinoxylans and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substrtuents Although generally polymorphous, cellulose is found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains Hemicelluloses usually hydrogen bond to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which help stabilize the cell wall matnx
Cellulose is generally found, for example in the stems, leaves hulls, husks and cobs of plants or leaves, branches and wood of trees The cellulosic matenal can be, but is not limited to, herbaceous material, agricultural residue, forestry residue, municipal solid waste, waste paper and pulp and paper mill residue The cellulosic material can be any type of biomass including but not limited to, wood resources, municipal solid waste, wastepaper, crops, and crop residues (see, for example, Wiselogel et al 1995 in Handbook on Bioethanol (Charles E Wyman, editor), pp 105- 1 18 Taylor & Francis Washington O C Wyman, 1994 Bioresource Technology 50 3- 16, Lynd 1990, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 24/25 695-719 Mosier et al., 1999, Recent Progress in Bioconversion of Lignocellulosics, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, T Scheper managing editor, Volume 65 pp 23-40 Springer- Verlag, New York) It is understood herein that the cellulose may be in the form of hgnocθllulose, a plant cell wall material containing lignin cellulose and hemicellulose in a mixed matrix In a preferred aspect, the cellulosic material is lignocellulose
In one aspect the cellulosic material is herbaceous matenal In another aspect the cellulosic material is agricultural residue In another aspect the cellulosic material is forestry residue In another aspect, the cellulosic material is municipal solid waste In another aspect, the cellulosic material is waste paper In another aspect the cellulosic material is pulp and paper mill residue
In another aspect, the cellulosic material is corn stover In another preferred aspect, the cellulosic material is corn fiber In another aspect the cellulosic material is corn cob in another aspect the cellulosic matenal is orange peel In another aspect, the cellulosic material is πce straw In another aspect, the cellulosic matenal is wheat straw In another aspect the cellulosic material is switch grass In another aspect, the cellulosic matenal is miscanthus In another aspect, the cellulosic material is bagasse
In another aspect, the cellulosic material is microcrystalline cellulose In another aspect the cellulosic material is bactenal cellulose The cellulosic material may be used as is or may be subjected to pretreatment, using conventional methods known in the art as descnbed herein In a preferred aspect, the cellulosic material is pretreated
Pre-treated com stover: The term "PCS or "Pre-treated Corn Stover" is defined herein as a cellulosic material derived from corn stover by treatment with heat and dilute acid
Isolated polypeptide: The term 'isolated polypeptide' as used herein refers to a polypeptide that is isolated from a source in a preferred aspect the polypeptide is at least 1% pure preferably at least 5% pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably at least 20% pure, more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure even more preferably at least 80% pure, and most preferably at least 90% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE
Substantially pure polypeptide: The term "substantially pure polypeptide " denotes herein a polypeptide preparation that contains at most 10%, preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5% more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3% even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1% and even most preferably at most 0 5% by weight of other polypeptide material with which it is natively or recombinants associated It is therefore preferred that the substantially pure polypeptide is at least 92% pure, preferably at least 94% pure, more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure more preferably at least 98% pure even more preferably at least 99% pure, most preferably at least 99 5% pure, and even most preferably 100% pure by weight of the total polypeptide material present in the preparation The polypeptides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, i.e., that the polypeptide preparation is essentially free of other polypeptide matenal with which it is natively or recombinant^ associated This can be accomplished for example, by preparing the polypeptide by well-known recombinant methods or by classical purification methods Mature polypeptide: The term "mature polypeptide" is defined herein as a polypeptide in its final form following translation and any post-translational modifications such as N-terminal processing, C-termmal truncation glycosylation, phosphorylation etc In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO: 2 based on the SignalP program (Nielsen et al. , 1997, Protein Engineering 10 1-6) that predicts amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2 are a signal peptide in another preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide is amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO: 4 based on the SignalP program that predicts amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4 are a signal peptide Mature polypeptide coding sequence: The term "mature polypeptide coding sequence" is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that encodes a mature polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO: 1 based on the SignalP program that predicts nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 encode a signal peptide In another preferred aspect, the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3 based on the SignalP program that predicts nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO: 3 encode a signal peptide
Identity: The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences is described by the parameter 'identity' For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J MoI Biol 48 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMEiOSS The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et at , 2000, Trends in Genetics 16 276-277) preferably version 3 0 0 or later The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0 5 and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix The output of Needle labeled "longest identity" (obtained using the -nobnef option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows (Identical Residues x 100)/(Length of Alignment - Total Number of Gaps in Alignment) For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two deoxynbonucleotide sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al , 2000 supra), preferably version 3 0 0 or later The optional parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0 5 and the EDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCBI NUC4 4) substitution matrix The output of Needle labeled "longest identity" (obtained using the -nobπef option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows
(Identical Deoxyπbonucleotides x 100)/(Length of Alignment - Total Number of Gaps in Alignment) Homologous sequence: The term "homologous sequence" is defined herein as a predicted protein having an E value (or expectancy score) of less than O 001 in a tfasty search (Pearson W R 1999 in Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols S Misener and S. A. Krawetz, ed , pp 185-219) with the Mycebophthora thermophita polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or the mature polypeptide thereof
Polypeptide fragment: The term 'polypeptide fragment' is defined herein as a polypeptide having one or more (several) amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof, wherein the fragment has cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, a fragment contains at least 185 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 195 amino acid residues and most preferably at least 205 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or a homologous sequence thereof In another preferred aspect, a fragment contains at least 190 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 200 amino aαd residues and most preferably at least 210 amino aαd residues of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 or a homologous sequence thereof
Subsequence: The term "subsequence" is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence having one or more (several) nucleotides deleted from the 5' and/or 3' end of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous sequence thereof, wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, a subsequence contains at least 555 nucleotides more preferably at least 585 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 615 nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a homologous sequence thereof In another preferred aspect, a subsequence contains at least 570 nucleotides, more preferably at least 600 nucleotides, and most preferably at least 630 nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or a homologous sequence thereof
Allelic variant: The term 'allelic variant ' denotes herein any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences An allelic vaπant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.
Isolated polynucleotide: The term "isolated polynucleotide" as used herein refers to a polynucleotide that is isolated from a source In a preferred aspect, the polynucleotide is at least 1% pure, preferably at least 5% pure, more preferably at least 10% pure, more preferably at least 20% pure more preferably at least 40% pure, more preferably at least 60% pure, even more preferably at least 80% pure, and most preferably at least 90% pure, as determined by agarose electrophoresis
Substantially pure polynucleotide: The term "substantially pure polynucleotide" as used herein refers to a polynucleotide preparation free of other extraneous or unwanted nucleotides and in a form suitable for use wrthm genetically engineered protein production systems Thus, a substantially pure polynucleotide contains at most 10% preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 6% more preferably at most 5%, more preferably at most 4%, more preferably at most 3%. even more preferably at most 2%, most preferably at most 1%, and even most preferably at most O 5% by weight of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively or recombinant^ associated A substantially pure polynucleotide may, however, include naturally occurnng 5' and 3' untranslated regions such as promoters and terminators It is preferred that the substantially pure polynucleotide is at least 90% pure, preferably at least 92% pure, more preferably at least 94% pure more preferably at least 95% pure, more preferably at least 96% pure, more preferably at least 97% pure even more preferably at least 98% pure, most preferably at least 99% pure, and even most preferably at least 99 5% pure by weight The polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably in a substantially pure form, / e , that the polynucleotide preparation is essentially free of other polynucleotide material with which it is natively or recombinant^ associated. The polynucleotides may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA. semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof
Coding sequence: When used herein the term "coding sequence" means a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which usually begins with the ATG start codon or alternative start codons such as GTG and TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, and TGA. The coding sequence may be a DNA. cDNA. synthetic, or recombinant nucleotide sequence. cDNA: The term "cDNA" is defined herein as a DNA molecule that can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced. mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that may be present in the corresponding genomic DNA. The initial, primary RNA transcnpt is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a senes of steps before appeanng as mature spliced mRNA These steps include the removal of intron sequences by a process called splicing cDNA derived from mRNA lacks, therefore, any intron sequences
Nucleic acid construct: The term "nucleic acid construct" as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule either single- or double-stranded which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which is modified to contain segments of nucleic acids in a manner that would not otherwise exist in nature or which is synthetic The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term "expression cassette" when the nucleic acid construct contains the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence of the present invention Control sequences: The term "control sequences" is defined herein to include all components necessary for the expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or native or foreign to each other Such control sequences include, but are not limited to a leader, polyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence promoter, signal peptide sequence and transcription terminator At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcnptional and translational stop signals The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specrfic restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide Operably linked: The term "operably linked" denotes herein a configuration in which a control sequence is placed at an appropnate position relative to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide sequence such that the control sequence directs the expression of the coding sequence of a polypeptide
Expression: The term "expression" includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcnption, post-transcnptional modification translation post-translational modification and secretion
Expression vector The term "expression vector" is defined herein as a linear or circular DNA molecule that comprises a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention and is operably linked to additional nucleotides that provide for its expression
Host cell: The term "host cell", as used herein, includes any cell type that is susceptible to transformation, transfection transduction, and the like with a nucleic acid construct or expression vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention
Modification: The term "modification' means herein any chemical modification of the polypeptide consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof, as well as genetic manipulation of the DNA encoding such a polypeptide The modification can be a substitution a deletion and/or an insertion of one or more (several) amino acids as well as replacements of one or more (several) amino acid side chains
Artificial vaπant: When used herein the term "artificial variant" means a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity produced by an organism expressing a modified polynucleotide sequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a homologous sequence thereof The modified nucleotide sequence is obtained through human intervention by modification of the polynucleotide sequence disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or a homologous sequence thereof
Detailed Description of the Invention
Polypeptides Having Cellulolytic Enhancing Activity
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence having a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ IDNO: 4 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 66% more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%. more preferably at least 85% even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95% and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%, which have cellulolytic enhancing activity (hereinafter "homologous polypeptides") In a preferred aspect, the homologous polypeptides have an amino acid sequence that differs by ten amino acids, preferably by five amino acids, more preferably by four amino acids, even more preferably by three amino acids, most preferably by two amino acids, and even most preferably by one amino acid from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
A polypeptide of the present invention preferably comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an allelic variant thereof or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO: 2, or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO: 2 In another preferred aspect the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:. 2 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO:' 2 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO:. 2 A polypeptide of the present invention preferably comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide comprises the mature polypeptide of SEQ IDNO: 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide compnses amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO: 4, or an allelic variant thereof, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect the polypeptide comprises amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:' 4. In another preferred aspect the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:; 4 In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ IDNO: 4 or an allelic variant thereof; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide consists of amino acids 16 to 235 of SEQ ID NO:. 4.
In a second aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity that are encoded by polynucleotides that hybndize under preferably very low stnngency conditions, more preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions and most preferably very high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, (it) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO:. 3, (in) a subsequence of (ι) or (ιι), or (iv) a full-length complementary strand of (ι), (ιi), or (in) (J Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch. and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cfontng, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition Cold Spring Harbor, New York) A subsequence of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO:' 3 contains at least 100 contiguous nucleotides or preferably at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequence may encode a polypeptide fragment having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3.
The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3. or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a fragment thereof; may be used to design nucleic acid probes to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 14 preferably at least 25, more preferably at least 35, and most preferably at least 70 nucleotides in length It is. however, preferred that the nucleic acid probe is at least 100 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic aαd probe may be at least 200 nucleotides, preferably at least 300 nucleotides, more preferably at least 400 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 500 nucleotides in length Even longer probes may be used, e g.. nucleic acid probes that are preferably at least 600 nucleotides, more preferably at least 700 nucleotides, or most preferably at least 800 nucleotides in length. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with 32P. 3H, "S, biotin, or avidin) Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.
A genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other strains may. therefore, be screened for DNA that hybridizes with the probes descnbed above and encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. Genomic or other DNA from such other strains may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques DNA from the libranes or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material In order to identify a clone or DNA that is homologous with SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:' 3, or a subsequence thereof, the carrier matenal is preferably used in a Southern blot,
For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that the nucleotide sequence hybndizes to a labeled nucleic acid probe corresponding to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3: the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, its full-length complementary strand; or a subsequence thereof, under very low to very high stringency conditions Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions can be detected using, for example, X-ray film.
In a preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO:: 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a subsequence thereof In another preferred aspect the nucleic acid probe is SEQ ID NO: 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the polynucleotide sequence contained in plasmid pSMaι190 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083 wherein the polynucleotide sequence thereof encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pSMaι190 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083
In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3. In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a subsequence thereof In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is SEQ ID NO:' 3 In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the polynucleotide sequence contained in plasmid ρSMaι192 which is contained in E. coli NRRL B- 50085 wherein the polynucleotide sequence thereof encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In another preferred aspect, the nucleic acid probe is the mature polypeptide coding region contained in plasmid pSMaι192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085
For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, very low to very high stringency conditions are defined as prehybndization and hybridization at 42~C in 5X SSPE1 0 3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for very low and low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0 2% SDS preferably at 451C (very low stringency), more preferably at 50°C (low stπngency), more preferably at 55s C (medium stringency), more preferably at 60°C (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at 65'C (high stringency), and most preferably at 70 'C (very high stringency) For short probes of about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length stringency conditions are defined as prehybndization hybridization, and washing post- hybπdization at about 5ΛC to about 1OX below the calculated Tr using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 48 1390) in 0 9 M NaCI, 0 09 M Tns-HCI pH 7 6, 6 mM EDTA 0 5% NP- 40, 1X Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate. 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0 1 mM ATP, and 0 2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours optimally For short probes of about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is washed once in 6X SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6X SSC at 5°C to 10°C below the calculated T11
In a third aspect, the present invention relates to isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity encoded by polynucleotides comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences that have a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70% more preferably at least 75% more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98%, or at least 99%, which encode a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity See polynucleotide section herein
In a fourth aspect the present invention relates to artificial vanants comprising a substitution deletion and/or insertion of one or more (or several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a homologous sequence thereof Preferably amino acid changes are of a minor nature that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein, small deletions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids, small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue a small linker peptide of up to about 20-25 residues, or a small extension that facilitates purrfication by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain
Examples of conservative substitutions are within the group of basic amino acids
(argmine lysine and histidine) acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagme) hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine tryptophan and tyrosine) and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine) Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example by H Neurath and R L Hill, 1979, In1 The Proteins, Academic Press, New York The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/lle,
Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr Ser/Asn, Ala/Val Ser/Gly Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro Lys/Arg,
Asp/Asn, Leu/He Leu/Val, Ala/Glu and Asp'Gly
In addition to the 20 standard amino acids, non-standard amino acids (such as
4-hydroxyprolιπe. 6-N-methyl lysine 2-amιnoιsobutyrιc acid isovaline, and alpha-methyl serine) may be substituted for amino acid residues of a wild-type polypeptide A limited number of non-conservative amino acids, amino acids that are not encoded by the genetic code, and unnatural amino acids may be substituted for amino acid residues "Unnatural amino acids' have been modified after protein synthesis, and/or have a chemical structure in their side chaιn(s) different from that of the standard amino acids Unnatural amino acids can be chemically synthesized, and preferably, are commercially available, and include pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylprolιne, and 3 3-dιmethylprolιne
Alternatively the amino acid changes are of such a nature that the physico- chemical properties of the polypeptides are altered For example, amino acid changes may improve the thermal stability of the polypeptide, alter the substrate specificity change the pH optimum and the like Essential amino acids in the parent polypeptide can be identified according to procedures known in the art such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells. 1989. Science 244 1081-1085) In the latter technique single alanine mutations are introduced at every residue in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for biological activity i.e. , cellulolytic enhancing activity) to identify amino acid residues that are cπtical to the activity of the molecule See also Hilton ef al. 1996 J S/o/ Chem 271 4699-4708 The active site of the enzyme or other biological interaction can also be determined by physical analysis of structure, as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography electron diffraction, or photoaffinity labeling, in conjunction with mutation of putative contact site amino acids See, for example, de Vos et at , 1992 Science 255 306-312 Smith ef al. 1992, J MoI Biol 224 899-904 Wlodaver al. al , 1992, FESS Lett 309 59-64 The identities of essential amino acids can also be inferred from analysis of identities with polypeptides that are related to a polypeptide according to the invention Single or multiple amino acid substitutions deletions, and/or insertions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis recombination, and/or shuffling, followed by a relevant screening procedure, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer. 1988, Science 241 53-57 Bowie and Sauer, 1989 Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 86 2152-2156, WO 95/17413, or WO 95/22625 Other methods that can be used include error-prone PCR, phage display (e.g. . Lowman et al , 1991 Biocbem 30 10832-10837, U S Patent No 5,223,409 WO 92/06204) and region- directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al 1986, Gene 46 145 Ner et at , 1988. DNA 7 127)
Mutagenesis/shuffling methods can be combined with high-throughput automated screening methods to detect activity of cloned, mutagenized polypeptides expressed by host cells (Ness et al., 1999, Nature Biotechnology 17 893-896) Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active polypeptides can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly seqυenced using standard methods in the art. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied to polypeptides of unknown structure. The total number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:: 2 or SEQ ID NO:: 4, is 10. preferably 9, more preferably 8, more preferably 7, more preferably at most 6, more preferably 5, more preferably 4, even more preferably 3, most preferably 2. and even most preferably 1.
Sources of Polypeptides Having Cellulolytic Enhancing Activity
A polypeptide of the present invention may be obtained from microorganisms of any genus. For purposes of the present invention, the term Obtained from" as used herein in connection with a given source shall mean that the polypeptide encoded by a nucleotide sequence is produced by the source or by a strain in which the nucleotide sequence from the source has been inserted. In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide obtained from a given source is secreted extracellularly.
