CN111086289B - 水冷板及其制造方法、包括水冷板的电池、新能源汽车 - Google Patents
水冷板及其制造方法、包括水冷板的电池、新能源汽车 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开公开水冷板及其制造方法、包括水冷板的电池、新能源汽车。所述水冷板包括A复合板和带有流道的B复合板,A复合板包括顺序复合的芯材层铝合金和触水层铝合金;B复合板包括顺序复合的钎焊层铝合金、芯材层铝合金和保护层铝合金;A复合板的触水层铝合金与B复合板的钎焊层铝合金焊接;其中,所述芯材层铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:Si≤0.5%、Fe≤0.5%,Cu 0.25%‑0.8%,Mn 1.0%‑2.0%,Zn≤0.05%,Ti 0.05%‑0.15%,其余为Al及单个元素小于0.05%,总量小于0.15%的不可避免杂质。所述水冷板的制造方法包括制卷、退火、剪切、B复合板成型、组装、焊接,制得所述水冷板。电池、新能源汽车包括水冷板。本公开的水冷板,钎焊后强度高,尺寸及板形变形小、适合冲压成型,耐腐蚀性能良好。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及一种水冷板、水冷板的制造方法、包括水冷板的电池、以及包括电池的新能源汽车。
背景技术
随着汽车工业的高速发展,汽车带来的环境污染、能源短缺、资源枯竭和安全等方面的问题越来越突出。新能源汽车具有良好的环保性能和可以以多种能源为动力的显著特点,既保护环境,又缓解能源短缺,保障能源安全。2018年,我国新能源汽车产销分别完成127万辆和125.6万辆,比上年同期分别增长59.9%和61.7%。新能源汽车的核心结构即动力电池,是现如今新能源汽车必不可少的动力输出来源。
新能源汽车的动力电池对温度十分敏感。在使用过程中电池温度会逐渐升高,当温度过高时,会导致电池发生热失控,因此对电池包进行冷却是至关重要的。水冷板作为液冷的重要组成部分,主要是其表面与电池的表面进行充分的接触,通过水冷板内部流动的冷却液,将电池的热量带走进行热交换,从而降低电池的温度。
常规新能源汽车电池水冷板材料采用1xxx系和3xxx系铝合金焊接而成。随着新能源汽车的不断推广,对电池水冷板包括力学性能在内的综合性能提出了越来越高的要求,1xxx铝合金和普通3003铝合金水冷板材料受制于其强度限制,难以满足客户要求。
为了提高强度,也有采用6xxx铝合金作为水冷板材料。李琦等研究了《6061铝合金水冷板扩散焊工艺及其焊接性能》,通过对焊接温度(490~540℃)、焊接压力和保温时间对焊接接头的影响发现,在焊接温度530℃、保温时间7h和焊接压力3.5MPa的条件下,实现了6061水冷板的可靠焊接。6xxx铝合金,如6061铝合金,是一类可热处理强化铝合金,通过适当固溶时效处理可获得理想的强度,但因其固相线温度相对较低,经600℃以上高温钎焊后,组织容易过烧,影响其应用。
一些构造独特,用常规机加工手段无法加工的复杂水冷板结构,研究人员提出了将3D打印技术应用到水冷板上的相关研究。蔡艳照等开展了《3D打印铝合金液冷板性能研究》,研究表明:在相同的输入参数条件下,两种类型液冷版的性能均满足要求,且3D打印液冷版的散热与流阻性能优于真空扩散焊接液冷板。但3D金属打印技术,因其原材料成本高、成材率低、产品表面粗糙度大等因素限制,亦难以推广应用。
发明内容
本公开的目的之一是提供一种钎焊后强度适中的水冷板。
本公开是通过如下技术方案实现的:
一种水冷板,包括A复合板和带有流道的B复合板;所述A复合板包括顺序排列的芯材层铝合金和触水层铝合金;所述B复合板包括顺序排列的钎焊层铝合金、芯材层铝合金和保护层铝合金;所述A复合板的触水层铝合金与所述B复合板的钎焊层铝合金焊接;其中,所述芯材层铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:Si≤0.5%、Fe≤0.5%,Cu0.25%-0.8%,Mn1.0%-2.0%,Zn≤0.05%,Ti 0.05%-0.15%,其余为Al及单个元素小于0.05%,总量小于0.15%的不可避免杂质。
根据一些实施例,所述触水层铝合金和保护层铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:
Si+Fe≤0.7%,Mn 0.5~1.0%,Zn 0.8-4.0%,Ti≤0.05%,其余为Al及小于0.15%质量的不可避免杂质。
根据一些实施例,所述钎焊层铝合金为包括Si质量百分比含量为5.0-11.0%的Al-Si合金。
根据一些实施例,所述A复合板中所述触水层铝合金的复合比为5-12%;所述B复合板中所述钎焊层铝合金的复合比为5-15%;所述保护层铝合金的复合比为5-12%。
本公开的另一目的是公开一种上述水冷板的制造方法,包括如下步骤:
制卷:分别按设定成分配比合金,经熔铸、铣面、加热、热轧、冷轧制成A复合卷和B复合卷;
退火:A复合卷的退火温度为325±10℃,保温2-4h;B复合卷退火温度为380±10℃,保温2-4h;
经过剪切、B复合板成型、组装、焊接,制得所述水冷板。
根据一些实施例,在所述加热步骤中:用来轧制B复合板的芯材层铸锭,在加热炉中进行600±20℃均匀化处理,加热时间为12~24h。
