CN117790045A - Mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry and application thereof in preparation of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer - Google Patents
Mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry and application thereof in preparation of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer Download PDFInfo
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- CN117790045A CN117790045A CN202311840337.9A CN202311840337A CN117790045A CN 117790045 A CN117790045 A CN 117790045A CN 202311840337 A CN202311840337 A CN 202311840337A CN 117790045 A CN117790045 A CN 117790045A
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Abstract
The invention provides mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry and application thereof in preparing a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer at low temperature, belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic devices, and is used for preparing the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry by taking rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles as raw materials.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic devices, and particularly relates to mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry and application thereof in preparing a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer at a low temperature.
Background
Perovskite solar cells have been rapidly developed in recent decades, and the energy conversion efficiency has been improved from 3.8% to 26.1% in the short decades, wherein printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells have been paid attention to by many researchers due to their excellent stability, and the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells are sequentially conductive glass (FTO), dense titania layers, mesoporous zirconia layers and mesoporous carbon from top to bottom, wherein the mesoporous titania layers are used as electron transport layers, which are critical for the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, however, the preparation process of the mesoporous titania layers requires high temperature sintering at least 500 ℃, the high temperature sintering process requires about 3 hours, and the time consuming preparation of mesoporous titania using the high temperature sintering method is extremely disadvantageous for commercial production.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry and application thereof in preparing a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer at low temperature.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry contains rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles in raw materials. Because anatase titanium dioxide has a larger forbidden bandwidth, the anatase titanium dioxide is commonly used in the preparation of solar cells in the prior art, and the rutile titanium dioxide has good electronic conductivity, high transparency and good stability, so that the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is prepared by using rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Preferably, in the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry, the particle size of the rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles is 20-30nm. The mesoporous channel narrow perovskite solution formed when the particle size of the rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles is smaller than 20nm is not easy to fill, and the reduction of the filling amount of the perovskite solution due to the reduction of the porosity of the titanium dioxide film formed when the particle size of the rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles is larger than 30nm can reduce the energy conversion efficiency of the device.
Preferably, the raw materials of the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry further comprise a pore-forming agent and a solvent.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles to the pore-forming agent is (6-8) to (1.5-1.8).
Preferably, the pore-forming agent comprises at least one of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile and polymethyl methacrylate, and the pore-forming agents are low-temperature pore-forming agents; the pore formers can be removed at 300 ℃ to form a mesoporous structure, and the pore formers have the function of occupying space and can be removed in the final titanium dioxide film, so that the performance of the device is basically not influenced.
The solvent includes at least one of n-butanol, terpineol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol.
Preferably, the raw material of the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry further comprises a binder. The binder helps to improve the strength of the slurry after drying, and prevents cracking and collapse of the slurry during drying and calcination, thereby ensuring that the final sintered body has sufficient strength. The addition of a proper binder can ensure that the titanium dioxide film has enough strength and can ensure the integrity of the mesopores so as to ensure the filling of devices.
In the invention, when the pore-forming agent has the function of the binder, the pore-forming agent also plays the role of the binder; when the pore-forming agent does not have a binding effect, a binder is added. An optional binder is polyvinyl alcohol.
The preparation method of the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry comprises the following steps: mixing the raw materials, ball milling, and rotary steaming to obtain mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry.
The application of the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry in preparing the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer at a low temperature of 150-300 ℃, more preferably 300 ℃.
A method for preparing a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer according to the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry at low temperature, which comprises the following steps: printing mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the compact titanium dioxide layer, curing for 10min at 80 ℃ on a hot table, and sintering for 0.5h at 300 ℃ to form the electron transport layer.
Preferably, the method for preparing the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer according to the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry at low temperature specifically comprises the following steps:
mixing rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles, a pore-forming agent and a solvent, adding the mixture into a ball milling tank for ball milling, adding ethanol during ball milling, taking out after ball milling for 48 hours, and removing the ethanol by rotary evaporation to obtain mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry;
heating a conductive glass substrate to 450 ℃ and spraying a dense titanium dioxide precursor solution to prepare a 100-500nm dense titanium dioxide layer (the dense titanium dioxide precursor is prepared from bis (acetyl acetone group) diisopropyl titanate and isopropanol according to a mass ratio of 1:30), printing the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the dense titanium dioxide layer, firstly curing for 10min at 80 ℃ on a hot bench, then sintering for 0.5h at 300 ℃ to obtain an 800-900nm electron transport layer, printing an 800-1000nm mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer on the electron transport layer, drying at 80 ℃, printing 10-15 mu m mesoporous carbon on the mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer, sintering at 400 ℃ to form a carbon electrode, dripping the perovskite solution from the surface of the carbon electrode by using a one-step dripping method, and annealing at 53 ℃ to form the printable mesoperovskite solar cell.