A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention may be a bacterial polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a Bacillus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Staphylococcus. Enterococcυs, Lactobacillus. Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, or Oceanobacillus polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide such as an £ colt, Pseudomonas. Salmonella, Campylobacter. Helicobacter, Flavobacterium, Fusobacterium, llyobacter. Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Bacillus alkabphilυs, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Badllus firmus, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus mβgaterium, Bacillus pumilus. Bacillus stβarothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis. or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptococcus equisimilis,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus uberis: or Streptococcus eqυi subsp Zooepidemicus polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermitilis. Streptomyces coeticotor, Streptomyces griseus, or Streptomyces lividans polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention may also be a fungal polypeptide, and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity; or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as an Acremoniυm, Agancus Altemana, Aspergillus Aureobasidium, Botryospaena, Cenponopsis, Chaetomidtum, Chrysosponum, Clavicβps, Cochliobolus, Copnnopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectna, Cryptococcus, Dψlodia, Exidia Ftlibasidium, Fusanum, Gibberella, Holomastigotoides Humicola, Irpex, Lentinula, Leptospaena, Magnaporthe, Melanocarpus. Menpilus, Mυcor, Mycehophthora, Neocallimastix, Neυrospora Paecilomyces, Peniαlhum, Phanerochaete Piromyces, Poitrasia, Pseudoplectania, Pseυdotrichonympha Rhtzomucor, Schizophyltum, Scytalidium, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Tnchophaea, Vertiαiltum, Votvanetla, or Xylana polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
In a preferred aspect the polypeptide is a Saccharomycβs carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces diastaticυs, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is an Aσemonium cellulolyticus, Aspergillus acυleatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus foetidus Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosponum kerabnophilum, Chrysosponum lucknowense, Chrysosponum tropicum. Chrysosporium merdaήum Chrysosponum iπops, Chrysosponum pannicola Chrysosponum queenstandicum, Chrysosponum zonatum, Fusanum bactridioides, Fusanum cerealis, Fusanum crookwβllensβ Fusanum culmorum, Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum graminum, Fusanum heterαsporum, Fusanum negundi Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum reticυlatum, Fusanum roseum Fusanum sambucinum, Fusanum sarcochroυm, Fusanum sporotrichtoides, Fusanum sulphureum, Fusanum torulosum, Fusanum trichothecioides, Fusanum venenatum, Humicola gnsea, Humicola insofens, Humicola lanuginosa, trpex ladeus Mυcor miehei, Neurospora crassa, Pentcillium funiculosum Penidllium purpurogenum Phanerochaete chrysosponum Thielavia achromatic^, Thielavia albomyces, Thielavia albopilosa, Thielavta australeinsis, Thielavia fimeti, Thielavia microspore, Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededonium Thtelavia setosa. Thielavia subthermophila Thielavia terrestns, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma konmgii, Tnchoderma longibrachiatum, Tnchoderma reesei, or Trichoderma vinde polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Mycehophthora hmnulea, Myceliophthora lutea, Mycehophthora thermophila, or Myceliophthora vellerea polypeptide having cellυloiytic enhancing activity
In a more preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Myceliophthora thermophita polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a most preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, e g , the polypeptide compnsing the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
It will be understood that for the aforementioned species the invention encompasses both the perfect and imperfect states, and other taxonomic equivalents, e g , anamorphs, regardless of the species name by which they are known Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the identity of appropnate equivalents
Strains of these species are readily accessible to the public in a number of culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL)
Furthermore, such polypeptides may be identified and obtained from other sources including microorganisms isolated from nature (e g , soil, composts, water, etc ) using the above-mentioned probes Techniques for isolating microorganisms from natural habitats are well known in the art The polynucleotide may then be obtained by similarly screening a genomic or cDNA library of such a microorganism Once a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide has been detected with the probe(s), the polynucleotide can be isolated or cloned by utilizing techniques that are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see e g , Sambrook ef al , 1989, supra)
Polypeptides of the present invention also include fused polypeptides or cleavable fusion polypeptides in which another polypeptide is fused at the N-tenminus or the C-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment thereof A fused polypeptide is produced by fusing a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding another polypeptide to a nucleotide sequence (or a portion thereof) of the present invention Techniques for producing fusion polypeptides are known in the art, and include ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so that they are in frame and that expression of the fused polypeptide is under control of the same promoter(s) and terminator
A fusion polypeptide can further comprise a cleavage site Upon secretion of the fusion protein the site is cleaved releasing the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity from the fusion protein Examples of cleavage sites include, but are not limited to a Kex2 site that encodes the dipeptide Lys-Arg (Martin ef al , 2003. J lnd Microbiol Biotechnol 3 568-76, Svetma et at , 2000, J Biotechnol 76 245-251 , Rasmussen- Wilson et al , 1997, Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3488-3493, Ward et al. , 1995, Biotechnology 13 498-503, and Contreras et al . 1991 , Biotechnology 9: 378-381), an He-(Glu or Asp)-Gly-Arg site, which is cleaved by a Factor Xa protease after the argiπine residue (Eaton et al. , 1986 Biochem 25 505-512), a Asp-Asp- Asp-Asp-Lys site, which is cleaved by an enterokinase after the lysine (Collins-Racie et al , 1995, Biotechnology 13 982-987), a His-Tyr-Glu site or His-Tyr-Asp site, which is cleaved by Genenase I (Carter et al 1989, Proteins Structure, Function, and Genetics 6 240-248), a Leu-Val- Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser site, which is cleaved by thrombin after the Arg (Stevens, 2003, Drug Discovery World 4 35-48), a Glu-Asn-Leυ-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Gly site, which is cleaved by TEV protease after the Gln (Stevens, 2003, supra), and a Leu-Glu-Val-Leu-Phe-Gln- Gly-Pro site, which is cleaved by a genetically engineered form of human rhinovirus 3C protease after the Gln (Stevens, 2003, supra)
Polynucleotides
The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides compnsing or consisting of nucleotide sequences that encode polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention
In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1 In another more preferred aspect the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence contained in plasmid pSMaι190 which is contained in E coli IMRRL B-50083 In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO: 1 In another more preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence contained in plasmid pSMari 90 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50083
In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence compnses or consists of SEQ ID NO: 3 In another more preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the sequence contained in plasmtd pSMaι192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085 In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 3 In another preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO: 3 In another more preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide coding sequence contained in plasmid pSMaι192 which is contained in E coli NRRL B-50085 The present invention also encompasses nucleotide sequences that encode polypeptides comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:' 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 or the mature polypeptide thereof, which differ from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or the mature polypeptide coding sequence thereof, respectively, by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code The present invention also relates to subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 that encode fragments of SEQ IDNO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 that have cellulolytic enhancing activity, respectively. The present invention also relates to mutant polynucleotides comprising or consisting of at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, in which the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4. respectively
The techniques used to isolate or clone a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide are known in the art and include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof The cloning of the polynucleotides of the present invention from such genomic DNA can be effected, e g . by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features See, e.g lnnis et al , 1990 PCR A Guide to Methods and Application, Academic Press New York Other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleotide sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used. The polynucleotides may be cloned from a strain of Myceliophthora, or another or related organism and thus for example, may be an allelic or species variant of the polypeptide encoding region of the nucleotide sequence.
The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides comprising or consisting of nucleotide sequences that have a degree of identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3 of preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90% most preferably at least 95%. and even most preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or al least 99% identity which encode a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
Modification of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides substantially similar to the polypeptide. The term substantially similar" to the polypeptide refers to non-naturally occurring forms of the polypeptide These polypeptides may differ in some engineered way from the polypeptide isolated from its native source e.g. , artificial variants that differ in specific activity thermostability, pH optimum, or the like The variant sequence may be constructed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence presented as the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:' 1 or SEQ ID NO:: 3, e.g., a subsequence thereof, and/or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions that do not give nse to another amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence, but which correspond to the codon usage of the host organism intended for production of the enzyme, or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions that may give rise to a different amino acid sequence For a general description of nucleotide substitution, see e g , Ford et al , 1991 , Protein Expression and Purification 2 95-107
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such substitutions can be made outside the regions cntical to the function of the molecule and still result in an active polypeptide Amino acid residues essential to the activity of the polypeptide encoded by an isolated polynucleotide of the invention, and therefore preferably not subject Io substitution, may be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site- directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (see, e g , Cunningham and Wells, 1989 supra) In the latter technique, mutations are introduced at every positively charged residue in the molecule and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for cellulolytic enhancing activity to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule Sites of substrate-enzyme interaction can also be determined by analysis of the three-dimensional structure as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance analysis crystallography or photoaffinity labeling (see, e g , de Vos et al 1992, supra, Smith et al , 1992 supra, Wlodaver et al , 1992, supra)
The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of the present invention, which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, preferably low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stnngency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stnngency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 (ιι) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:. 3 or (in) a full-length complementary strand of (ι) or (ιι) or allelic variants and subsequences thereof (Sambrook et al. , 1989, supra), as defined herein In a preferred aspect, the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 The present invention also relates to isolated polynucleotides obtained by (a) hybπdizing a population of DNA under very low low, medium medium-high, high, or very high stringency conditions with (ι) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (ιι) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (in) a fulHength complementary strand of (ι) or (n), and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide, which encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, the complementary strand is the full-length complementary strand of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
Nucleic Acid Constructs
The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the expression of the coding sequence in a suitable host cell under conditions compatible with the control sequences
An isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide Manipulation of the polynucleotide s sequence prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector The techniques for modifying polynucleotide sequences utilizing recombinant DNA methods are well known in the art
The control sequence may be an appropnate promoter sequence, a nucleotide sequence thai is recognized by a host cell for expression of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences that mediate the expression of the polypeptide The promoter may be any nucleotide sequence that shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice including mutant, truncated, and hybnd promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the host cell
Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention, especially in a bacterial host cell are the promoters obtained from the E coli lac operon. Streptomyces coettcotor agarase gene (dagA), Bacillus subtilts levansucrase gene {sacB), Bacillus lichβmformis alpha-amylase gene (amyL) Bacillus stearothetmopbilus maltogenic amylase gene (amy/Vf) Bacillus amyioliqυefaαens alpha-amylase gene (amyQ) Bacillus licheniformis penicillinase gene (penP), Bacillus subtilis xylA and xyiB genes, and prokaryotic beta-lactamase gene (Villa-Kamaroff et al 1978 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75 3727-3731), as well as the tac promoter (DeBoer et al. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 80 21-25) Further promoters are described in "Useful proteins from recombinant bacteria" in Scientific Amencan 1980 242 74-94, and in Sambrook et al , 1989 supra
Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention in a filamentous fungal host cell are promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspeiyillus niger or Aspergillus awamon glucoamylase (glaA) Rhizomυcor miehei lipase Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase. Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, Fusanum venenatum amyloglucosidase (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Dana (WO 00/56900), Fusarium venenatum Quinn (WO 00/56900), Fusanum oxysporum trypsin-like protease (WO 96/00787) Trichoderma reesei beta-glucosidase, Trichoderma reesei cetlobiohydrolase I1 Tήchoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II, Trichodermβ reesei endoglucanase I Tήchoderma reesei endoglucanase Il Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III, Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase IV Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V, Trichoderma reesei xylanase I, Trichoderma reesei xylanase II, Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidase, as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase)' and mutant, truncated, and hybnd promoters thereof In a yeast host, useful promoters are obtained from the genes for
Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase (GAL1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH1 , ADH2/GAP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae triose phosphate isomerase (TPl), Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein (CUP1). and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are described by Romanos et al. , 1992, Yeast 8' 423-488
The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a host cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3 terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention
Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase. and Fusarium oxysporum trypsm-like protease
Preferred terminators for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome C (CYC1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Other useful terminators for yeast host cells are descnbed by Romanos et al , 1992 supra The control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of an mRNA that is important for translation by the host cell The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5' terminus of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention
Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase.
Suitable leaders for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for
Saccbaromyces cerevisiae enolase (ENO- 1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3- phosphoglycerate kinase Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH2/GAP).
The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence operabry linked to the 3' terminus of the nucleotide sequence and. when transcribed, is recognized by the host cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence that is functional in the host cell of choice may be used in the present invention.
Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin- like protease, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase. Useful polyadenylation sequences for yeast host cells are described by Guo and
Sherman, 1995, Molecular Cellular Biology 15: 5983-5990.
The control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding sequence that codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and directs the encoded polypeptide into the ceirs secretory pathway. The 5' end of the coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding sequence naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding sequence that encodes the secreted polypeptide. Alternatively, the 5' end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide coding sequence that is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide coding sequence may be required where the coding sequence does not naturally contain a signal peptide coding sequence.
Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide coding sequence may simply replace the natural signal peptide coding sequence in order to enhance secretion of the polypeptide.
However, any signal peptide coding sequence that directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a host cell of choice, i.e. , secreted into a culture medium, may be used in the present invention.
Effective signal peptide coding sequences for bacterial host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Bacillus NCIB 11837 mattogenic amylase Bacillus stearothetmophilus alpha-amylase Bacillus lichenifonms sυbtilisin Bacillus hchemforrms beta-laclamase Bacillus stearotheimophtlus neutral proteases (nprT nprS nprM), and Bacillus subtilis prsA Further signal peptides are described by Simonen and Palva, 1993, Microbiological Reviews 57 109-137 Effective signal peptide coding sequences for filamentous fungal host cells are the signal peptide coding sequences obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase Aspergillus niger neutral amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase Humicola insolens cellulase, Humicola insolens endoglucanase V, and Humicola lanuginosa lipase Useful signal peptides for yeast host cells are obtained from the genes for
Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase Other useful signal peptide coding sequences are descnbed by Romanos ef al. , 1992 supra
In a preferred aspect the signal peptide comprises or consists of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2 In another preferred aspect the signal peptide coding sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1
In another preferred aspect, the signal peptide comprises or consists of amino aαds 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4 In another preferred aspect the signal peptide coding sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO: 3 The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding sequence that codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases) A propeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide The propeptide coding sequence may be obtained from the genes for Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE), Bacillus subtilis neutral protease (nprT) Saccnaromyces cerevisiae alpha-factor, Rhizomucor miehet aspartic proteinase, and Myceltophthora thermophila laccase (WO 95/33836)
Where both signal peptide and propeptide sequences are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide sequence is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide sequence is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide sequence
It may also be desirable to add regulatory sequences that allow the regulation of the expression of the polypeptide relative to the growth of the host cell Examples of regulatory systems are those that cause the expression of the gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound Regulatory systems in prokaryotic systems include the lac tac, and trp operator systems In yeast, the ADH2 system or GAL1 system may be used- In filamentous fungi, the TAKA alpha-amyiase promoter, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase promoter, and Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase promoter may be used as regulatory sequences. Other examples of regulatory sequences are those that allow for gene amplification In eukaryotic systems, these regulatory sequences include the dihydrofolate reductase gene that is amplified in the presence of methotrexate, and the metallothionein genes that are amplified with heavy metals. In these cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide would be operably linked with the regulatory sequence
Expression Vectors
The present Invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The various nucleic acids and control sequences descnbed herein may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector that may include one or more (several) convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, a polynucleotide sequence of the present invention may be expressed by inserting the nucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression
The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g , a plasmid or virus) that can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about expression of the nucleotide sequence The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids
The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector. / e , a vector that exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication Alternatively, the vector may be one that, when introduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has teen integrated. Furthermore, a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon. may be used
The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more (several) selectable markers that permit easy selection of transformed, transfected. transduced, or the like cells A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance resistance to heavy metals prototrophy to auxotrophs and the like
Examples of bacterial selectable markers are the dal genes from Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis, or markers that confer antibiotic resistance such as ampicillin kanamycin, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline resistance Suitable markers for yeast host cells are ADE2, HIS3. LEU2 LYS2 MET3, TRP1 , and URA3 Selectable markers for use in a filamentous fungal host cell include but are not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothπcm acetyltransferase) hph (hygromycin phosphotransferase) niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotιdιne-5'-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpC (anthraπilate synthase), as well as equivalents Ihereof Preferred for use in an Aspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG genes of Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae and the bar gene of Streptomyces hygroscoptcus The vectors of the present invention preferably contain an element(s) that permits integration of the vector into the host cell's genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome
For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on the polynucleotide's sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for integration into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleotide sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell at a precise locatιon(s) in the chromosome(s) To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids such as 100 to 10 000 base pairs preferably 400 to 10 000 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 10,000 base pairs, which have a high degree of identity to the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleotide sequences On the other hand, the vector may be integrated into the genome of the host cell by non-homologous recombination
For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell in question The origin of replication may be any plasmid replicator mediating autonomous replication that functions in a cell The term "ongm of replication" or 'plasmid replicator' is defined herein as a nucleotide sequence that enables a plasmid or vector to replicate in vivo
Examples of bacterial origins of replication are the origins of replication of plasmids pBR322 pUC19, pACYC177, and pACYC184 permitting replication in E coli and pUB110, pEi94 pTAi060 and pAMβi permitting replication in Bacillus Examples of origins of replication for use in a yeast host cell are the 2 micron origin of replication ARS1 , ARS4, the combination of ARS1 and CEN3, and the combination of ARS4 and CEN6
Examples of origins of replication useful in a filamentous fungal cell are AMA1 and ANSI (Gems el al., 1991, Gene 98 61-67 Cullen et al. , 1987. Nucleic Acids Research 15 9163-9175 WO 00/24883) Isolation of the AMA1 gene and construction of plasmids or vectors comprising the gene can be accomplished according to the methods disclosed in WO 00/24883
More than one copy of a polynucleotide of the present invention may be inserted into a host cell to increase production of the gene product An increase in the copy number of the polynucleotide can be obtained by integrating at least one additional copy of the sequence into the host cell genome or by including an amplifiable selectable marker gene with the polynucleotide where cells containing amplified copies of the selectable marker gene, and thereby additional copies of the polynucleotide, can be selected for by cultivating the cells in the presence of the appropriate selectable agent The procedures used to ligate the elements descnbed above to construct the recombinant expression vectors of the present invention are well known to one skilled in the art (see e g , Sambrook et at , 1989, supra)
Host Cells The present invention also relates to recombinant host cells, comprising an isolated polynucleotide of the present invention which are advantageously used in the recombinant production of the polypeptides A vector comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention is introduced into a host cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector as described earlier The term "host cell" encompasses any progeny of a parent cell that is not identical to the parent cell due to mutations that occur during replication The choice of a host cell will to a large extent depend upon the gene encoding the polypeptide and its source
The host cell may be any cell useful in the recombinant production of a polypeptide of the present invention, e g , a prokaryote or a eukaryote
The prokaryotic host cell may be any Gram positive bacterium or a Gram negative bactenum Gram positive bacteria include, but not limited to, Bacillus Streptococcus. Streptomyces, Staphylococcus Enterococcυs, Lactobacillus Lactococcus, Clostridium, Geobacillus, and Oceanobacillus Gram negative bacteria include, but not limited to, E colt Pseυdomonas, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Flavobactenum, Fusobacterium, llyobacter, Neisseria, and Ureaplasma The bacterial host cell may be any Bacillus cell Bacillus cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliqυefactens, Baαllus brevis Bacillus circulans, Bacillus clauεn, Bacillus coagulans Bacillus firmus Bacillus lautus. Bacillus lentυs, Baαllus licheniformis. Bacillus megatenum, Baαllus pumilus. Bacillus stearothermophilus Baαllus subtilis. and Bacillus tbuπngiensis cells.
In a preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus lentυs Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus subtilis cell In a more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus clausii cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus licheniformis cell In another more preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Bacillus subtilis cell
The bacterial host cell may also be any Streptococcus cell Streptococcus cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Streptococcus equisimilis Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus ubβns, and Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemtcus cells.
In a preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus equisimilis cell In another preferred aspect the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus pyogenes cell In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus uberis cell In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptococcus equi subsp Zooeptdemicus cell
The bacterial host cell may also be any Streptomyces cell Streptomyces cells useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Streptomyces achromogenes, Streptomyces avermttilts, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces gπseus, and Streptomyces lividans cells In a preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces achrvmogenes cell In another preferred aspect, the bactenal host cell is a Streptomyces avermitilis cell. In another preferred aspect, the bactenal host cell is a Streptomyces coelicolor cell In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces gnseus cell. In another preferred aspect, the bacterial host cell is a Streptomyces lividans cell The introduction of DNA into a Bacillus cell may. for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e.g . Chang and Cohen, 1979, Molecular General Genetics 168 111-115), by using competent cells (see, e g . Young and Spizizen. 1961 , Journal of Bactenology 81 : 823-829, or Dubnau and Davidoff-Abelson, 1971 , Journal of Molecular Biology 56. 209-221), by eleclroporation (see, e g., Shigekawa and Dower, 1988, Biotechrvques 6 742-751) or by conjugation (see, e g , Koehler and Thome. 1987, Journal of Bactenology 169, 5271-5278) The introduction of DNA into an E coli cell may. for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation (see, e g , Hanahan, 1983, J MoI Biol. 166' 557-580) or electroporation (see, e g , Dower et al.. 1988. Nucleic Acids Res. 16' 6127-6145), The introduction of DNA into a Streptomyces cell may, for instance, be effected by protoplast transformation and electroporation (see, e g , Gong et at , 2004, Folia Microbiol (Praha) 49 399-405), by conjugation (see. e.g . Mazodier e/ al. , 1989, J. Bactenot. 171. 3583-3585), or by transduction (see, e g , Burke et al , 2001 , Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 98- 6289-6294) The introduction of DNA into a Pseudomonas cell may, for instance, be effected by electroporation (see, Θ g , Choi et al , 2006, J. Microbiol. Methods 64- 391-397) or by conjugation (see. e g , Pinedo and Smets, 2005, Appl Environ Microbiol. 71 : 51-57). The introduction of DNA into a Streptococcus cell may, for instance, be effected by natural competence (see. e.g Perry and Kuramitsu, 1981 , Infect Immun. 32 1295-1297), by protoplast transformation (see, e g. , Catt and Jollick, 1991 , Mtcrobios, 68 189-2070, by electroporation (see, e g. , Buckley et al , 1999, Appl Environ Microbiol 65' 3800-3804) or by conjugation (see, e g. Clθwell, 1981 Microbiol Rev 45 409-436) However any method known in the art for introducing DNA into a host cell can be used.
The host cell may also be a eukaryote, such as a mammalian, insect, plant or fungal cell
In a preferred aspect, the host cell is a fungal cell "Fungi" as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycete (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995 CAB International, University Press, Cambndge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al , 1995, supra)
In a more preferred aspect, the fungal host cell is a yeast cell. "Yeast" as used herein includes ascosporogenous yeast (Endomycetales), basidiosporogenous yeast, and yeast belonging to the Fungi lmperfedi (Blastomycetes) Since the classification of yeast may change in the future, for the purposes of this invention yeast shall be defined as described in Biology and Activities of Yeast (Skinner, FA, Passmore, S.M., and Davenport, R R . eds, Soc App Bacterid Symposium Senes No 9, 1980) In an even more preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Candida, Hansenula
Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowta cell.
In a most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces dtastattcus Saccharomyces douglash, Saccharomyces kluyven, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis cell In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Kluyveromyces lactis cell In another most preferred aspect, the yeast host cell is a Yarrowia lipolytics cell
In another more preferred aspect the fungal host cell is a filamentous fungal cell "Filamentous fungi" include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al. , 1995, sυpra) The filamentous fungi are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chrtin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic In contrast, vegetative growth by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative.
In an even more preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Acremoniυm, Aspergillus, Aυreobasidium, Bjerkandera, Cenponopsis, Chrysosponum Coprinus, Conolus, Cryptococcus, Filtbasidium, Fusanum, Hυmicola, Magnaporthe, Mυcor Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Phtebia, Piromyces Pleurotus Schizophyilum, Talaromyces. Thermoascus, Thtelavia, Tolypodadium. Trametes. or Tnchodetma cell. In a most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus. Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae cell In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium bactndioides, Fusanum cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusanum culmorum, Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum graminum Fusanum heterosporum Fusanum negundt, Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum rβticulatum Fusanum roseum, Fusanum sambucinum, Fusanum sarcochroum. Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusanum sulphureum, Fusarium torulosum Fusanum tnchothecioides, or Fusanum venenatυm cell In another most preferred aspect, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Bjerkandera adusta, Cenponopsis aneiήna. Cenponopsis aneirma, Cenponopsis caregiea, Cenponopsis gilvescens, Cenponopsis pannocinta, Cenponopsis nvulosa, Cenponopsis subrufa Cenponopsis subvermispora, Chrysosponum keratinophilum Chrysosponum lucknowense Chrysosponum tropicum Chrysosponum merdarium, Chrysosponum inops, Chrysosporium pannicola, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, Chrysosporium zonatum, Copnnus cinereus, Conolus hirsutus, Humicola insolens, Humicola lanuginosa Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophtla, Neurospora crassa, Peniαtlium purpurogenum, Phanerochaete chrysosponum, Phlebia radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Thtelavia terrestris, Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, Tnchoderma harzianum Tnchoderma konmgii, Tnchoderma longibrachiatum Tnchoderma reesei or Tnchoderma wide cell
Fungal cells may be transformed by a process involving protoplast formation transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus and Tnchoderma host cells are descnbed in EP 238 023 and Yelton et al , 1984. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81 1470-1474 Suitable methods for transforming Fusarium species are described by Malardier et al 1989, Gene 78 147-156, and WO 96/00787 Yeast may be transformed using the procedures descnbed by Becker and Guarente, In Abelson, J N and Simon M l , editors Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194 pp 182-187, Academic Press, lnc , New York, lto et al., 1983 Journal of Bacteriology 153 163 and Hinnen βt at 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 75 1920
Methods of Production
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, comprising (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form produces the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide In a preferred aspect the cell is of the genus Myceliophthora In a more preferred aspect, the cell is Myceliophthora thermophila in a most preferred aspect, the cell is Myceliophthora thermophita CBS 202 75 In another most preferred aspect the cell is Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, composing (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell, as described herein under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide and (b) recovenng the polypeptide
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention, compπsing (a) cultivating a recombinant host cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide wherein the host cell comprises a mutant nucleotide sequence having at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide that comprises or consists of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 and (b) recovering the polypeptide
In the production methods of the present invention, the cells are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide using methods well known in the art For example the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, and small- scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide Io be expressed and/or isolated The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium compnsing carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures Known in the art Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e.o/ , in catalogues of the Amencan Type Culture Collection) If the polypeptide is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide can be recovered directly from the medium If the polypeptide is not secreted into the medium it can be recovered from cell lysates The polypeptides may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptides These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies formation of an enzyme product, or disappearance of an enzyme substrate For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the polypeptide as descπbed herein The resulting polypeptide may be recovered using methods known in the art
For example, the polypeptide may be recovered from the nutπent medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centπfugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation
The polypeptides of the present invention may be purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e g . ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic chromatofocusiπg, and size exclusion), eledrophoretic procedures (e g , preparative isoelectric focusing), differential solubility (e g , aminonium sulfate precipitation), SDS-PAGE or extraction (see, e g Protein Purification, J -C Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York 1989) to obtain substantially pure polypeptides
Plants
The present invention also relates to plants, e g , a transgenic plant plant part or plant cell comprising an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention so as to express and produce the polypeptide in recoverable quantities The polypeptide may be recovered from the plant or plant part Alternatively the plant or plant part containing the recombinant polypeptide may be used as such for improving the quality of a food or feed e g , improving nutritional value palatability, and rheological properties, or to destroy an antinutrrtive factor
The transgenic plant can be dicotyledonous (a dicot) or monocotyledonous (a monocot) Examples of monocot plants are grasses, such as meadow grass (blue grass, Poa) forage grass such as Festuca, Lolium, temperate grass, such as Agrostis, and cereals, e.g , wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, sorghum, and maize (corn)
Examples of dicot plants are tobacco legumes, such as lupins potato, sugar beet, pea bean and soybean, and cruciferous plants (family Brassicaceae), such as cauliflower, rape seed, and the closely related model organism Arabidopsis thaliana
Examples of plant parts are stem, callus leaves root, fruits seeds, and tubers as well as the individual tissues comprising these parts, e.g., epidermis, mesophyll, parenchyme, vascular tissues, meristems Specific plant cell compartments, such as chloroplasts, apoplasts. mitochondria, vacuoles, peroxisomes and cytoplasm are also considered to be a plant part Furthermore, any plant cell, whatever the tissue origin, is considered to be a plant part Likewise, plant parts such as specific tissues and cells isolated to facilitate the utilisation of the invention are also considered plant parts, e g embryos, endosperms, aleurone and seeds coats
Also included within the scope of the present invention are the progeny of such plants, plant parts, and plant cells
The transgenic plant or plant cell expressing a polypeptide of the present invention may be constructed in accordance with methods known in the art In short, the plant or plant cell is constructed by incorporating one or more (several) expression constructs encoding a polypeptide of the present invention into the plant host genome or chloroplast genome and propagating the resulting modified plant or plant cell into a transgenic plant or plant cell
The expression construct is conveniently a nucleic acid construct that compnses a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention operably linked with appropriate regulatory sequences required for expression of the nucleotide sequence in the plant or plant part of choice. Furthermore, the expression construct may comprise a selectable marker useful for identifying host cells into which the expression construct has been integrated and DNA sequences necessary for introduction of the construct into the plant in question (the latter depends on the DNA introduction method to be used) The choice of regulatory sequences, such as promoter and terminator sequences and optionally signal or transit sequences, is determined, for example on the basis of when where, and how the polypeptide is desired to be expressed For instance, the expression of the gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be constitutive or inducible, or may be developmental, stage or tissue specific, and the gene product may be targeted to a specific tissue or plant part such as seeds or leaves. Regulatory sequences are, for example, descnbed by Tague er al. , 1988, Plant Physiology 86. 506. For constitutive expression the 35S-CaMV, the maize ubiquitin 1 , and the nee actin 1 promoter may be used (Franck et al 1980 Cell 21 285-294 Christensen et al ,
1992, Plant MoI Biol 18 675-689, Zhang et at 1991 Plant Cell 3 1155-1 165) Organ-specific promoters may be, for example, a promoter from storage sink tissues such as seeds, potato tubers and fruits (Edwards and Coruzzi, 1990 Ann Rev Genet 24 275-303), or from metabolic sink tissues such as meristems (Ito et al., 1994, Plant MoI Biol 24 863-878), a seed specific promoter such as the glutehn, prolamin, globulin, or albumin promoter from rice (Wu et al , 1998 Plant and Cell Physiology 39 885-889) a Vicia faba promoter from the legumin B4 and the unknown seed protein gene from Viαa faba (Conrad et al 1998, Journal of Plant Physiology 152 708-711), a promoter from a seed oil body protein (Chen et al , 1998, Plant and Cell Physiology 39 935-941) the storage protein napA promoter from Brasstca napus, or any other seed specific promoter known in the art, e.g. as described in WO 91/14772 Furthermore, the promoter may be a leaf specific promoter such as the rbcs promoter from rice or tomato (Kyozuka et al. , 1993, Plant Physiology 102 991-1000, the chlorelta virus adenine methyltransferase gene promoter (Mitra and Higgins, 1994, Plant Molecular Biology 26 85-93), or the aldP gene promoter from rice (Kagaya et al , 1995 Molecular and General Genetics 248 668-674), or a wound inducible promoter such as the potato pιn2 promoter (Xu et al , 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 22 573-588) Likewise, the promoter may inducible by abiotic treatments such as temperature drought, or alterations in salinity or induced by exogenously applied substances that activate the promoter, e g , ethanol oestrogens, plant hormones such as ethylene abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid, and heavy metals
A promoter enhancer element may also be used to achieve higher expression of a polypeptide of the present invention in the plant For instance, the promoter enhancer element may be an intron that is placed between the promoter and the nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention For instance, Xu et al
1993, supra, disclose the use of the first intron of the rice actin 1 gene to enhance expression The selectable marker gene and any other parts of the expression construct may be chosen from those available in the art
The nucleic acid construct is incorporated into the plant genome according to conventional techniques known in the art, including Agrobactenum-m&aleϋ transformation, virus- mediated transformation, microinjection, particle bombardment biolistic transformation, and electroporation (Gasser et al , 1990, Science 244 1293
Potrykus 1990 Bio/Technology 8 535 Shimamoto ef al. , 1989, Nature 338: 274)
Presently, Agrobadenum tumefiaciens-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for generating transgenic dicots (for a review, see Hooykas and Schilperoort, 1992, Plant Molecular Biology 19 15-38) and can also be used for transforming monocots. although other transformation methods are often used for these plants Presently, the method of choice for generating transgenic monocots is particle bombardment (microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with the transforming DNA) of embryonic calli or developing embryos (Chnstou. 1992, Plant Journal 2 275- 281 ; Shimamoto. 1994. Current Opinion Biotechnology 5 158-162, Vasil et al. , 1992, Bio/Technology 10 667-674) An alternative method for transformation of monocots is based on protoplast transformation as descnbed by Omirulleh et al , 1993, Plant Molecular Biology 21 : 415-428.
Following transformation the transformants having incorporated the expression construct are selected and regenerated into whole plants according to methods well- known in the art Often the transformation procedure is designed for the selective elimination of selection genes either dunng regeneration or in the following generations by using, for example, co-transformalion with two separate T-DNA constructs or site specific excision of the selection gene by a specific recombinase
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a polypeptide of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
Removal or Reduction of Cellulolytic Enhancing Activity
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a mutant of a parent cell, which comprises disrupting or deleting a polynucleotide sequence, or a portion thereof, encoding a polypeptide of the present invention, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell when cultivated under the same conditions
The mutant cell may be constructed by reducing or eliminating expression of a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention using methods well known in the art, for example, insertions, disruptions, replacements, or deletions
In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence is inactivated. The nucleotide sequence to be modified or inactivated may be, for example, the coding region or a part thereof essential for activity, or a regulatory element required for the expression of the coding region An example of such a regulatory or control sequence may be a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e , a part that is sufficient for affecting expression of the nucleotide sequence Other control sequences for possible modification include, but are not limited to, a leader, pofyadenylation sequence, propeptide sequence, signal peptide sequence, transcription terminator, and transcriptional activator
Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by subjecting the parent cell to mutagenesis and selecting for mutant cells in which expression of the nucleotide sequence has been reduced or eliminated The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents
Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N- πitrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues
When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parent cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and screening and/or selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene Modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be accomplished by introduction, substitution, or removal of one or more (several) nucleotides in the gene or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a change in the open reading frame Such modification or inactivation may be accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art Although, in principle, the modification may be performed in vivo, / e., directly on the cell expressing the nucleotide sequence to be modified, it is preferred that the modification be performed in vitro as exemplified below An example of a convenient way to eliminate or reduce expression of a nucleotide sequence by a cell is based on techniques of gene replacement, gene deletion, or gene disruption For example, in the gene disruption method, a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the endogenous nucleotide sequence is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleic acid sequence that is then transformed into the parent cell to produce a defective gene By homologous recombination, the defective nucleic acid sequence replaces the endogenous nucleotide sequence It may be desirable that the defective nucleotide sequence also encodes a marker that may be used for selection of transformants in which the nucleotide sequence has been modified or destroyed. In a particularly preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence is disrupted with a selectable marker such as those described herein
Alternatively, modification or inactivation of the nucleotide sequence may be performed by established anti-sense or RNAi techniques using a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence More specifically, expression of the nucleotide sequence by a cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene that may be transcribed in the cell and is capable of hybndizmg to the mRNA produced in the cell Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated
The present invention further relates to a mutant cell of a parent cell that comprises a disruption or deletion of a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide or a control sequence thereof, which results in the mutant cell producing less of the polypeptide or no polypeptide compared to the parent cell
The polypeptide-defiαent mutant cells so created are particularly useful as host cells for the expression of native and/or heterologous polypeptides Therefore, the present invention further relates to methods of producing a native or heterologous polypeptide comprising (a) cultivating the mutant cell under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide The term "heterologous polypeptides" is defined herein as polypeptides that are not native to the host cell, a native protein in which modifications have been made to alter the native sequence, or a native protein whose expression is quantitatively altered as a result of a manipulation of the host cell by recombinant DNA techniques In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of producing a protein product essentially free of cellulolytic enhancing activity by fermentation of a cell that produces both a polypeptide of the present invention as well as the protein product of interest by adding an effective amount of an agent capable of inhibiting cellulolytic enhancing activity to the fermentation broth before, during, or after the fermentation has been completed, recovering the product of interest from the fermentation broth, and optionally subjecting the recovered product to further purification
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method of producing a protein product essentially free of cellulofytic enhancing activity by cultivating the cell under conditions permitting the expression of the product, subjecting the resultant culture broth to a combined pH and temperature treatment so as to reduce the cellulolytic enhancing activity substantially, and recovering the product from the culture broth Alternatively, the combined pH and temperature treatment may be performed on an enzyme preparation recovered from the culture broth The combined pH and temperature treatment may optionally be used in combination with a treatment with an cellulolylic enhancing inhibitor
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, it is possible to remove at least 60%, preferably at least 75% more preferably at least 85%. still more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 99% of the cellulolytic enhancing activity Complete removal of cellulolytic enhancing activity may be obtained by use of this method
The combined pH and temperature treatment is preferably earned out at a pH in the range of 2-4 or 9-11 and a temperature in the range of at least 60-70JC for a sufficient period of time to attain the desired effect, where typically 30 to 60 minutes is sufficient
The methods used for cultivation and purification of the product of interest may be performed by methods known in the art
The methods of the present invention for producing an essentially cellulolytic enhancing-free product is of particular interest in the production of eukaryotic polypeptides, in particular fungal proteins such as enzymes The enzyme may be selected from, e g an amylolytic enzyme, lipolytic enzyme, proteolytic enzyme, cellulolytic enzyme, oxidoreductase, or plant cell-wall degrading enzyme Examples of such enzymes include an aminopeptidase, amylase, amyloglucosidase carbohydrase carboxypeplidase, catalase, cellobiohydrolase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextnn glycosyltransferase, deoxynbonuclease, endoglucanase, esterase galactosidase beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase glucose oxidase glucosidase, haloperoxidase hemicellulase, invertase, isomerase, laccase, ligase, lipase, lyase mannosidase oxidase, pectinotytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, phenoloxidase, polyphenotoxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transferase transglutaminase, or xylanase The cellulolytic enhancing-deficient cells may also be used to express heterologous proteins of pharmaceutical interest such as hormones, growth factors, receptors, and the like
It will be understood that the term "eukaryotic polypeptides" includes not only native polypeptides, but also those polypeptides, e g , enzymes, which have been modified by amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions or other such modifications to enhance activity, thermostability pH tolerance and the like
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a protein product essentially free from cellulolytic enhancing activity that is produced by a method of the present invention Methods of Inhibiting Expression of a Polypeptide Having Cellulolytic Enhancing Acitivrty
The present invention also relates to methods of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, comprising administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention In a preferred aspect, the dsRNA is about 15. 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24. 25 or more duplex nucleotides in length
The dsRNA is preferably a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a micro RNA (miRNA) In a preferred aspect, the dsRNA is small interfering RNA (siRNAs) for inhibiting transcription In another preferred aspect, the dsRNA is micro RNA (miRNAs) for inhibiting translation.