The invention preparesIn the process of the electron transport layer, the film is solidified at 80 ℃ and the pore-forming agent is removed at 300 ℃, so that the rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles can complete phase change without sintering at 500 ℃. When the invention forms the carbon electrode, mesoporous TiO is removed by sintering at 400 DEG C 2 Residual pore-forming agent and making mesoporous TiO at high temperature (400 ℃) 2 Compared with the existing method for preparing the mesoporous perovskite solar cell, the method has the advantages that the mesoporous perovskite solar cell is connected into a net structure, and only one-time high-temperature sintering is needed after the printing of the mesoporous carbon is finished, so that the production cost and time are greatly saved.
The electron transport layer of the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell is prepared from the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry, the filling factor of the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell can reach 67.58%, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can reach 15.28%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and technical effects:
the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry prepared by the invention takes rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles as a raw material, and then the electron transport layer of the printable mesoperovskite solar cell is prepared by the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry, so that the sintering temperature and sintering time of the electron transport layer can be greatly reduced, and the commercial application of the printable mesoperovskite solar cell is further promoted.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application, illustrate and explain the application and are not to be construed as limiting the application. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a UV-Vis diagram of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells prepared according to comparative example 1 and example 7;
fig. 3 is a steady-state photoluminescence spectrum (PL plot) of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells prepared in example 7 and comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
Various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be considered as limiting the invention, but rather as more detailed descriptions of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In addition, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the ranges is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or stated range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range, is also encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the invention described herein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification of the present invention. The specification and examples of the present invention are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are intended to be inclusive and mean an inclusion, but not limited to.
The schematic structure of the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell device is shown in figure 1.
The raw materials used in the embodiment of the invention are all purchased through the market, wherein rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles are purchased from Beijing enokawa technology Co., ltd; titanium dioxide slurries for comparison were purchased from martial arts solar technologies limited.
The technical scheme of the invention is further described by the following examples.
Example 1
1.8g polyacrylic acid, 8g rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 30nm, 1.4g polyvinyl alcohol, 35g terpineol and 160mL ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
Preparing a device: spraying a 200nm dense titanium dioxide layer on a 450 ℃ FTO substrate (the dense titanium dioxide layer is prepared by a spraying method, specifically, spraying a dense titanium dioxide (non-rutile phase) precursor solution on the 450 ℃ FTO substrate, and preserving heat for 0.5h at 450 ℃ (the dense titanium dioxide precursor solution is prepared by bis (acetyl acetone group) diisopropyl titanate and isopropanol according to the mass ratio of 1:30), printing mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the dense titanium dioxide layer, and sintering at 300 ℃ for 0.5h to form an 800nm electron transport layer, printing a 1000nm mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer on the electron transport layer, drying at 80 ℃, printing 10 mu m mesoporous carbon on the mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer, and sintering at 400 ℃ to form a carbon electrode, dripping a perovskite solution from the surface of the carbon electrode by a one-step dripping method, and annealing at 53 ℃ to form a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell, wherein the performance data are shown in table 1.
Example 2
1.5g polyacrylic acid, 6g rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 30nm, 30g terpineol and 120mL ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
Preparing a device: a dense 200nm titanium dioxide layer was spray coated onto the 450 ℃ FTO substrate. And printing mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the dense titanium dioxide layer and sintering at 300 ℃ for 0.5h to form an 800nm electron transport layer. Printing a mesoporous 900nm zirconium dioxide layer on the mesoporous titanium dioxide layer and drying at 80 ℃. And printing 10 mu m mesoporous carbon on the mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer and sintering at 400 ℃ to form a carbon electrode. Perovskite solutions were dropped from the carbon electrode surface using a one-step drop coating method and annealed at 53 ℃ to form printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, performance data are shown in table 1.