The present invention also relates to such double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, comprising a portion of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:: 1 or SEQ ID NO. 3 for inhibiting expression of a polypeptide in a cell While the present invention is not limited by any particular mechanism of action the dsRNA can enter a cell and cause the degradation of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) of similar or identical sequences, including endogenous mRNAs When a cell is exposed to dsRNA, mRNA from the homologous gene is selectively degraded by a process called RNA interference (RNAi)
The dsRNAs of the present invention can be used in gene-silencing therapeutics In one aspect the invention provides methods to selectively degrade RNA using the dsRNAis of the present invention The process may be practiced in vitro, ex wvo or in vivo In one aspect, the dsRNA molecules can be used to generate a loss-of- function mutation in a cell, an organ or an animal Methods for making and using dsRNA molecules to selectively degrade RNA are well known in the art. see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,506,559, U S. Patent No. 6,511 ,824, U S Patent No. 6,515,109, and U S Patent No 6,489,127
Compositions
The present invention also relates to compositions compnsing a polypeptide of the present invention Preferably, the compositions are enriched in such a polypeptide The term "enriched" indicates that the cellulolytic enhancing activity of the composition has been increased, e g , with an enrichment factor of at least 1.1. The composition may comprise a polypeptide of the present invention as the major enzymatic component e g.. a mono-component composition Alternatively, the composition may comprise multiple enzymatic activities, such as an aminopeptidase. amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase catalase. cellulase, chitinase cutinase, cyclodextnn glycosyltransferase deoxyπbonuclease, esterase alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase haloperoxidase, invertase, laccase, lipase mannosidase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peptidoglutaminase, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme ribonuclease transglutaminase, or xylanase The additional enzyme(s) may be produced for example, by a microorganism belonging to the genus Aspergillus, preferably Aspergillus acυleatus, Aspergillus awamon, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus fόetidus, Aspergillus japomcus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, or Aspergillus oryzae, Fusanum, preferably Fυsanum bactndioides, Fυsanum cerealis, Fusarium σookwellense, Fusaήum culmorum, Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum graminum, Fusanum heterosporum, Fusanum negυndi Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum reticulatum, Fusanum roseum Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroυm, Fusanum sulphureum, Fusarium toruloseum, Fusanum tnchothecioides, or Fusanum venenatum, Humicola, preferably Humicola tnsolens or Humicola lanuginosa, or Tnchoderma, preferably Tnchoderma harztanum, Tnchoderma konmgii, Tnchoderma tongibrachiatum, Tnchoderma reesei, or Tnchoderma wide
The polypeptide compositions may be prepared in accordance with methods known in the art and may be in the form of a liquid or a dry composition For instance, the polypeptide composition may be in the form of a granulate or a microgranulate The polypeptide to be included in the composition may be stabilized in accordance with methods known in the art
Examples are given below of preferred uses of the polypeptide compositions of the invention The dosage of the polypeptide composition of the invention and other conditions under which the composition is used may be determined on the basis of methods known in the art
Processing of Cellulosic Material
The present invention also relates to methods for degrading or converting a cellulosic matenal, comprising treating the cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention In a preferred aspect, the method further comprises recovenng the degraded or converted cellulosic matenal
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a fermentation product comprising (a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention, (b) fermenting the saccharified cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product and (c) recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
The present invention also relates to methods of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising, fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity In a preferred aspect, the fermenting of the cellulosic material produces a fermentation product In another preferred aspect, the method further compnses recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
The composition comprising the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity can be in the form of a crude fermentation broth with or without the cells removed or in the form of a semi-purified or purified enzyme preparation or the composition can comprise a host cell of the present invention as a source of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a fermentation process with the biomass
The methods of the present invention can be used to saccharify a cellulosic material to fermentable sugars and convert the fermentable sugars to many useful substances, e g , chemicals and fuels The production of a desired fermentation product from cellulosic material typically involves pretreatment. enzymatic hydrolysis
(saccharification), and fermentation.
The processing of cellulosic material according to the present invention can be accomplished using processes conventional in the art Moreover, the methods of the present invention can be implemented using any conventional biomass processing apparatus configured to operate in accordance with the invention
Hydrolysis (saccharification) and fermentation, separate or simultanoeus, include but are not limited to. separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous sacchanficaiion and cofermentation (SSCF); hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF), SHCF (separate hydrolysis and co-fermeπtatιon), HHCF (hybnd hydrolysis and fermentation), and direct microbial conversion (DMC). SHF uses separate process steps to first enzymatically hydrolyze lignocellulose to fermentable sugars, e.g , glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, and pentose sugars, and then ferment the fermentable sugars to ethanol In SSF, the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and the fermentation of sugars to ethanol are combined in one step (Philippidis, G P . 1996, Cellulose byconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethanol Production and Utilization, Wyman, C E , ed , Taylor & Francis, Washington DC, 179-212) SSCF involves the cofermentation of multiple sugars (Sheehan, J , and Himmel, M , 1999 Enzymes, energy and the environment A strategic perspective on the U S Department of Energy's research and development activities for bioethanol, Biotechnol Prog. 15 817-827). HHF involves a separate hydrolysis separate step, and in addition a simultaneous saccharification and hydrolysis step, which can be carried out in the same reactor. The steps in an HHF process can be carried out at different temperatures, / e., high temperature enzymatic saccharification followed by SSF at a lower temperature that the fermentation strain can tolerate. DMC combines all three processes (enzyme production, hgnocellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation) in one or more steps where the same organism is used to produce the enzymes for conversion of the lignocellulose to fermentable sugars and to convert the fermentable sugars into a final product (Lynd, L R , Weimer, P J van ZyI, W H., and Pretonus, I S , 2002, Microbial cellulose utilization Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiol MoI Biol Reviews 66 506-577) It is understood herein that any method known in the art comprising pretreatment enzymatic hydrolysis (saccharification) fermentation, or a combination thereof can be used in the practicing the methods of the present invention
A conventional apparatus can include a fed-batch stirred reactor, a batch stirred reactor, a continuous flow stirred reactor with ultrafiltration, and/or a continuous plug- flow column reactor (Fernanda de Castilhos Corazza, Flavio Faria de Moraes, Gisella Maria Zanin and Ivo Neitzel, 2003, Optimal control in fed-batch reactor for the cellobiose hydrolysis, Acta Scientiarum Technology 25 33-38 Gusakov A V , and Simtsyn A P , 1985, Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. 1. A mathematical model for a batch reactor process, Enz Microb Technol. 7 346-352), an attrition reactor (Ryu, S K. and Lee, J M 1983, Byconversion of waste cellulose by using an attrition bioreactor, Biotechnol Bioeng 25- 53-65), or a reactor with intensive stirring induced by an electromagnetic field (Gusakov A V , Sinitsyn A P , Davydkin, I Y , Davydkin. V Y Protas, O, V 1996, Enhancement of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis using a novel type of bioreactor with intensive stirring induced by electromagnetic field, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 56. 141-153) Additional reactor types include Fluidized bed, upflow blanket, immobilized, and extruder type reactors for hydrolysis and/or fermentation.
Pretreatment, In practicing the methods of the present invention any pretreatment process known in the art can be used to disrupt the plant cell wall components The cellulosic material can also be subjected to pre-soaking, wetting or conditioning prior to pretreatment using methods known in the art Conventional pretreatments include, but are not limited to, steam pretreatment (with or without explosion), dilute acid pretreatment, hot water pretreatment. lime pretreatment. wet oxidation, wet explosion, aminonia fiber explosion, organosolv pretreatment, and biological pretreatment Additional pretreatments include ultrasound electroporation. microwave, supercritical CO2, supercritical H20, and aminonia percolation pretreatments
The cellulosic matenal can be pretreated before hydrolysis and/or fermentation Pretreatment is preferably performed pnor to the hydrolysis Alternatively, the pretreatment can be carried out simultaneously with hydrolysis such as simultaneously with treatment of the cellulosic material with one or more cellulotytic enzymes, or other enzyme activities, to release fermentable sugars, such as glucose and/or maltose. In most cases the pretreatment step itself results in some conversion of biomass to fermentable sugars (even in absence of enzymes)
Steam Pretreatment In steam pretreatment, the cellulosic material is heated to disrupt the plant cell wall components, including lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose to make the cellulose and other fractions e g , hemicellulase accessible to enzymes The lignocellulose material is passed to or through a reaction vessel where steam is injected to increase the temperature to the required temperature and pressure and is retained therein for the desired reaction time Steam pretreatment is preferably done at 140- 230 C more preferably 160-200°C, and most preferably 170-190°C, where the optimal temperature range depends on any addition of a chemical catalyst Residence time for the steam pretreatment is preferably 1-15 minutes, more preferably 3-12 minutes and most preferably 4-10 minutes, where the optimal residence time depends on temperature range and any addition of a chemical catalyst Steam pretreatment allows for relatively high solids loadings, so that the cellulosic material is generally only moist during the pretreatment The steam pretreatment is often combined with an explosive discharge of the matenal after the pretreatment, which is known as steam explosion, that is, rapid flashing to atmospheric pressure and turbulent flow of the material to increase the accessible surface area by fragmentation (Duff and Murray, 1996, Bioresource Technology 855 1-33. Galbe and Zacchi, 2002, Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 59 618-628, U.S. Patent Application No 20020164730) During steam pretreatment, hemicellulose acetyl groups are cleaved and the resulting acid autocatalyzes partial hydrolysis of the hemicellulose to monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, ϋgnin is removed to only a limited extent.
A catalyst such as H,->SO,i or SO? (typically 0.3 to 3% w/w) is often added prior to steam pretreatment, which decreases the time and temperature, increases the recovery, and improves enzymatic hydrolysis (Ballesteros et al. , 2006, Appl Biochem Biotechnol 129-132 496-508; Varga et at , 2004 Appl Biochem Biotechnol 113-116 509-523 Sassner et al 2006 Enzyme Microb Technol 39 756-762)
Chemical Pretreatment The term "chemical treatment" refers to any chemical pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or iignin Examples of suitable chemical pretreatment processes include, for example, dilute acid pretreatment lime pretreatment wet oxidation, aminonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX), aminonia percolation (APR), and organosolv pretreatments
In dilute acid pretreatment, the cellulosic material is mixed with dilute acid, typically H;SO<:, and water to form a slurry, heated by steam to the desired temperature and after a residence time flashed to atmospheric pressure The dilute acid pretreatment can be performed with a number of reactor designs e g plug-flow reactors, counter- current reactors or continuous counter-current shnnking bed reactors (Duff and Murray, 1996, supra Schell et at , 2004, Btoresource Technol 91 179-188, Lee et al , 1999, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnot 65 93-115)
Several methods of pretreatment under alkaline conditions can also be used These alkaline pretreatments include, but are not limited to, lime pretreatment wet oxidation aminonia percolation (APR) and aminonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX)
Lime pretreatment is performed with calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide or aminonia at low temperatures of 85-150°C and residence times from 1 hour to several days (Wyman et al. , 2005 Bioresource Technol 96 1959-1966, Mosier et at . 2005, Bioresource Technol 96 673-686) WO 2006/1 10891 WO 2006/11899, WO
2006/11900 and WO 2006/110901 disclose pretreatment methods using aminonia
Wet oxidation is a thermal pretreatmerrt performed typically at 180-200°C for 5-15 minutes with addition of an oxidative agent such as hydrogen peroxide or over-pressure of oxygen (Schmidt and Thomsen, 1998, Bioresource Technol 64 139-151 , Palonen et al 2004, Appl Biochem Biotechnot 117 1-17, Varga et at , 2004 Btotechnot Btoeng 88 567-574 Martin et al 2006. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81 1669-1677) The pretreatment is performed at preferably 1-40% dry matter, more preferably 2-30% dry matter and most preferably 5-20% dry matter, and often the initial pH is increased by the addition of alkali such as sodium carbonate A modification of the wet oxidation pretreatment method known as wet explosion
(combination of wet oxidation and steam explosion) can handle dry matter up to 30% In wet explosion the oxidizing agent is introduced dunng pretreatmerrt after a certain residence time The pretreatment is then ended by flashing to atmosphenc pressure (WO 2006/032282) Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) involves treating cellulosic matenal with liquid or gaseous aminonia at moderate temperatures such as 90-100°C and high pressure such as 17-20 bar for 5-10 minutes, where the dry matter content can be as high as 60% (Gollapalli et al , 2002, Appi Biochem Biotechnol 98 23-35 Chundawat et al , 2007 Biotechnol Bioeng 96 219-231 , Ahzadeh et al , 2005, Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121 1133-1141 - Teymouπ Bt al , 2005, Bioresource Techno! 96' 2014-2018) AFEX pretreatment results in the depolymenzation of cellulose and partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose ύgnin-carbohydrate complexes are cleaved
Organosolv pretreatment dehgnifies cellulosic material by extraction using aqueous ethanol (40-60% ethaπol) at 160-200°C for 30-60 minutes (Pan et al., 2005, Biotechnol Bioeng 90 473-481, Pan et al., 2006. Biotechnol Bioeng 94. 851-861, Kurabi et al 2005, Appl. Biochem Biotechnol 121 219-230) Sulphuric acid is usually added as a catalyst. In organosolv pretreatment, the majority of the hemicellulose is removed
Other examples of suitable pretreatment methods are descnbed by Schell et al 2003, Apol Biochem. and Biotechnol VoI 105-108, p 69-85, and Mosier et al 2005, Bioresource Technology 96 673-686, and U S Published Application 2002/0164730 In one aspect, the chemical pretreatment is preferably earned out as an aαd treatment, and more preferably as a continuous dilute and/or mild acid treatment The acid is typically sulfuric acid, but other acids can also be used, such as acetic acid, citric acid, nitπc acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, hydrogen chloride or mixtures thereof Mild aαd treatment is conducted in the pH range of preferably 1-5. more preferably 1-4, and most preferably 1-3 In one aspect, the acid concentration is in the range from preferably 0 01 to 20 wt % acid, more preferably 0 05 to 10 wt % acid, even more preferably 0 1 to 5 wt % acid, and most preferably 02 to 2 0 wt % acid The acid is contacted with the cellulosic material and held at a temperature in the range of preferably 160-220°C, and more preferably 165-195°C, for periods ranging from seconds to minutes to, e g , 1 second to 60 minutes
In another aspect, pretreatment is carried out as an aminonia fiber explosion step (AFEX pretreatment step)
In another aspect, pretreatment takes place in an aqueous slurry. In preferred aspects the cellulosic material is present during pretreatment in amounts preferably between 10-80 wt%, more preferably between 20-70 wt%, and most preferably between
30-60 wt%, such as around 50 wt% The pretreated cellulosic material can be unwashed or washed using any method known in the art, e g , washed with water
Mechanical Pretreatment The term "mechanical pretreatment" refers to various types of grinding or milling (e g , dry milling, wet milling, or vibratory ball milling) Physical Pretreatment The term "physical pretreatment" refers to any pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose, and/or lignin from cellulosic matenal For example physical pretreatment can involve irradiation (e g , microwave irradiation), steaming/steam explosion hydrothermolysis, and combinations thereof
Physical pretreatment can involve high pressure and/or high temperature (steam explosion) in one aspect, high pressure means pressure in the range of preferably about 300 to about 600 psi, more preferably about 350 to about 550 psi and most preferably about 400 to about 500 psi, such as around 450 psi In another aspect high temperature means temperatures in the range of about 100 to about 300°C preferably about 140 to about 235°C In a preferred aspect, mechanical pretreatment is performed in a batch- process steam gun hydrolyzer system that uses high pressure and high temperature as defined above e g. a Sunds Hydrolyzer available from Sunds Defibrator AB, Sweden
Combined Physical and Chemical Pretreatment The cellulosic matenal can be pretreated both physically and chemically For instance, the pretreatment step can involve dilute or mild acid treatment and high temperature and/or pressure treatment The physical and chemical pretreatments can be earned out sequentially or simultaneously, as desired A mechanical pretreatment can also be included
Accordingly in a preferred aspect the cellulosic material is subjected to mechanical, chemical or physical pretreatment or any combination thereof to promote the separation and/or release of cellulose hemicellulose and/or lignin
Biological Pretreatment The term 'biological pretreatment' refers to any biological pretreatment that promotes the separation and/or release of cellulose, hemicellulose and/or lignin from the cellulosic material Biological pretreatment techniques can involve applying lignm-solubilizmg microorganisms (see for example,
Hsu T -A , 1996, Pretreatment of biomass in Handbook on Btoethanol Production and
Utilization, Wyman C E , ed , Taylor & Francis Washington DC, 179-212, Ghosh and Singh, 1993, Physicochemica! and biological treatments for enzymatic/microbial conversion of cellulosic biomass, Adv Appl Microbiol 39 295-333, McMillan, J D
1994, Pretreating lignocellulosic biomass a review in Enzymatic Conversion of
Biomass for Fuels Production, Himmel M E , Baker J O , and Overend, R P , eds ,
ACS Symposium Series 566 Amencan Chemical Society, Washington, DC chapter 15, Gong, C S , Cao, N J Du, J and Tsao, G T , 1999 Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology Scheper,
T , ed , Sprmger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Germany 65 207-241 , Olsson and Hahn-
Hagerdal, 1996, Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production,
Enz Microb Tech 18 312-331 , and Vallander and Enksson, 1990 Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials State of the art Adv Biochem Eng /Biotechnol
42 63-95)
Sacchanfication. In the hydrolysis step, also known as saccharification, the pretreated cellυlosic material is hydrolyzed to break down cellulose and alternatively also hemicellulose to fermentable sugars, such as glucose xylose xylulose arabinose maltose, mannose galactose, or soluble oligosaccharides The hydrolysis is performed enzymaticalty by a cellulolytic enzyme composition compnsing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention which can further comprise one or more hemicellulolytic enzymes The enzymes of the compositions can also be added sequentially
Enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably earned out in a suitable aqueous environment under conditions that can be readily determined by one skilled in the art In a preferred aspect, hydrolysis is performed under conditions suitable for the activity of the enzyme(s), / e , optimal for the enzyme(s) The hydrolysis can be earned out as a fed batch or continuous process where the pretreated cellulosic material (substrate) is fed gradually to, for example, an enzyme containing hydrolysis solution
The saccharification is generally performed in stirred-tank reactors or fermentors under controlled pH, temperature, and mixing conditions Suitable process time temperature and pH conditions can readily be determined by one skilled in the art For example the saccharification can last up to 200 hours, but is typically performed for preferably about 12 to about 96 hours, more preferably about 16 to about 72 hours, and most preferably about 24 to about 48 hours The temperature is in the range of preferably about 25X to about 7OX, more preferably about 30°C to about 65X1 and more preferably about 4OX to 6OX, in particular about 50X The pH is in the range of preferably about 3 to about 8 more preferably about 3 6 to about 7 and most preferably about 4 to about 6, in particular about pH 5 The dry solids content is in the range of preferably about 5 to about 50 wt %, more preferably about 10 to about 40 wt %, and most preferably about 20 to about 30 wt %
In addition to a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of the present invention the cellulolytic enzyme components of the composition are preferably enzymes having endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and beta-glucosidase activities In a preferred aspect, the cellulolytic enzyme composition comprises one or more (several) cellulolytic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase. endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase. and beta-glucosidase In another preferred aspect the cellulolytic enzyme preparation is supplemented with one or more additional enzyme activities selected from the group consisting of hemicellulases, esterases (e g , lipases, phospholipases and/or cutinases), proteases, laccases peroxidases, or mixtures thereof In the methods of the present invention, the additional enzyme(s) can be added prior to or duπng fermentation, including dunng or after propagation of the fermenting mιcroorganιsm(s) The enzymes can be derived or obtained from any suitable origin including, bacterial, fungal, yeast, plant or mammalian origin The term "obtained' means herein that the enzyme may have been isolated from an organism that naturally produces the enzyme as a native enzyme The term "obtained" also means herein that the enzyme may have been produced recombinantly in a host organism employing methods described herein, wherein the recombinantly produced enzyme is either native or foreign to the host organism or has a modified amino acid sequence, e g , having one or more amino acids that are deleted, inserted and/or substituted, i.e a recombinantly produced enzyme that is a mutant and/or a fragment of a native amino acid sequence or an enzyme produced by nucleic acid shuffling processes known in the art Encompassed within the meaning of a native enzyme are natural variants and within the meaning of a foreign enzyme are variants obtained recombinantly, such as by site- directed mutagenesis or shuffling
The enzymes used in the present invention can be in any form suitable for use in the methods described herein, such as a crude fermentation broth with or without cells or substantially pure polypeptides The enzyme(s) can be a dry powder or granulate, a non-dusting granulate, a liquid, a stabilized liquid, or a protected enzyme(s) Granulates can be produced, e g , as disclosed in U S Patent Nos 4,106 991 and 4 661 ,452 and can optionally be coated by process known in the art Liquid enzyme preparations can, for instance be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established process Protected enzymes can be prepared according to the process disclosed in EP 238,216
The optimum amounts of the enzymes and polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity depend on several factors including, but not limited to, the mixture of component cellulolytic enzymes the cellulosic substrate, the concentration of cellulosic substrate, the pretreatment(s) of the cellulosic substrate temperature, time, pH, and inclusion of fermenting organism (e.g , yeast for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) In a preferred aspect an effective amount of cellulolytic enzyme(s) to cellulosic material is about 0 5 to about 50 mg. preferably at about 0 5 to about 40 mg. more preferably at about 0 5 to about 25 mg, more preferably at about 0 75 to about 20 mg, more preferably at about 0,75 to about 15 mg. even more preferably at about 0 5 to about 10 mg, and most preferably at about 2 5 to about 10 mg per g of cellulosic material
In another preferred aspect, an effective amount of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity to cellulosic matenal is about 0 01 to about 50 mg preferably at about O 5 to about 40 mg, more preferably at about O 5 to about 25 mg, more preferably at about O 75 to about 20 mg, more preferably at about O 75 to about 15 mg, even more preferably at about 0 5 to about 10 mg and most preferably at about 2 5 to about 10 mg per g of celiulosic material In another preferred aspect, an effective amount of polypeptιde(s) having cellulolytic enhancing activity to celiulosic material is about 0 01 to about 50 0 mg preferably about 0 01 to about 40 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 30 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 20 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 10 mg, more preferably about 0 01 to about 5 mg, more preferably at about 0 025 to about 1 5 mg, more preferably at about 0 05 to about 1 25 mg, more preferably at about 0 075 to about 1 25 mg more preferably at aboui 0 1 to about 1 25 mg even more preferably at about 0 15 to about 1 25 mg and most preferably at aboui 0 25 to about 1 0 mg per g of celiulosic material
In another preferred aspect, an effective amount of polyρeρtιde(s) having cellulolytic enhancing activity to cellulolytic enzyme(s) is about 0 005 to about 1 0 g, preferably at about 0 01 to about 1 0 g, more preferably at about 0 15 to about 0 75 g, more preferably at about 0 15 to about 0 5 g, more preferably at about 0 1 to about 0 5 g even more preferably at about 0 1 to about 0 5 g. and most preferably at about 0 05 to about 0 2 g per g of cellulolytic enzyme(s) Fermentation The fermentable sugars obtained from the pretreated and hydrolyzed celiulosic material can be fermented by one or more fermenting microorganisms capable of fermenting the sugars directly or indirectly into a desired fermentation product "Fermentation" or 'fermentation process" refers to any fermentation process or any process comprising a fermentation step Fermentation processes also include fermentation processes used in the consumable alcohol industry
(e g , beer and wine) dairy industry (e g fermented dairy products), leather industry and tobacco industry The fermentation conditions depend on the desired fermentation product and fermenting organism and can easily be determined by one skilled in the art
In the fermentation step, sugars released from the celiulosic matenal as a result of the pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps, are fermented to a product e g ethanol, by a fermenting organism such as yeast Hydrolysis (sacchaπfication) and fermentation can be separate or simultaneous Such methods include but are not limited to, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous sacchaπfication and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous sacchanfication and cofermentation (SSCF) hybnd hydrolysis and fermentation (HHF), SHCF (separate hydrolysis and co- fermentation) HHCF (hybrid hydrolysis and fermentation) and direct microbial conversion (DMC) Any suitable hydrolyzed cellulosic material can be used in the fermentation step in practicing the present invention The material is generally selected based on the desired fermentation product, i.e. the substance to be obtained from the fermentation and the process employed, as is well known in the art Examples of substrates suitable for use in the methods of present invention include cellulosic matenals, such as wood or plant residues or low molecular sugars DP 1-3 obtained from processed cellulosic material that can be metabolized by the fermenting microorganism and which can be supplied by direct addition to the fermentation medium
The term "fermentation medium" is understood herein to refer to a medium before the fermenting mιcroorganιsm(s) ιs(are) added, such as, a medium resulting from a sacchanfication process, as well as a medium used in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF)
" Fermenting microorganism" refers to any microorganism including bacterial and fungal organisms, suitable for use in a desired fermentation process to produce a fermentation product The fermenting organism can be C6 and/or C5 fermenting organisms, or a combination thereof. Both C6 and C5 fermenting organisms are well known in the art Suitable fermenting microorganisms are able to ferment, / e convert sugars, such as glucose, xylose, xylulose, arabinose, maltose, mannose, galactose, or oligosaccharides, directly or indirectly into the desired fermentation product Examples of bactenal and fungal fermenting organisms producing ethanol are described by ϋn et al 2006, Appi Microbiol Biotechnol 69 627-642
Examples of fermenting microorganisms that can ferment C6 sugars include bacterial and fungal organisms, such as yeast Preferred yeast includes strains of the Saccnaromyces spp , preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae Examples of fermenting organisms that can ferment C5 sugars include bacterial and fungal organisms, such as yeast Preferred C5 fermenting yeast include strains of Ptchia, preferably Pichia stipitis, such as Pichia stipitis CBS 5773, strains of Candida preferably Candida boidinii, Candida brassicae, Candida sheatae Candida diddensii, Candida psβudotropicalis or Candida utilis Other fermenting organisms include strains of Zymomonas such as Zymomonas mobilis, Hansenula such as Hansenula anomala Klyveromyces, such as K fragilis, Schizosaccharomyces such as S. pombe, and E. coli, especially E coli strains that have been genetically modified to improve the yield of ethanol
In a preferred aspect the yeast is a Saccharomyces spp In a more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Saccharomyces distaticus In another more preferred aspect the yeast is
Saccharomyces uvarum In another preferred aspect the yeast is a Kluyveromyces In another more preferred aspect the yeast is Kluyveromyces marxianus In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Kluyveromyces fragilis In another preferred aspect the yeast is a Candida In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida boidinit
In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida brassicae In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida diddensn In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Candida pseudotroptcalts In another more preferred aspect the yeast is
Candida υtilis In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Ctavispora In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora iusitaniae In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Clavispora opυntiae In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pachysolen In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Pachysolen tannophilus In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pichia In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is a Pichia stiprtis In another preferred aspect, the yeast is a Bretannomyces In another more preferred aspect, the yeast is Bretannomyces claυsenti (Philippidis G P ,
1996, Cellulose byconversion technology, in Handbook on Bioethano! Production and Utilization, Wyman, C E , ed , Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC, 179-212)
Bacteria that can efficiently ferment hexose and pentose to ethanol include for example Zymomonas mobilis and Clostridium thermocellum (Philippidis 1996 supra)
In a preferred aspect, the bacterium is a Zymomonas In a more preferred aspect the bacterium is Zymomonas mobilis In another preferred aspect, the bacterium is a Clostridium In another more preferred aspect, the bacterium is Clostridium thermoceHum
Commercially available yeast suitable for ethanol production includes, e.g. , ETHANOL RED"- yeast (available from Fermentis/Lesaffre, USA), FALl ™ (available from Fleischmann s Yeast USA), SUPERSTART™ and THERMOSACC™ fresh yeast (available from Ethanol Technology, Wl, USA), BIOFERM™ AFT and XR (available from NABC - North American Byproducts Corporation, GA USA), GERT STRAND™ (available from Gert Strand AB, Sweden), and FERMIOL™ (available from DSM Specialties)
In a preferred aspect the fermenting microorganism has been genetically modified to provide the ability to ferment pentose sugars, such as xylose utilizing, arabinose utilizing, and xylose and arabinose co-utilizing microorganisms
The cloning of heterologous genes into various fermenting microorganisms has led to the construction of organisms capable of converting hexoses and pentoses to ethanol (cofermentation) (Chen and Ho, 1993, Cloning and improving the expression of Pichia stiprtts xylose reductase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appi Biochem Biotβchnol 39-40 135-147, Ho et al. 1998 Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast capable of effectively cofermenting glucose and xylose Appl Environ. Microbiol 64: 1852-1859; Kotter and Ciriacy, 1993, Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechπol. 38: 776-783; Walfridssoπ et al., 1995, Xylose- metabolizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains overexpressing the TKL1 and TAL1 genes encoding the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes transketolase and transaldolase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 : 4184-4190; Kuyper et al.. , 2004. Minimal metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient anaerobic xylose fermentation: a proof of principle, FBMS Yeast Research 4. 655-664; θeall et al.., 1991 , Parametric studies of ethanol production from xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coti, Biotech. Bioeng. 38: 296-303; Ingram et al.. , 1998, Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 58: 204-214; Zhang et al. , 1995, Metabolic engineering of a pentose metabolism pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobitis, Science 267: 240-243; Deanda et al.. , 1996, Development of an arabinose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis strain by metabolic pathway engineering, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62; 4465-4470) In a preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In another preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Zymomonas mobilis. In another preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Escherichia coli. In another preferred aspect, the genetically modified fermenting microorganism is Klebsiella oxytoca. It is well known in the art that the organisms described above can also be used to produce other substances, as described herein.
The fermenting microorganism is typically added to the degraded lignocellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 8 to about 96 hours, such as about 24 to about 60 hours. The temperature is typically between about 261C to about 60°C. in particular about 32°C or 50°C, and at about pH 3 to about pH 8, such as around pH 4-5. 6. or 7.
In a preferred aspect, the yeast and/or another microorganism is applied to the degraded lignocellulose or hydrolysate and the fermentation is performed for about 12 to about 96 hours, such as typically 24-60 hours, In a preferred aspect, the temperature is preferably between about 20°C to about 60°C, more preferably about 25°C to about 50°C, and most preferably about 32*C to about 50°C, in particular about 32°C or 50°C, and the pH is generally from about pH 3 to about pH 7. preferably around pH 4-7 However, some bacterial fermenting organisms, for example, have higher fermentation temperature optima. Yeast or another microorganism is preferably applied in amounts of approximately 105 to 10 c, preferably from approximately 1o7 to 1o10. especially approximately 2 x 108 viable cell count per ml of fermentation broth. Further guidance in respect of using yeast for fermentation can be found in, e.g.. "The Alcohol Textbook" (Editors K Jacques, T P Lyons and O R Kelsall Nottingham University Press, United Kingdom 1999). which is hereby incorporated by reference
The most widely used process in the art is the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process where there is no holding stage for the saccharification, meaning that yeast and enzyme are added together
For ethanol production, following the fermentation the fermented slurry is distilled to extract the ethanol The ethanol obtained according to the methods of the invention can be used as e g y fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol. / e potable neutral spints, or industrial ethanol A fermentation stimulator can be used in combination with any of the enzymatic processes described herein to further improve the fermentation process, and in particular, the performance of the fermenting microorganism, such as, rate enhancement and ethanol yield A "fermentation stimulator" refers to stimulators for growth of the fermenting microorganisms in particular, yeast Preferred fermentation stimulators for growth include vitamins and minerals Examples of vitamins include multivitamins, biotin, pantothenate nicotinic acid, meso-inositol, thiamine, pyπdoxine, para-aminobenzoic acid folic acid, riboflavin, and Vitamins A, B, C D, and E See for example, Alfenore et al , Improving ethanol production and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a vttamin feeding strategy during fed-batch process, Springer-Verlag (2002). which is hereby incorporated by reference Examples of minerals include minerals and mineral salts that can supply nutrients comprising P, K, Mg S, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu
Fermentation products A fermentation product can be any substance derived from the fermentation The fermentation product can be without limitation, an alcohol (e g , arabinitol butanol ethanol, glycerol methanol, 1 ,3-propanedιol sorbitol, and xylitol), an organic acid (e g acetic acid acetonic acid adipic acid ascorbic acid citric acid 2,5-dιketo-D-glucoπιc acid, formic acid, fumaric acid glucanc acid gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutaric acid 3-hydroxypropιonιc acid itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid malonic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and xylonic acid) a ketone (e.g., acetone), an amino acid (e g , aspartic acid glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, seπne, and threonine), and a gas (e g , methane, hydrogen (H?) carbon dioxide (CO-) and carbon monoxide (CO)) The fermentation product can also be protein as a high value product
In a preferred aspect, the fermentation product is an alcohol It will be understood that the term "alcohol' encompasses a substance that contains one or more hydroxy! moieties In a more preferred aspect the alcohol is arabinitol In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is butanol In another more preferred aspect the alcohol is ethanol In another more preferred aspect the alcohol is glycerol In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is methanol In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is 1 3-propanedιol In another more preferred aspect the alcohol is sorbitol In another more preferred aspect, the alcohol is xyiitol See, for example, Gong C S , Cao, N J , Du, J , and Tsao, G T , 1999 Ethanol production from renewable resources, in Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Scheper, T , ed Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 65 207-241 , Silveira M M , and Jonas, R , 2002, The biotechnological production of sorbitol Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59 400-408, Nigam, P. , and Singh D , 1995, Processes for fermentative production of xyiitol - a sugar substitute, Process Biochemistry 30 (2) 117-124, Ezeji, T C , Qureshi, N and Blaschek, H P , 2003, Production of acetone butanol and ethanol by Clostridium beijennckii BA101 and in situ recovery by gas stripping, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 19 (6) 595-603
In another preferred aspect, the fermentation product is an organic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is acetic acid In another more preferred aspect the organic acid is acetonic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is adipic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is ascorbic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is citric acid In another more preferred aspect the organic acid is 2 5-dιketo-D-gluconιc acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is formic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is fumanc acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is glucanc acid In another more preferred aspect the organic acid is gluconic aαd In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is glucuronic acid In another more preferred aspect the organic acid is glutaric acid In another preferred aspect, the organic aαd is 3-hydroxypropιonιc aαd In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is itaconic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is lactic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is malic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is malonic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is oxalic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic aαd is propionic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is succinic acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is xylonic acid See, for example, Chen, R , and Lee, Y Y , 1997 Membrane-mediated extractive fermentation for lactic acid production from cellulosic biomass, Appl Biochem Biotechnol 63-65 435-448 In another preferred aspect the fermentation product is a ketone It will be understood that the term "ketone" encompasses a substance that contains one or more ketone moieties In another more preferred aspect the ketone is acetone See, for example, Qureshi and Blaschek, 2003, supra
In another preferred aspect, the fermentation product is an amino acid In another more preferred aspect, the organic acid is aspartic acid In another more preferred aspect, (he amino aod is glutamic acid In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is glycine. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is lysine In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is serine. In another more preferred aspect, the amino acid is threonine See, for example, Richard, A,, and Margarrtis, A.,
2004, Empirical modeling of batch fermentation kinetics for poly(glutamιc acid) production and other microbial biopolymers, Biotechnology and Bioengmeenng 87 (4) 501-515.
In another preferred aspect, the fermentation product is a gas. In another more preferred aspect, the gas is methane In another more preferred aspect, the gas is H; In another more preferred aspect, the gas is CO; In another more preferred aspect, the gas is CO See, for example, Kataoka, N , A. Miya, and K. Kinyama. 1997, Studies on hydrogen production by continuous culture system of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria, Water Science and Technology 36 (6-7)- 41-47: and Gunaseelan V N in Biomass and Bioenergy, VoI 13 (1-2), pp 83-1 14 1997, Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production- A review
Recovery The fermentation ρroduct(s) can be optionally recovered from the fermentation medium using any method known in the art including, but not limrted to, chromatography, eledrophoretic procedures, differential solubility, distillation, or extraction For example, alcohol is separated from the fermented cellulosic material and purified by conventional methods of distillation. Ethanol with a purity of up to about
96 vol.% can be obtained, which can be used as, for example fuel ethanol, drinking ethanol, / e , potable neutral spinis, or industnal ethanol.
Cellulolytic Enzyme Compositions
In the methods of the present invention, the cellulolytic enzyme composition may comprise any protein involved in the processing of a cellulose-containing material to glucose, or hemicellulose to xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabmose, their polymers, or products derived from them as described below In one aspect, the cellulolytic enzyme composition comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an endoglucanase, a cellobiohydrolase and a beta-glucosidase In another aspect, the cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprises one or more additional enzyme activities to improve the degradation of the cellulose-containing material Preferred additional enzymes are hemicellulases, esterases (e g., lipases, phospholipases and/or cutmases), proteases, laccases, peroxidases, or mixtures thereof
The cellulolytic enzyme composition may be a monocomponent preparation e g , an endoglucanase, a multicomponent preparation e g endoglucanase(s) ceilobιohydrolase(s), and beta-glucosidase(s). or a combination of multicomponent and monocomponent protein preparations The cellulolytic proteins may have activity, / e , hydrolyze the cellulose-containing material, either in the acid, neutral or alkaline pH- range
As mentioned above, the cellulolytic proteins used in the present invention may be monocomponent preparations, i.e. , a component essentially free of other cellulolytic components The single component may be a recombinant component, / e . produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see, for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244) The host cell may be a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host) or the host may also be a wild-type host (enzyme is native to host) Monocomponent cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth
The enzymes used in the present invention may be in any form suitable for use in the processes described herein, such as, for example, a crude fermentation broth wrth or without cells, a dry powder or granulate a non-dusting granulate, a liquid a stabilized liquid, or a protected enzyme Granulates may be produced, e g , as disclosed in U S Patent Nos 4,106,991 and 4,661,452, and may optionally be coated by process known m the art Liquid enzyme preparations may, for instance, be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another poiyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established process Protected enzymes may be prepared according to the process disclosed in EP 238,216
A polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity may be a bacterial polypeptide For example the polypeptide may be a gram positive bacterial polypeptide such as a Bacillus. Streptococcus Streptomyces, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus Lactobacillus. Lactococcus, Clostridium Geobacillυs, or Oceanobactllυs polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity, or a Gram negative bacterial polypeptide such as an E coli Pseudomonas. Salmonella Campylobacter Helicobacter, Ftavobactenum, Fusobactenum, llyobacter. Neisseria, or Ureaplasma polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity.
In a preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Bacillus alkabphtlus, Baαllus amylokquefactens Bacillus brevts Bacillus αrculans, Baαllus clausn Baαllus coagulans. Bacillus firmus Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus ltcheniformis
Bacillus megatenum, Bacillus pumilυs, Bacillus siearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptococcus equistmilis, Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus υbens or Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemicus polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity. In another preferred aspect, the polypeptide is a Streptomyces achromogenes,
Streptomyces avermitilts Streptomyces coeticolor Streptomyces gnseus, or Streptomyces lividans polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity.
The polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity may also be a fungal polypeptide and more preferably a yeast polypeptide such as a Candida. Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity or more preferably a filamentous fungal polypeptide such as aan Acremonium, Agartcus, Alternana, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium Botryospaena, Cenponopsis, Chaetomidium, Cbrysosporiυm, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Coprmopsis, Coptotermes, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococcυs, Diplodia, Exidia, Filibasidium, Fusanυm Gibberella Holomastigototdes Humicola Irpex. Lentinula Leptospaeria, Magnaporthe Melanocarpus, Meπpitus Mucor Myceliopbthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Piromyces, Poitrasia, Pseudoptedania, Pseudotrichonympha, Rhiiomucor, Schizophyllum. Scytalidium, Talaromyces Thermoascus Thielavia, Tolypocladium, Tnchodeima, Tnchophaea, Verticillium, Volvaπella, or Xyiana polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
In a preferred aspect the polypeptide is a Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevistae, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
In another preferred aspect the polypeptide is an Acremonium cellulolyticus. Aspergillus acυleatus. Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus foetidus. Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Chrysosponum keratinophilum Chrysosponum tucknowense Chrysosponum tropicum. Chrysosponum merdarium, Chrysosponum inops< Chrysosporium pannicola Chrysosponum qυeenslandtcum, Chrysosponum zonatum, Fusanum bactndioides, Fusanutn cereatis, Fusanum crookwellense. Fusanum culmorum, Fusanum graminearum, Fusanum gramtnum, Fusanυm heterosporum, Fusanum negundi, Fusanum oxysporum, Fusanum reticulatum, Fusanum roseum Fusanum sambucinum, Fusanum sarcochroυm, Fusahum sporotrichioides, Fusanum sulphureum, Fusanum torυlosum, Fusanum trichothectoides, Fusanum venenatum, Humtcola gr/sea, Humicoia insolens, Humicola lanuginosa, Irpex lacteus. Mucor miehei, Myceliophthora thermophila Neurospora crassa, Pemαllium funiculosum Penicitlnim puφurogenum Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Thielavia achromatica Thielavta albomyces, Thielavia albopiiosa, Thielavia aυstratetnsts Thiθlavia fimett Thielavia microspora Thielavia ovispora, Thielavia peruviana, Thielavia spededoniυm Thielavia setosa. Thielavia subthermophiia, Thielavia terrestns, Tnchoderma harzianum, Tnchoderma konmgti, Tnchoderma longibrachiatum Tnchoderma reesβi Tnchoderma viride, or Tnchαphaea saccata polypeptide having cellulolytic enzyme activity
Chemically modified or protein engineered mutants of cellulolytic proteins may also be used One or more components of the cellulolytic enzyme composition may be a recombinant component i.e. , produced by cloning of a DNA sequence encoding the single component and subsequent cell transformed with the DNA sequence and expressed in a host (see for example, WO 91/17243 and WO 91/17244) The host is preferably a heterologous host (enzyme is foreign to host), but the host may under certain conditions also be a homologous host (enzyme is native to host) Monocomponeπt cellulolytic proteins may also be prepared by purifying such a protein from a fermentation broth
Examples of commercial cellulolytic protein preparations suitable for use in the present invention include, for example, CELLUCLAST™ (available from Novozymes A/S) and NOVOZYM ™ 188 (available from Novozymes A/S) Other commercially available preparations comprising cellulase that may be used include CELLUZYME™, CEREFLO™ and ULTRAFLO™ (Novozymes A/S), LAMINEX™ and SPEZYME™ CP (Genencor Int ) ROHAMENT™ 7069 W (Rδhm GmbH), and FIBREZYME® LDI FIBREZYME® LBR, or VISCOSTARiS) 150L (Dyadic International lnc Jupiter, FL, USA) The cellulase enzymes are added in amounts effective from about O 001% to about 5 O % wt of solids, more preferably from about O 025% to about 4 0% wt of solids, and most preferably from about 0 005% to about 2 0% wt of solids
Examples of bactenal endoglucanases that can be used in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to, an Acidothermυs cetlutofyticus endoglucanase (WO 91/05039 WO 93/15186 U S Patent No 5,275,944, WO 96/02551 , U S Patent No 5,536 655 WO 00/70031 , WO 05/093050), Thermobifida fυsca endoglucanase III (WO 05/093050). and Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase V (WO 05/093050)
Examples of fungal endoglucanases that can be used in the methods of the present invention, include, but are not limited to a Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase I (Penttila et al. 1986 Gene 45 253-263 GENBANK vl accession no M15665) Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase Il (Saloheimo. et al. , 1988, Gene 63 11-22 GENBANK0"1 accession no. M19373); Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase III (Okada et al. , 1988. Appl Environ. Microbiol 64 555-563, GENBANK™ accession no. AB003694), Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase IV (Saloheimo et al , 1997 Eur J Biochem. 249. 584-591 ; GENBANK™ accession no. Y11113). and Tnchoderma reesei endoglucanase V (Saloheimo et θ/ , 1994, Molecular Microbiology 13 219-228, GENBANKU) accession no Z33381), Aspergillus acuteatus endoglucanase (Ooi et al. , 1990. Nucleic Acids Research 18 5884), Aspergillus kawachit endoglucanase (Sakamoto et al , 1995, Current Genetics 27 435-439), Erwinia carotovara endoglucanase (Saarilahti et al , 1990, Gene 90 9-14), Fusanum oxysporum endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no L29381); Humicola gnsea var thermoidea endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no AB003107); Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no. MAL515703); Neurosporβ crβssa endoglucanase (GENBANK™ accession no XM_324477), Humicola insolens endoglucanase V (SEQ ID NO:. 25), Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 27), basidiomycete CBS 495 95 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 29), basidiomycete CBS 494 95 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 31), Thielavia teirestns NRRL 8126 CEL6B endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 33). Thielavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL6C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 35), Thtelavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7C endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 37), Thtelavia terrestris NRRL 8126 CEL7E endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 39); Thielavia terrestns NRRL 8126 CEL7F endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 41) Cladorrhinum foecundissimum ATCC 62373 CEL7A endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO:. 43), and Trichoderma reeset strain No VTT-D-80133 endoglucanase (SEQ ID NO: 45, GENBANK1 M accession no M15665) The endoglucanases of SEQ ID NO:; 25, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO:' 29. SEQ ID NO:. 31 , SEQ ID NO:; 33, SEQ ID NO:: 35, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41 , SEQ ID NO: 43, and SEQ ID NO: 45 described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:; 24 SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO:. 30, SEQ ID NO:. 32, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO:" 42, and SEQ ID NO:' 44, respectively Examples of cellobtohydrolases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Tnchoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO:. 47), Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO: 49), Humicola insolens cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO:: 51), Myceliophthora thermophila cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO:. 53 and SEQ ID NO:: 55), Thielavia terrestris cellobiohydrolase Il (CEL6A) (SEQ ID NO: 57), Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase I (SEQ ID NO: 59), and Chaetomium thermophilum cellobiohydrolase Il (SEQ ID NO: 61) The cellobiohydrolases Of SEQ ID NO:' 47, SEQ ID NO:' 49, SEQ ID NO: 51 , SEQ ID NO:: 53, SEQ ID NO: 55 SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 59, and SEQ ID NO: 61 described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50 SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 58, and SEQ ID NO: 60, respectively Examples of beta-glucosidases useful in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 63) Aspergillus fυmigatus beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 65), Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888 beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 67), Aspergillus niger beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 69), and Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase (SEQ ID NO: 71) The beta- glucosidases of SEQ ID NO: 63, SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 69, and SEQ ID NO: 71 described above are encoded by the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62. SEQ ID NO: 64 SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 68, and SEQ ID NO: 70 respectively
The Aspergillus oryzae polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2002/095014 The Aspergillus fumigβtus polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2005/047499 The Penicillium brasilianum polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to WO 2007/019442 The Aspergillus niger polypeptide having beta- glucosidase activity can be obtained according to Dan et al , 2000, J Biol Cham 275 4973-4980 The Aspergillus aculeatus polypeptide having beta-glucosidase activity can be obtained according to Kawaguchi et al 1996 Gene 173 287-288
The beta-glucosidase may be a fusion protein In one aspect, the beta- glucosidase is the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 73 or the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein of SEQ ID NO: 75 In another aspect, the Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase variant BG fusion protein is encoded by the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 72 or the Aspergillus oryzae beta- glucosidase fusion protein is encoded by the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 74
Other endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases are disclosed in numerous Glycosyl Hydrolase families using the classification according to Henrissat B 1991 , A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem J 280 309-316, and Henrissat B . and Bairoch A 1 1996, Updating the sequence-based classification of glycosyl hydrolases Biochem J 316 695-696
Other cellulolytic enzymes that may be used in the present invention are described in EP 495,257, EP 531.315 EP 531 ,372 WO 89/09259, WO 94/07998. WO 95/24471 , WO 96/11262, WO 96/29397 WO 96/034108 WO 97/14804, WO 98/08940, WO 98/012307, WO 98/13465, WO 98/015619 WO 98/015633, WO 98/028411 , WO 99/06574, WO 99/10481 , WO 99/025846, WO 99/025847 WO 99/031255. WO 2000/009707, WO 2002/050245 WO 2002/0076792, WO 2002/101078, WO 2003/027306 WO 2003/052054, WO 2003/052055, WO 2003/052056, WO 2003/052057 WO 2003/052118, WO 2004/016760, WO 2004/043980. WO 2004/048592, WO 2005/001065, WO 2005/028636 WO 2005/093050, WO 2005/093073 WO 2006/074005, WO 2006/117432, WO 2007/071818. WO 2007/071820 WO 2008/006070. WO 2008/008793, U S Patent No 4,435.307 U S Patent No 5 457,046. U S Patent No 5,648,263, U S Patent No 5,686.593, U S Patent No 5,691 178, U S Patent No 5,763,254, and U S Patent No 5.776 757 The cellulolytic enzymes used in the methods of the present invention may be produced by fermentation of the above-noted microbial strains on a nutrient medium containing suitable carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see. e g , Bennett, J W and LaSure, L (eds ), More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, Academic Press, CA, 1991) Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published compositions (e g in catalogues of the Amencan Type Culture Collection) Temperature ranges and other conditions suitable for growth and cellulolytic enzyme production are known in the art (see, e g , Bailey. J E , and Ollis, D F . Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, 1986) The fermentation can be any method of cultivation of a cell resulting in the expression or isolation of a cellulolytic enzyme Fermentation may therefore, be understood as comprising shake flask cultivation, or small- or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industnal fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the cellulolytic enzyme to be expressed or isolated The resulting cellulolytic enzymes produced by the methods descnbed above may be recovered from the fermentation medium and punfied by conventional procedures
Signal Peptide The present invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs compnsing a gene encoding a protein wherein the gene is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO: 4. wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence In a preferred aspect, the nucleotide sequence comprises or consists of nucleotides 1 to 51 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or nucleotides 1 to 45 of SEQ ID NO 3
The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors and recombinant host cells comprising such nucleic acid constructs.
The present invention also relates to methods of producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating such a recombinant host cell under conditions suitable for production of the protein; and (b) recovering the protein. The protein may be native or heterologous to a host cell. The term "protein" is not meant herein to refer to a specific length of the encoded product and, therefore, encompasses peptides, oligopeptides, and proteins. The term "protein" also encompasses two or more polypeptides combined to form the encoded product. The proteins also include hybrid polypeptides that comprise a combination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained from at least two different proteins wherein one or more (several) may be heterologous or native to the host cell. Proteins further include naturally occurring allelic and engineered variations of the above mentioned proteins and hybrid proteins.
Preferably, the protein is a hormone or variant thereof, enzyme, receptor or portion thereof, antibody or portion thereof, or reporter. In a more preferred aspect, the protein is an oxidoreductase. transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomer ase, or ligase. In an even more preferred aspect, the protein is an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta- galactostdase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, invertase, laccase, another lipase, maπnosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase or xylanase.
The gene may be obtained from any prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or other source.
The present invention is further described by the following examples that should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Examples
Materials
Chemicals used as buffers and substrates were commercial products of at least reagent grade Media
BA medium was composed per liter of 10 g of com steep liquor dry matter, 10 g of NH,NO3, 10 g of KH2PO,, 0 75 g of MgSO4 7H:O 0 1 ml of pluronic and 0 5 g of CaCQ;, The pH was adjusted to 6 5 before autoclaving YEG medium was composed per liter of 20 g of dextrose and 5 g of yeast extract
Minimal medium plates were composed per liter of 6 g of NaNO3, 0 52 g of KCl, 1.52 g of KH2PO4, 1 ml of COVE trace elements solution 20 g of Noble agar, 20 ml of 50% glucose 2 5 ml of MgSO4 7H2O and 20 ml of a 0 02% biotin solution COVE trace metals solution was composed per liter of 0 04 g of Na2B4O3 10H-O,
0 4 g of CuSO4 5H2O, 1 2 g of FeSO. 7H2O, O 7 g of MnSO4 H2O O 8 g of Na.MoO2 2H2O, and 10 g of ZnSO4 7H2O
M410 medium was composed per liter of 50 g of maltose, 50 g of glucose, 2 g of MgSO. 7H-O, 2 g of KH-PO4, 4 g of anhydrous citric acid 8 g of yeast extract, 2 g of urea, O 5 g of CaCI;, and O 5 ml of AMG trace metals solution
AMG trace metals was composed per liter of 14 3 g of ZnSO,- 7H2O 2 5 g of CuSO4 5H2O, 0.5 g of NiCl2 6H2O, 13.8 g of FeSO4 7H2O, 8 5 g of MnSO, 7H2O and 3 g of crtric acid
Example 1 : Identification of Family 61 peptides
SDS-PAGE analysis. A commercial product was diluted 1 10 with water Twenty μl was separated on a CRITERION™ 8-16% Tris-HCI SDS-PAGE gel according to the manufacturer's suggested conditions (Bio-Rad Laboratories, lnc Hercules, CA USA) PRECISION PLUS PROTEIN™ standards (Bio-Rad Laboratories, lnc , Hercules, CA, USA) were used as molecular weight markers The gel was stained with BIO-SAFE™ Coomassie Stain (Bio-Rad Laboratories, lnc , Hercules, CA USA), and visible bands were excised with a razor blade for protein identification analysis
In-gel digestion of polypeptides for peptide sequencing. A MultiPROBE® Il Liquid Handling Robot (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Boston MA USA) was used to perform the in-gel digestions Gel bands containing protein were reduced with 50 μl of 10 mM drthiothreitol (DTT) in 100 mM aminonium bicarbonate pH 8 O for 30 minutes Following reduction, the gel piece was alkylated with 50 μl of 55 mM iodoacetamide in 100 mM aminonium bicarbonate pH 8 0 for 20 minutes The dried gel piece was allowed to swell in 25 μl of a trypsin digestion solution (6 ng/μl sequencing grade trypsin (Promega, Madison Wl, USA) in 50 mM aminonium bicarbonate pH 8 for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by an 8 hour digestion at 40°C Each of the reaction steps described above was followed by numerous washes and pre-washes with the appropriate solutions following the manufacturers standard protocol Fifty μl of acetonitnle was used to de-hydrate the gel piece between reactions and the gel piece was air dried between steps Peptides were extracted twice with 1 % formic acιd/2% acetonitnle in HPLC grade water for 30 minutes Peptide extraction solutions were transferred to a 96 well skirted PCR type plate (ABGene, Rochester NY USA) that had been cooled to 10~15°C and covered with a 96-well plate lid (PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences Boston MA, USA) to prevent evaporation Plates were further stored at 4°C until mass spectrometry analysis could be performed
Protein identification. For de now peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry, a Q-TOF MICRO™ (Waters Micromass MS Technologies Milford, MA, USA), a hybrid orthogonal quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for LC/MS/MS analysis The Q-TOF MICRO™ is fully microprocessor controlled using MASSLYNX™ software version 4 1 (Waters Micromass MS Technologies, Milford, MA USA) The Q-TOF MICRO™ was fitted with an ULTIMATE™ capillary and nano-flow HPLC system which was coupled with a FAMOS™ micro autosampler and a SWITCHOS™ Il column switching device (LCPackings/Dionex Sunnyvale, CA USA) for concentrating and desalting samples Samples were loaded onto a guard column (300 μm ID X 5 cm PEPMAP™ C18) fitted in the injection loop and washed with O 1% formic acid in water at 40 μl per minute for 2 minutes using a Switchos Il pump Peptides were separated on a 75 μm ID x 15 cm, C18, 3 μm 100 A PEPMAP™ (LC Packings, San Francisco, CA, USA) nanoflow fused capillary column at a flow rate of 175 nl/minute from a split flow of 175 μl/mmute using a NAN- 75 calibrator (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) A step elution gradient of 5% to 80% acetonitnle in 0 1% formic acid was applied over a 45 minute interval The column eluent was monitored at 215 nm and introduced into the Q-TOF MICRO™ through an electrospray ton source fitted with the nanospray interface
Data was acquired in survey scan mode and from a mass range of m/z 400 to 1990 with switching criteria for MS to MS/MS to include an ion intensity of greater than 10 0 counts per second and charge states of +2 +3, and +4 Analysis spectra of up to 4 co-eluting species with a scan time of 1 9 seconds and inter-scan time of 0 1 seconds could be obtained A cone voltage of 45 volts was typically used and the collision energy was programmed to be varied according to the mass and charge state of the eluting peptide and in the range of 10-60 volts The acquired spectra were combined, smoothed and centered in an automated fashion and a peak list generated This peak list was searched against selected databases using PROTEINLYNX™ Global Server 2 2 05 software (Waters Micromass MS Technologies, Milford MA1 USA) and PEAKS Studio version 4 5 (SP1) (Bioinformatic Solutions lnc , Waterloo. Ontario Canada) Results from the PROTEINLYNX™ and PEAKS Studio searches were evaluated and un-identified proteins were analyzed further by evaluating the MS/MS spectra of each ion of interest and de novo sequence was determined by identifying the y and b ion series and matching mass differences to the appropriate amino acid Peptide sequences were obtained from several multiply charged ions for the in- gel digested approximately 24 kDa polypeptide gel band A doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 871 56 m/z sequence was determined to be [Leuj-Pro-Ala-Ser-Asn-Ser- Pro-Val-Thr-Asp-Val-Thr-Ser-Asn-Ala-[Leu]-Arg (SEQ ID NO:. 5). A doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 615 84 m/z sequence was determined to be Val-Asp-Asn-AJa-Ala- Thr-Ala-Ser-Pro-Ser-Gly-[Leu]-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 6) A doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 715.44 m/z sequence was determined to be [Leu]-Pro-AJa-Asp-[Leu]-Pro-Ser-Gly- Asp-Tyr-[Leu]-(Leu]-Arg (SEQ ID NO:: 7) A doubly charged tryptic peptide ion of 988.58 m/z sequence was determined to be Gly-Pro-[Lθu]-[Gln]-Val-Tyr-[Leu]-Ala-Lys (SEQ ID NO:' 8), A double charged tryptic peptide ion of 1272 65 m/z sequence was determined to be VaI-Se^VaI-ASn-Gly-[Gln)-ASp-[Gln]-Gly-(Gln]-[LeU]-LyS (SEQ ID NO: 9) [Leu] above may be lie or Leu and [Gln] above may be Gln or Lys because they could not be distinguished due to equivalent masses.
Example 2: Preparation of Myceliophthorβ thermophila CBS 117.65 cDNA pool Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 was cultivated in 200 ml of BA medium at 3CTC for five days at 200 rpm Mycelia from the shake flask culture were harvested by filtering the contents through a funnel lined with MIRACLOTH™ (CalBiochem, San Diego CA. USA). The mycelia were then sandwiched between two MIRACLOTH™ pieces and blotted dry with absorbent paper towels The mycelial mass was then transferred to plastic centrifuge tubes and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen mycelia were stored in a -80°C freezer until use.