Example 3
1.5g of polystyrene, 6g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 25nm, 30g of n-butanol and 120mL of ethanol are placed in a washed zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Example 4
1.5g of polyacrylonitrile, 6g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 50nm, 30g of ethylene glycol and 120mL of ethanol are placed in a washed zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Example 5
1.5g of polymethyl methacrylate, 8g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 10nm, 30g of isopropanol and 160mL of ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Example 6
1.5g of polymethyl methacrylate, 8g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano-particles with the particle size of 10nm, 1.5g of zirconia, 30g of isopropanol and 160mL of ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Example 7
1.5g of polymethyl methacrylate, 8g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 25nm, 1.5g of zirconia, 30g of terpineol and 160mL of ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Example 8
1.5g of polymethyl methacrylate, 8g of rutile phase titanium dioxide nano particles with the particle size of 30nm, 1.5g of zirconia, 30g of terpineol and 160mL of ethanol are placed in a cleaned zirconia ball milling tank, ball milling is carried out for 48 hours at the rotating speed of 500r/min, then the mixture is taken out, and then the ethanol is removed by rotary evaporation, so that white mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is obtained.
The perovskite solar cell device was prepared in the same manner as in example 1, and the performance data are shown in Table 1.
Comparative example 1
Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells were prepared using the mesoporous titania slurries currently available in the market (available from martial arts, solar technologies, inc.).
Preparing a device: a dense 200nm titanium dioxide layer was spray coated onto the 450 ℃ FTO substrate. And printing mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the dense titanium dioxide layer and forming an 800nm electron transport layer under the sintering condition at 500 ℃. Printing a mesoporous 900nm zirconium dioxide layer on the mesoporous titanium dioxide layer and drying at 80 ℃. And printing 10 mu m mesoporous carbon on the mesoporous zirconium dioxide layer and sintering at 400 ℃ to form a carbon electrode. Perovskite solutions were dropped from the carbon electrode surface using a one-step drop coating method and annealed at 53 ℃ to form perovskite solar cells, the performance data are shown in table 1.
In the prior art, because titanium dioxide in mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is amorphous, when the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry is prepared into an electron transport layer, the mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry needs to be subjected to phase change into rutile phase at a high temperature of 500 ℃, so that the sintering temperature is higher when the electron transport layer is prepared.
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, the energy conversion efficiency of the device prepared in the preferred embodiment 7 of the present invention is 15.28%, which is much higher than that of the device prepared in the comparative example 1 by 12.43%, which indicates that the titanium dioxide slurry prepared in the present invention has better performance and is more favorable for improving the performance of the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell. It can also be observed from table 1 that the size of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles selected for the preparation of the titanium dioxide slurry has a severe impact on the performance of the device, wherein the size of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles is 25nm as an optimal size, and that too large or too small a size of the nanoparticles seriously affects the performance of the device.
Fig. 2 is a UV-Vis diagram of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells prepared in comparative example 1 and example 7, and it is known from ultraviolet absorption spectrum that the light absorption capacity of the examples is higher and the energy conversion efficiency of the devices is higher.
Fig. 3 is a PL diagram of the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell prepared in example 7 and comparative example 1, showing that devices prepared using the titanium dioxide paste synthesized in example 7 have better electron transport properties than devices prepared using the purchased titanium dioxide paste in comparative example, and PL test results further demonstrate that the titanium dioxide paste synthesized in example 7 is superior to the titanium dioxide paste in comparative example.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions easily conceivable by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present application should be covered in the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The mesoporous titania slurry is characterized by comprising rutile phase titania nano particles.
2. The mesoporous titania slurry according to claim 1, wherein the rutile phase titania nanoparticles have a particle size of 20-30nm.
3. The mesoporous titania slurry according to claim 1, further comprising a pore-forming agent and a solvent.
4. The mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry according to claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of the rutile phase titanium dioxide nanoparticles to the pore-forming agent is (6-8) to (1.5-1.8).
5. The mesoporous titania slurry according to claim 3, wherein the pore-forming agent comprises at least one of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethyl methacrylate;
the solvent includes at least one of n-butanol, terpineol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol.
6. The mesoporous titania slurry according to claim 3, further comprising a binder.
7. A method for preparing the mesoporous titania slurry according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of: mixing the raw materials, ball milling, and rotary steaming to obtain mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry.
8. Use of the mesoporous titania paste according to any one of claims 1-6 for the low temperature preparation of a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer, wherein the low temperature is 150-300 ℃.
9. A method for preparing a printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell electron transport layer according to any one of claims 1-6 at low temperature, comprising the steps of: printing mesoporous titanium dioxide slurry on the compact titanium dioxide layer, curing for 10min at 80 ℃ on a hot table, and sintering for 0.5h at 300 ℃ to form the electron transport layer.
10. A printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell, characterized in that its electron transport layer is prepared from the mesoporous titania paste according to any one of claims 1-6.
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