The extraction of total RNA was performed with gυanidinium thiocyanate followed by uttraceπtnfugation through a 5.7 M CsCI cushion, and isolation of poly(A)+RNA was carried out by olιgo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography, using the procedures described in WO 94/14953
Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg of poly(A)+ RNA by the RNase H method (Gubler and Hoffman, 1983, Gene 25 263-269, Sambrook et al. 1989, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor lab , Cold Spnng Harbor, NY, USA) The poly(A)+ RNA (5 μg in 5 μl of DEPC (0 1% dιethylpyrocarbonate)-treated water) was heated at 70°C for 8 minutes in a pre- stliconized, RNase-free EPPENDORF® tube, quenched on ice and combined in a final volume of 50 μl with reverse transcriptase buffer composed of 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8 3, 75 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) (Bethesda Research Laboratories, Bethesda, MD, USA), 1 mM of dATP, dGTP and dTTP, and 0 5 mM 5-methyl-dCTP (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA), 40 units of human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (RNasin, Promega, Madison, Wl, USA), 1.45 μg of oligo(dT)18-Not I pπmer (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA), and 1000 units of Superscript Il RNase H reverse transcriptase (Bethesda Research Laboratories, Bethesda. MD, USA). First-strand cDNA was synthesized by incubating the reaction mixture at 45 C for 1 hour. After synthesis, the mRNA.cDNA hybrid mixture was gel filtrated through a MICROSPIN1" S- 400 HR spin column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ. USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions
After gel filtration, the hybnds were diluted in 250 μl of second strand buffer (20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.4, 90 mM KCI 4.6 mM MgCl2, 10 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0 16 mM NAD) containing 200 μM of each dNTP, 60 units of E. coli DNA polymerase I (GE Healthcare. Piscataway, NJ USA), 5.25 units of RNase H (Promega, Madison. Wl1 USA), and 15 units of E colt DNA ligase (Boehringer Mannheim Manheim, Germany). Second strand cDNA synthesis was performed by incubating the reaction tube at 16°C for 2 hours and an additional 15 minutes at 25°C, The reaction was stopped by addition of EDTA to a final concentration of 20 mM followed by phenol and chloroform extractions.
The double-stranded cDNA was precipitated at -20°C for 12 hours by addition of 2 volumes of 96% ethanol and 0.2 volume of 10 M aminonium acetate, recovered by centrifugation at 13,000 x g, washed in 70% ethanol, dried, and resuspended in 30 μl of Mung bean nuclease buffer (30 mM sodium acetate pH 4 6, 300 mM NaCI, 1 mM ZnSO,. 0.36 mM DTT, 2% glycerol) containing 25 units of Mung bean nuclease (GE HeaHhcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). The single-stranded hair-pin DNA was clipped by incubating the reaction at 30°C for 30 minutes, followed by addition of 70 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl-1 mM EDTA pH 7.5, phenol extraction, and precipitation with 2 volumes of 96% ethanol and 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate pH 5,2 on ice for 30 minutes.
The double-stranded cDN As were recovered by centrifugation at 13,000 x g and blunt-ended in 30 μl of T4 DNA polymerase buffer (20 mM Tns-acetate, pH 7.9, 10 mM magnesium acetate, 50 mM potassium acetate, 1 mM DTT) containing 0,5 mM of each dNTP and 5 units of T4 DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Ipswich. MA USA) by incubating the reaction mixture at 16 -C for 1 hour. The reaction was stopped by addition of EDTA to a final concentration of 20 mM, followed by phenol and chloroform extractions, and precipitation for 12 hours at -20X by adding 2 volumes of 96% ethanol and 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate pH 5 2. After the fill-in reaction the cDNAs were recovered by centrifugation at 13,000 x g, washed in 70% ethanol, and dried Example 3: Myceliophthora thβrmophila CBS 202.75 and Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117.65 genomic DNA extraction
Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 and Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 1 17 65 strains were grown in 100 ml of YEG medium in a baffled shake flask at 45°C and 200 rpm for 2 days Mycelia were harvested by filtration using MIRACLOTH® (Calbiochem, La JoIIa, CA, USA), washed twice in deioπized water and frozen under liquid nitrogen Frozen mycelia were ground by mortar and pestle, to a fine powder, and total DNA was isolated using a DNEASY® Rant Maxi Kit (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA, USA)
Example 4: Molecular screening of a Family 61 gene from Myceliophthora thermophila
Degenerate primers were designed, as shown below, based upon peptide sequences obtained through tandem mass spectrometry as described in Example 1 Primer 061562 (CI61 A sense)
5'-GCCTCCAACTCGCCCGTCACNGAYGTNAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 10) Primer 061563 (CI61 A anti) 5'-GAGGTAGTCGCCGGANGGGATRTCNGCNGG-3' (SEQ ID NO 11)
Fifty picomoles each of CI61A sense and CI61A anti primers were used in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65 cDNA pool or Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 117 65 genomic DNA 1 X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA, USA) 0 4 mM each of dATP. dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix (Clontech Laboratones, lnc Mountain View, CA1 USA) in a final volume of 25 μl The amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 (Eppendorf Scientific, lnc , Westbury, NY, USA) programmed for 1 cycle at 94°C for 1 minute, and 30 cycles each at 94°C for 30 seconds 56 5*C for 30 seconds, and 72JC for 30 seconds, followed by a final extension of 5 minutes at 72°C The reaction products were fractionated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 40 mM Tris base-20 mM sodium acetate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer and bands of greater than 400 bp were excised, purified using a MINELUATE® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions and subcloned using a TOPO® TA Kit (Invrtrogen Carlsbad, CA, USA) Plasmid DMA was extracted from a number of E coli transformants and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the E coli clones showed that the sequences contained a coding region of a Family 61 gene (gh61a) A second gh61 gene was isolated in a separate PCR reaction performed under different conditions. Thirty picomoles each of CI61A sense and CI61 A anti pnmers were used in a PCR reaction composed of 200 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 genomic ONA1 1X THERMOPOL® Buffer (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, USA), 0 28 mM each of dATP. dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, and 1 0 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA) in a final volume of 30 μl The amplifications were performed using a ROBOCYCLER® 40 (Strategene, La JoIIa, CA, USA) programmed for 1 cycle at 96*C for 3 minutes; 1 cycle at 72*C for 3 minutes dunng which DNA polymerase was added, 30 cycles each at 94°C for 50 seconds 52°C for 50 seconds. and 72"C for 90 seconds, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 72"C.
The reaction products were fractionated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 40 mM Tns base- 20 mM sodium acetate- 1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer and a band of greater than 400-500 bp was excised, purified using a QIAEX II® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and subcloned using a TOPO® TA Kit (Invitrogen, Carisbad, CA, USA) Plasmid DNA was extracted from a number of E colt transformants and sequenced Sequence analysis revealed several clones containing a coding region of one Family 61 gene designated gh61f
Example 5: Isolation of a full-length Family 61 gene {gh61a) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75
A full-length Family 61 gene (gh61a) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 was isolated using a GENOMEWALKER™ Universal Kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Mountain View, CA USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions Briefly, total genomic DNA from Myceltophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 was digested separately with four different restriction enzymes {Dra I1 Eco RV1 Pvu II, and Stu I) that leave blunt ends. Each batch of digested genomic DNA was then ligated separately to the GENOMEWALKER ™ Adaptor (Clontech Laboratories, lnc Mountain View CA, USA) to create four libraries These libraries were then employed as templates in PCR reactions using four gene-specific pnmers for Myceliophthora thermophita Family 61 gh61a gene. The primers shown below were designed based on the partial Family ghβia gene sequences obtained in Example 4 Upstream Region Pnmers. MtCel61A-R1. 5'-CCGTTCGGGCCGTCπGGTAGATCTTGAACC-3' (SEQ ID NO:. 12) MtCel61A-R2. 5'-CCGATGGAGGGATCCACGCTGAAGGTGAATT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 13) Downstream Region Primers MtCel61A-F1. 5 -CAGGTCAAGGCGGGCTCCCAATTCACCTT-3 (SEQ ID NO:. 14) MtCel61A-F2 5 -ACGGCACGGGAGCCGTGTGGTTCAAGATCTA-S' (SEQ ID NO: 15) Two primary PCR amplifications were performed, one to isolate the upstream region and the other the downstream region of the Myceltophthora thermophita gh61a gene Each PCR ampltfication (25 ul) was composed of 1 ul (approximately 6 ng) of each library as template. 0 4 mM each of dATP dTTP dGTP, and dCTP, 10 pmol of Adaptor Primer 1 (Clontech Laboratones, lnc , Mountain View, CA, USA), 10 pmol of primer MtCel61A-R1 or primer MtCel61A-F1 , 1 X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix The amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denaturing at 94°C for 1 minute 7 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72X for 5 minutes, and 32 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation 67°C for 5 minutes followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67 C
The secondary amplifications were composed of 1 μl of each primary PCR product as template, 0 4 mM each of dATP dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP 10 pmol of Adaptor Primer 2 (Clontech Laboratones lnc , Mountain View, CA, USA), 10 pmol of nested primer MtCel61A-R2 or MtCel61A-F2 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix in a final volume of 25 μl The amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denatunng at 94°C for 1 minute, 5 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94X for 30 seconds annealing and elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes, and 20 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 67°C for 5 minutes followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67°C The reaction products were isolaled by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer where a 1 7 kb product band (upstream region) from the Eco RV library and a 1 6 kb band (downstream region) from the Stu I library were excised from the gel, punfied using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN lnc Valencia, CA USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions The PCR products were sequenced directly or subcloned using a TOPO® TA Kit and then sequenced
Example 6: Characterization of the Mycβliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity DNA sequencing of the PCR fragment was performed with a Perkin-Elmer
Applied Biosystems Model 377 XL Automated DNA Sequencer (Perkm-Elmer/Applied Biosystems lnc , Foster City, CA USA) using dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al. , 1992, Journal of Virology Methods 38 47-60) and primer walking strategy Nucleotide sequence data were scrutinized for quality and all sequences were compared to each other with assistance of PHRED/PHRAP software (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA) A gene model for the Mycβiiophthora thermophila GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity was constructed based on similarity of the encoded protein to homologous glycoside hydrolase Family 61 proteins from Thielβvia terrestns (accession numbers GENESEQP ADM97933. GENESEQP AEB90517), Chaetomium globosυm (UNIPROT Q2HGH1 , UNIPROT Q2GW98) and Neurospora crassa (UNlPROT Q7S439). To verify the sequence information obtained for the Myceliophthora thermophila ghβia gene, a further PCR reaction was carried out using a pair of gene specific pnmers (shown below), which encompass the complete gene Primer MtGH61A-F3- 5'-ACTGGATTTACCATGAAGTTCACCTCGTCCCTCGCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) Primer MtG H61A-R3
5'-TCACCTCTAGTTAATTAATTAGCAAGAGACGGGGGCCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17) Bold letters represent coding sequence The remaining sequence is homologous to the insertion sites of pAJLo2 (WO 2004/099228).
The PCR consisted of fifty picomoles of forward and reverse primers in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 genomic DNA, Pit Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), O 4 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 1 mM MgCb and 2 5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invrtrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in a final volume of 50 μl The amplification was performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 1 cycle at 98°C for 3 minutes, and 30 cycles each at 98"C for 30 seconds, 60vC for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 1 minute, , followed by a final extension of 15 minutes at 72X The heat block then went to a 4 'C soak cycle.
The reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and punfled using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions In order to clone the PCR fragments into pCR®2 1- TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA USA) addition of 3' A-oveιtιangs was performed using Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Ipswich, MA, USA)
A 958 bp Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a gene fragment was cloned into pCR®2.1-TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA USA) using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit to generate pSMail 90 (Figure 2)
The Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a insert was confirmed by DNA sequencing. E colt pSMaι190 was deposited with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, Peona, IL, USA, on December 5, 2007, and assigned accession number B-50083
The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the Mycehophthora thermophilβ GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity are shown in Figure 1 The genomic polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of 232 amino acids, interrupted by 2 mtrons of 88 and 137 bp The % G+C content of the full-length coding sequence and the mature coding sequence are 61 1% and 66.5% respectively Using the SignalP software program (Nielsen et al.., 1997, Protein Engineering 10 1-6) a signal peptide of 17 residues was predicted The predicted mature protein contains 215 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22 6 kDa,
A comparative pairwise global alignment of amino acid sequences was determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch 1970. J MoI Biol. 48' 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of EMBOSS with gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0 5, and the EBLOSUM62 matrix The alignment showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the Myceliophthorβ thermophtta GH61A mature polypeptide shared 76 6% identity (excluding gaps) to the deduced amino acid sequence of a Family 61 glycoside hydrolase protein from Thielavia terrestns (GeneSeqP accession numbers ADM97933)
Example 7: Isolation of a full-length Family 61 gene (gh61f) from Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75
A full-length Family 61 gene (gh61f) from Myceliophthora thermoplvla CBS 202 75 was isolated using a GENOMEWALKER™ Universal Kit (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions Briefly. total genomic DNA from Mycehophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 was digested separately with four different restriction enzymes {Dra I1 Eco RV, Pvu II, and Stu I) that leave blunt ends Each batch of digested genomic DNA was then hgated separately to the GENOMEWALKER ™ Adaptor (Clontech Laboratories, lnc Mountain View CA, USA) to create four libranes These libraries were then employed as templates in PCR reactions using gene-specific primers for the Myceliophthora thermophila Family 61 gene (gh61ή The pπmers shown below were designed based on the partial Family 61 ghβif gene sequences obtained in Example 4. Upstream Region Pnmers MtGH61F-R1 5'-CCCTTGTGGCTGGCGTCCATGACATCGTC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 18) MtGH61F-R2 5'-GTGCCTCCAGATGGCCTTGACCGTGGTG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 19) Downstream Region Primers MtGH61F-F6 5'-GGCGGCGAGCACTACATGTGAGCCATTCCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 20) MtGH61F-F7 5'-TGACGATCTCGCτGACCCGτGCAACAAGTG-3' (SEQ ID NO:: 21)
Two primary PCR amplifications were performed, one to isolate the upstream region and the other to isolate the downstream region of the Mycβltophthora thermopbila gh61f gene. Each PCR amplification (25 μl) was composed of 1 >ύ (approximately 6 ng) of each library as template. O 4 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP. 10 pmol of Adaptor Pnmer 1 (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View, CA. USA), 10 pmol of primer MtGH61F-R1 or primer MtGH61 F-F6, 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer, and 1 ,25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix The amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denatuπng at 94°C for 1 minute, 7 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72X for 5 minutes; and 32 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation 67'1C for 5 minutes, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67 'C.
The secondary amplifications were composed of 1 μl of each primary PCR product as template. 0.4 mM each of dATP. dTTP. dGTP, and dCTP, 10 pmol of Adaptor Primer 2 (Clontech Laboratories, lnc , Mountain View. CA, USA), 10 pmol of nested primer MtGH61F-R2 or MtGH61F-F7, 1X ADVANTAGE® GC-MeIt LA Buffer, and 1 25 units of ADVANTAGE® GC Genomic Polymerase Mix in a final volume of 25 μl. The amplifications were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for pre-denaturing at 94°C for 1 minute, 5 cycles each at a denaturing temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing and elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes; and 20 cycles each at a denatunng temperature of 94°C for 30 seconds; annealing and elongation at 67°C for 5 minutes, followed by a final extension of 7 minutes at 67°C The reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer where a 1.3 kb PCR product (upstream region) from the Pw Il library and a 1.2 kb PCR product (upstream region) from the Puv Il library were excised from the gel, purified using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN Inc . Valencia. CA1 USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the PCR products were sequenced directly or subcloned using a TOPO® TA Kit and then sequenced.
Example 8: Characterization of the Myceliophthora thermophila genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity DNA sequencing of the PCR fragments was performed with a Perkin-Elmer
Applied Biosystems Model 377 XL Automated DNA Sequencer (Perkin-Elmer/Apphed Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA) using dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al. , 1992 Journal of Virology Methods 38 47-60) and primer walking strategy Nucleotide sequence data were scrutinized for quality and all sequences were compared to each other with assistance of PHRED/PHRAP software (University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA) A gene model for the Myceliophthora thβrmophila GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity was constructed based on similanty of the encoded protein to homologous glycoside hydrolase Family 61 proteins from Thielβvia terrestns (accession numbers GENESEQP ADM97933, GENESEQP AEB90517), Chaetomium globosυm (UNIPROT Q2HGH1 , UNIPROT Q2GW98) and Neurospora crassa (UNlPROT Q7S439) To verify the sequence information obtained for the Myceliophthora thermophila gh61f gene, a further PCR reaction was earned out using gene specific primers (shown below) which encompass the complete gene Primer MtGH61F-F8 5'-ACTGGATTTACCATGAAGGCCCTCTCTCTCCTTGCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 22) Primer MtGH61F-R3
5'-TCACCTCTAGTTAATTAACTAGCACTTGAAGACGGGCG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 23) Bold letters represent coding sequence The remaining sequence is homologous to the insertion sites of pAILo2 (WO 2004/099228)
The PCR consisted of 50 picomoles of forward and reverse pnmers in a PCR reaction composed of 100 ng of Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202 75 genomic DNA Pit Amplification Buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 04 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, 1 mM MgCb and 2 5 units of Pfx DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in a final volume of 50 μl The amplification were performed using an EPPENDORF® MASTERCYCLER® 5333 programmed for 1 cycle at 98°C for 3 minutes, and 30 cycles each at 98"C for 30 seconds. 60vC for 30 seconds, and 72"C for 1 minute, followed by a final extension of 15 minutes at 72°C The heat block then went to a 4 'C soak cycle
The reaction products were isolated by 1 0% agarose gel electrophoresis in TAE buffer and punfled using a MINELUTE® Gel Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions In order to clone the PCR fragments into pCR®2 1- TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA USA) addition of 3' A-oveιtιangs was performed using Taq DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs Ipswich, MA USA)
An 884 bp Myceliophthora thermophila gh61f gene fragment was cloned into pCR®2 1-TOPO® vector using a TOPO® TA Cloning Kit to generate pSMaιi92 (Figure 2)
The Mycehophthora thermophtla gh61f insert was confirmed by DNA sequencing E colt pSMaι192 was deposited with the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 University Street, Peoria, IL, USA, on December 5, 2007, and assigned accession number B-50085
The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:. 4) of the Myceliophthora thermophila GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity are shown in Figure 1 The genomic polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of 235 amino acids interrupted by 2 mtrons of 62 and 84 bp The % G+C content of the full-length coding sequence and the mature coding sequence are 64.1% and 65.4% respectively Using the SignalP software program (Nielsen et al.., 1997, Protein Engineering 10- 1-6) a signal peptide of 15 residues was predicted The predicted mature protein contains 220 amino acids with a molecular mass of 23 kDa
A comparative pairwise global alignment of amino acid sequences was determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch 1970. J MoI. Biol. 48' 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of EMBOSS with gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 matrix The alignment showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the Myceliophthorβ thermophtta GH61 F mature polypeptide shared 83 8% identity (excluding gaps) to the deduced amino acid sequence of a Family 61 glycoside hydrolase protein from Chaetomiυm globosυm (UniProt accession number Q2HGH1)
Example 9: Construction of an Aspergillus oryzae expression vector containing Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
The same 958 bp Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a PCR fragment generated in Example 6 was cloned into Nco I and Pac I digested pAlLo2 (WO 2004/099228) using an Infusion Cloning Kit (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA) resulting in pSMaιi85 (Figure 5) in which transcription of the Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a gene was under the control of a hybrid of promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isornerase (NA2-tpι promoter). The ligation reaction (50 μl) was composed of 1X InFusion Buffer (BD Biosciences. Palo Alto, CA1 USA) 1X BSA (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA), 1 μl of Infusion enzyme (diluted 1 10) (BD Biosciences. Palo Allo, CA. USA), 100 ng of pAlLo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I and 50 ng of the Myceliophthora thermophila gh61a purified PCR product The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. One μl of the reaction was used to transform E. colt XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold Supercompetent cells (Stratagene. La JoIIa1 CA. USA) An E. coli traπsformant containing pSMaι185 was detected by restriction digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600 (QIAGEN Inc., Valencia, CA. USA). The Myceliophthora thermophiia ghβia insert in ρSMaιi85 was confirmed by DNA sequencing
Example 10: Construction of an Aspergillus oryzβe expression vector containing Myceliophthora thermophiia CBS 202.75 genomic sequence encoding a Family GH61F polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
The same 884 bp Mycehophthora thermophiia gh61f PCR fragment generated in Example 8 was cloned into Nco I and Pac I digested pAILo2 (WO 2004/099228) using an Infusion Cloning Kit (BD Biosciences Palo Alto, CA USA) resulting in pSMaιi98 (Figure 6) in which transcription of the Myceliophthora thermophiia gh61f gene was under the control of a hybrid of promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase (NA2-ipι promoter) The ligation reaction (50 μl) was composed of 1X InFusion Buffer (BD Biosciences. Palo Alto, CA, USA) 1 X BSA (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA), 1 μl of Infusion enzyme (diluted 1 10) (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA. USA), 100 ng of ρAlLo2 digested with Nco I and Pac I, and 50 ng of the Myceliophthora tbermophila ghβif purified PCR product The reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes One μl of the reaction was used to transform E coli XL10 SOLOPACK® Gold Supercompetent cells (Stratagene, La JoIIa. CA, USA) An E coli transformant containing pSMaι198 was detected by restriction digestion and plasmid DNA was prepared using a BIOROBOT® 9600 (QIAGEN lnc , Valencia, CA USA) The Myceliophthora thermophiia gh61f insert in pSMaιi98 was confirmed by DNA sequencing
Example 11 : Expression of the Myceliophthora thermophiia Family 61 glycosyl hydrolase genes (gh61a and gh61f Individually in Aspergillus oryzae JaL355 Aspergillus otγzae JaL355 (WO 2002/40694) protoplasts were prepared according to the method of Christensen et al. , 1988, Bio/Technology 6 1419-1422 Three μg of pSMaι185 (ghβia) or pSMaι198 (gh61t) were transformed individually into Aspergillus oryzae JaL355
Twenty transformants were isolated to individual Minimal medium plates from each transformation experiment
Confluent Minimal Medium plates of each of the transformants were washed with 6 ml of 0 01% TWEEN® 20 and inoculated separately into 25 ml of M410 medium in 125 ml glass shake flasks and incubated at 34X, 250 rpm After 5 days incubation, 5 μl of supernatant from each culture were analyzed on CRITERION® 8-16% Tris-HCI gels with a CRITERION® Cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories lnc , Hercules, CA. USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions The resulting gels were stained with BIO- SAFE™ Coomassie Stain SDS-PAGE profiles of the cultures showed that the majority of the transformants had the expected band sizes 23 KDa for GH61A and 23 KDa for GH61F
One of each high protein expressing GH61A and GH61F transformants were washed with 10 ml of 0 01% T WEEN® 20 and inoculated into a 2 liter Fernbach containing 500 ml of M410 medium Io generate broth for characterization of the proteins The cultures were harvested on day 5 and filtered using a 0 22 μm
EXPRESS'* Plus Membrane (Millipore Bedford MA USA)
Example 12: Effect of Mycelfophthora thermophila GH61A and GH61F polypeptides on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn stover
Culture broth was prepared as decribed in Example 11 and concentrated approximately 20-fold using an Amicon ultrafiltration device (Millipore, Bedfored, MA , 10 kDa polyethersulfone membrane, 40 psi, 4°C) Protein concentration was estimated by densitometry following SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining Corn slover was pretreated and prepared as an assay substrate as described in WO 2005/074647 to generate pretreated com stover (PCS) The base cellulase mixture used to assay enhancing activity was prepared from Tnchoderma reesei strain SMA135 (WO 2008/057637)
Hydrolysis of PCS was conducted using 1 6 ml deep-well plates (Axygen, Santa Clara CA ) using a total reaction volume of 1 0 ml and a PCS concentration of 50 mg/ml in 1 mM manganese sulfate-50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5 0 The M thetmophila polypeptides (GH61A and GH61F) were added to the base cellulase mixture at concentrations ranging from 0 to 25% of the protein concentration of the base cellulase mixture Incubation was at 50X for 168 hours Assays were performed in triplicate Aliquots were centnfuged, and the supernatant liquid was filtered by centπfugation (MULTISCREEN® HV 0 45 μm Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes using a plate centrifuge (SORVALL® RT7, Thermo Fisher Scientific. Waltham, MA, USA) When not used immediately filtered hydrolysate aliquots were frozen at - 20°C Sugar concentrations of samples diluted in 0 005 M H->SO« with 0 05% w/w benzoic acid were measured after elution by 0 005 M H^SO* with 0 05% w/w benzoic acid at a flow rate of 06 ml/minute from a 4 6 x 250 mm AMINEX® HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, lnc , lnc , Hercules, CA, USA) at 65X with quantitation by integration of glucose and cellobiose signal from refractive index detection (CHEMSTATION®. AGILENT® 1100 HPLC, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA USA) calibrated by pure sugar samples (Absolute Standards lnc , Hamden, CT, USA) The resultant equivalents were used to calculate the percentage of cellulose conversion for each reaction The degree of cellulose conversion to glucose plus cellobiose sugars (conversion %) was calculated using the following equation
Conversion (%) = (glucose+cellobiose x 1 053) (mg/ml) x 100 x 162 / (Cellulose (mg/ml) x 180) - (glucose+cellobiose x 1 053) (mg/ml) x 100 / (Cellulose (mg/ml) x 1 111) In this equation the factor 1 111 reflects the weight gam in converting cellulose to glucose, and the factor 1 053 reflects the weight gain in converting cellobiose to glucose Cellulose in PCS was determined by a limit digest of PCS to release glucose and cellobiose
The results of adding increasing amounts of Mycebopthora thermophila polypeptides to the base cellulase mix are shown in Figure 7 Addition of the M thermophita GH61A polypeptide provided a stimulation factor of 1 26 at the 25% addition level At the same addition percentage, M thermophila GH61F provided a stimulation factor of 1 13 Stimulation factor is defined as the ratio of conversion observed in the presence of added GH61 protein versus conversion in the absence of added GH61 protein
Deposits of Biological Material
The following biological materials have been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the Agπcultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), Northern Regional Research Center 1815 University Street, Peoπa, Illinois, 61604, USA and given the following accession numbers Deposit Accession Number Date of Deposit
E colt pSMai 190 NRRL B-50083 December 5, 2007
E colt pSMaι192 NRRL B-50085 December 5, 2007 The strains have been deposited under conditions that assure that access Io the cultures will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by foreign patent laws to be entitled thereto The deposits represent substantially pure cultures of the deposited strains The depositse available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed However it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action
The present invention is further described by the following numbered paragraphs
[1] An isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity selected from the group consisting of (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NC 4,
(b) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stnngency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (n) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (in) a full-length complementary strand of (i) or (iι),
(c) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, and
(d) a vanant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
(2] The polypeptide of paragraph 1, compnsing an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
[3] The polypeptide of paragraph 2, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 65% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
[4] The polypeptide of paragraph 3, compnsing an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 [5] The polypeptide of paragraph 4, compnsing an amino acid sequence having at least 75% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
[6] The polypeptide of paragraph 5, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:- 4
[7] The polypeptide of paragraph 6, compnsing an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
(8] The polypeptide of paragraph 7, compnsing an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4
[9] The polypeptide of paragraph 8, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 (10] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 , comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:. 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity
[11] The polypeptide of paragraph 10, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4 (12] The polypeptide of paragraph 10, comprising or consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO:' 4
[13] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 , which is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (ιi) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 or (HI) a full-length complementary strand of (ι) or (ιi) [14] The polypeptide of paragraph 13, which is encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stnngency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (n) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (ιιi) a full-length complementary strand of (ι) or (ιi) [15] The polypeptide of paragraph 14, which is encoded by a polynucleotide lhat hybπdizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (ι) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 (ιi) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (HI) a full-length complementary strand of (ι) or (n) [16] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
[17] The polypeptide of paragraph 16, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 65% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
[18] The polypeptide of paragraph 17, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 70% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
[19] The polypeptide of paragraph 18, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 75% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3
[20] The polypeptide of paragraph 19, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO 3 [21] The polypeptide of paragraph 20, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 85% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
[22] The polypeptide of paragraph 21 , which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
[23] The polypeptide of paragraph 22, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
[24] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3 or a subsequence thereof encoding a fragment having celluloiytic enhancing activity [25] The polypeptide of paragraph 24, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3
[26] The polypeptide of paragraph 24, which is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising or consisting of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3 [27] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 , wherein the polypeptide is a vanant comprising a substitution deletion, and'or insertion of one or more (several) amino aαds of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ ID NO 4
[28] The polypeptide of paragraph 1 which is encoded by the polynucleotide contained in piasmid pSMaι190 which is contained in £ colt NRRL B-50083 or plasmid pSMaι192 which is contained in £ coll NRRL B-50085
[29] The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-28 wherein the mature polypeptide is amino acids 18 to 232 of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ ID NO 4
[30] The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-29, wherein the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO 1 or nucleotides 46 to 851 of SEQ ID NO 3
[31] An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1 -30
[32] The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 31 , comprising at least one mutation in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3 in which the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ ID NO 4, respectively
[33] A nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the production of the polypeptide in an expression host [34] A recombinant expression vector comprising the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 33
[35] A recombinant host cell compnsing the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 33
[36] A method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30, comprising (a) cultivating a cell, which in its wild-type form produces the polypeptide, under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide and (b) recovering the polypeptide [37] A method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1 -30 comprising' (a) cultivating a host cell comprising a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovenng the polypeptide [38] A method of producing a mutant of a parent cell, comprising disrupting or deleting a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30. which results in the mutant producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell
[39] A mutant cell produced by the method of paragraph 38
[40] The mutant cell of paragraph 39, further comprising a gene encoding a native or heterologous protein.
[41] A method of producing a protein, comprising (a) cultivating the mutant cell of paragraph 40 under conditions conducive for production of the protein, and (b) recovenng the protein.
[42] The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32, obtained by (a) hybridizing a population of DNA under at least high stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO' 3, (ιι) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 or
SEQ ID NO. 3, or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of (ι) or (ιi), and (b) isolating the hybridizing polynucleotide, which encodes a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
[43] The isolated polynucleotide of paragraph 42, wherein the mature polypeptide coding sequence is nucleotides 52 to 921 of SEQ ID NO 1 or nucleotides 46 to 851 Of SEQ ID NO. 3
[44] A method of producing a polynucleotide comprising a mutant nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, comprising (a) introducing at least one mutation into the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ
ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3, wherein the mutant nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide compπsing or consisting of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 2 or SEQ
ID NO- 4, and (b) recovenng the polynucleotide comprising the mutant nucleotide sequence
[45] A mutant polynucleotide produced by the method of paragraph 44
[46] A method of producing a polypeptide, comprising (a) cultivating a cell comprising the mutant polynucleotide of paragraph 45 encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
[47] A method of producing the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30, comprising' (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
(48) A transgenic plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-30 [49] A double- stranded inhibitory RNA (dsRNA) molecule compnsing a subsequence of the polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 wherein optionally the dsRNA is a siRNA or a miRNA molecule
[50] The double-stranded inhibitory RNA (dsRNA) molecule of paragraph 49, which is about 15 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21 22, 23, 24 25 or more duplex nucleotides in length
[51] A method of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, compnsing administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule, wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of the polynucleotide of paragraph 31 or 32 (52) The method of paragraph 51 , wherein the dsRNA is about 15, 16 17, 18,
19 20 21 22, 23 24 25 or more duplex nucleotides in length
[53] A nucleic acid construct comprising a gene encoding a protein operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino acids 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO 4 wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence
[54] A recombinant expression vector compnsing the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 53
[55] A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of paragraph 53 [56] A method of producing a protein comprising (a) cultivating the recombinant host cell of paragraph 55 under conditions conducive for production of the protein and (b) recovering the protein
[57] A method for degrading or converting a cellυlosic material, comprising treating the cellυlosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of paragraphs 1-30 wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
[58] The method of paragraph 57 wherein the cellulosic material is pretreated (59] The method of paragraph 57 or 58, wherein the cellulolytic enzyme composition compnses one or more cellulolytic enzymes are selected from the group consisting of a cellulase endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase [60] The method of any of paragraphs 57-59, further comprising treating the cellulosic material with one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a hemicellulase esterase protease laccase, and peroxidase
[61] The method of any of paragraphs 57-60, further comprising recovering the degraded cellulosic material
[62] The method of paragraph 61 , wherein the degraded cellulosic material is a sugar
[63] The method of paragraph 62, wherein the sugar is selected from the group consisting of glucose, xylose mannose, galactose, and arabinose [64] A method for producing a fermentation product, comprising
(a) sacchanfying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of paragraphs 1-20 wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity,
(b) fermenting the sacchanfied cellulosic mateπal of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product, and
(C) recovenng the fermentation product from the fermentation
[65] The method of paragraph 64 wherein the cellulosic material is pretreated [66] The method of paragraph 64 or 65, wherein the cellulolytic enzyme composition compnses one or more cellulolytic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase
[67] The method of any of paragraphs 64-66 further comprising treating the cellulosic material with one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a hemicellulase, esterase protease, laccase and peroxidase
[68] The method of any of paragraphs 64-67, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed simultaneously in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
[69] The method of any of paragraphs 64-68 wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol, organic acid, ketone amino acid, or gas [70] A method of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellutolytic enhancing activity of any of paragraphs 1-30 and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
[71] The method of paragraph 70, wherein the fermenting of the cellulosic material produces a fermentation product
[72] The method of paragraph 71 , further comprising recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
[73] The method of any of paragraphs 70-72, wherein the celiulosic matenal is pretreated before saccharification
[74] The method of any of paragraphs 70-73, wherein the cellulolytic enzyme composition compnses one or more cellulolytic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase
[75] The method of any of paragraphs 70-74, wherein the cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a hemtcellulase, esterase protease, laccase. and peroxidase
[76] The method of any of paragraphs 70-75. wherein the fermentation product is an alcohol organic acid, ketone, amino acid, or gas
The invention descnbed and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific aspects herein disclosed since these aspects are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent aspects are intended to be within the scope of this invention Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and descnbed herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descnption Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims In the case of conflict, the present disclosure including definitions will control

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:
1. An isolated polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4;
(b) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under at least medium stringency conditions with (i) the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ
ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, (ii) the cDNA sequence contained in the mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3, or (iii) a full-length complementary strand of (i) or <ii);
(c) a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 60% identity to the mature polypeptide coding sequence of
SEQ lD NO: 1 : and
(d) a variant comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion of one or more (several) amino acids of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4.
2. The polypeptide of claim 1 , comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4; or a fragment thereof having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
3. The polypeptide of claim 1 , which is encoded by the polynucleotide contained in plasmid plasmid pSMai190 which is contained in E. coli NRRL B-50083 or plasmid pSMai192 which is contained in E. coli NRRL B- 50085.
4. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide of any of claims 1-3.
5. A nucleic acid construct comprising the polynucleotide of claim 4 operably linked to one or more (several) control sequences that direct the production of the polypeptide in an expression host
6. A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim 5. 7 A method of producing the polypeptide of any of claims 1-3 comprising (a) cultivating a cell which in its wild-type form produces the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
8 A method of producing the polypeptide of any of claims 1-3 comprising (a) cultivating a host cell composing a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovenng the polypeptide
9 A method of producing a mutant of a parent cell, compnsing disrupting or deleting a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of any of claims 1-3, which results in the mutant producing less of the polypeptide than the parent cell
10 A method of producing the polypeptide of any of claims 1-3 comprising (a) cultivating a transgenic plant or a plant cell comprising a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide, and (b) recovering the polypeptide
11 A transgenic plant, plant part or plant cell transformed with a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of any of claims 1 -3
12 A double-stranded inhibitory RNA (dsRNA) molecule comprising a subsequence of the polynucleotide of claim 4, wherein optionally the dsRNA is a siRNA or a miRNA molecule
13 A method of inhibiting the expression of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity in a cell, compnsing administering to the cell or expressing in the cell a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule wherein the dsRNA comprises a subsequence of the polynucleotide of claim 4
14 A nucleic acid construct comprising a gene encoding a protein operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide comprising or consisting of amino aods 1 to 17 of SEQ ID NO 2 or amino acids 1 to 15 of SEQ ID NO 4 wherein the gene is foreign to the nucleotide sequence
15 A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim 14 16 A method of producing a protein, composing (a) cultivating the recombinant host cell of claim 15 under conditions conducive for production of the protein, and (b) recovering the protein
17 A method for degrading or converting a cellulosic material, compnsing treating the cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of claims 1-3, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
18 The method of claim 17. further comprising recovering the degraded cellulosic material
19 A method for producing a fermentation prodυd, comprising
(a) saccharifying a cellulosic material with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of claims 1-3, wherein the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the degradation of cellulosic matenal compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity,
(b) fermenting the sacchaπfied cellulosic material of step (a) with one or more fermenting microorganisms to produce the fermentation product, and
(C) recovering the fermentation product from the fermentation
20 A method of fermenting a cellulosic material, comprising fermenting the cellulosic material with one or more fermenting microorganisms, wherein the cellulosic material is hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity of any of claims 1-3 and the presence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity increases the hydrolysis of the cellulosic material compared to the absence of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity
PCT/US2008/087402 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same WO2009085935A2 (en)

Priority Applications (11)

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EA201070764A EA201070764A1 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 POLYPEPTIDES, HAVING ACTIVITY, STRENGTHENING LYSIS OF CELLULOSE, AND ENCODING THEIR POLYNUCLEOTIDE
CN2008801271234A CN101952420A (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
NZ586014A NZ586014A (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
AU2008343105A AU2008343105A1 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
US12/745,985 US8323944B2 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
JP2010539794A JP2011507525A (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotide encoding the same
CA2709490A CA2709490A1 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
UAA201008853A UA102832C2 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptide with cellulose-decomposing enhanced capacity and polynucleotide coding it
EP08868044A EP2235173A2 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same
BRPI0821230A BRPI0821230A2 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-12-18 "nucleic acid construct, recombinant host microbial banknote, methods for producing a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, for producing a precursor banknote mutant, for inhibiting expression of a cellulolytic enhancing activity polypeptide in a cell, for producing a protein" , to degrade or convert a cellulosic material, and to ferment a cellulosic material "
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