根据一些实施例,所述焊接步骤为在605±15℃的CAB炉中钎焊。
本公开还公开一种包括上述水冷板的电池,以及包括该电池的新能源汽车。
本公开的水冷板,钎焊后强度高,尺寸及板形变形小、适合冲压成型,耐腐蚀性能良好。经力学性能检测,焊后水冷板力学性能为抗拉强度不低于145MPa:屈服强度不低于50MPa,延伸率不低于20%。将钎焊后的水冷板经40天SWAAT模拟海水盐雾实验后,经2MPa压缩空气打压测试,未发现泄漏点。
附图说明
图1为本公开水冷板截面的结构简图;
图2为本公开水冷板截面局部放大图。
图中:
A复合板1;
A板芯材层11;
触水层12;
B复合板2;
钎焊层21;
B板芯材层22;
保护层23;
凹槽24;
流道3。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实施例,对本公开的具体实施方式进行更加详细的说明,以便能够更好地理解本公开的方案及其各个方面的优点。然而,以下描述的具体实施方式和实施例仅是说明的目的,而不是对本公开的限制。
本公开中所述的“连接”,除非另有明确的规定或限定,应作广义理解,可以是直接相连,也可以是通过中间媒介相连。在本公开的描述中,需要理解的是,“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“顶端”、“底端”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系,仅是为了便于描述本公开和简化描述,而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作,因此不能理解为对本公开的限制。
本公开涉及一种水冷板,图1为本公开水冷板截面的结构简图,图2为本公开水冷板截面局部放大图,结合图1、图2所示,水冷板包括A复合板1和B复合板2。B复合板2带有凹槽24。A复合板1包括顺序排列复合的芯材层11和触水层12。B复合板2包括顺序排列复合的钎焊层21、芯材层22和保护层23。A复合板1的触水层12面对B复合板2的钎焊层21,经过钎焊固定一体,形成带有流道3的水冷板。
其中,A复合板1的芯材层11和B复合板2的芯材层22,均采用改进的3003铝合金,本公开称之为3003mod1铝合金。3003mod1铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:Si≤0.5%、Fe≤0.5%,Cu 0.25%-0.8%,Mn 1.0%-2.0%,Zn≤0.05%,Ti 0.05%-0.15%,其余为Al及单个元素小于0.05%,总量小于0.15%的不可避免杂质。触水层12和保护层23采用改进的7072铝合金,称之为7072mod1铝合金。7072mod1铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:Si+Fe≤0.7%,Mn 0.5~1.0%,Zn 0.8-4.0%,Ti≤0.05%,其余为Al及小于0.15%质量的不可避免杂质。
钎焊层21采用Si质量百分比含量为5.0-11.0%的Al-Si合金。
在A复合板中,触水层铝合金的复合比为5-12%;在B复合板中,钎焊层铝合金的复合比为5-15%;所述保护层铝合金的复合比为5-12%。
A复合板和B复合板钎焊后形成水冷板。
水冷板的制造方法包括:
1)熔铸:按元素配比熔炼,经熔化、电磁搅拌、扒渣、除气、精炼、半连续浇铸,得到一定规格的扁铸锭。
2)铸锭铣面:按照规格要求将扁铸锭进行铣面,上下面铣面量为5~15mm,两侧小面铣面量0-10mm。
3)铸锭加热:将铸锭在加热炉中进行加热保温处理:
B复合板的芯材层3003mod1铸锭,在加热炉中进行600±20℃均匀化处理,加热时间为12~24h后出炉冷却;
接下来,将制造A复合板所用铸锭和制造B复合板所用铸锭(其中芯材已经均匀化处理)分别依序叠加,沿边部进行焊接固定,以防止铸锭层之间发生滑动。将上述固定好的多层铸锭在500±50℃下保温2-4h。
4)热轧:将制造A复合板铸锭和B复合板的铸锭,经多道次热轧至5~8mm厚并打卷,开轧温度为480±20℃,终轧温度不低于300℃。
5)冷轧:将A、B复合板的热轧料多道次冷轧至1.0-2.0mm厚打卷。
其中,A复合板冷轧成品厚度为1.5-2.0mm,B复合板冷轧成品厚度为1.0-1.5mm。
6)成品退火:将冷轧卷在氮气保护加热炉中退火。
A、B复合板的退火温度不同:
A中复合铝材的成品退火温度为325±10℃,B中复合铝材的成品退火温度为380±10℃。
采用氮气保护的退火工艺可以有效避免复合板表面油斑的产生。油斑降低复合板表面质量,且对后续钎焊质量产生不良影响。
7)剪切:将退火后的A、B复合板卷材按照特定规格要求剪切成不同规格尺寸的铝板。
8)B复合板经模具沿Al-Si合金面自上而下冲压成特定凹槽结构,以便后续与A种复合铝材钎焊后形成水冷板流道。
9)组装:将A复合板的触水层面对B复合板的钎焊层进行组装,形成水冷板结构。
10)控制气氛保护焊:将由A复合板和B复合板组装的水冷板在进行605±15℃,20-60min分钟CAB保护焊钎焊,制备出本公开所述水冷板。
从化学成分角度来看,本公开制得的水冷板,A复合板和B复合板均采用3003mod1作芯材,与普通3003铝合金相比,3003mod1中Mn含量为1.0-2.0%,提高Mn元素含量,可以起到增加强度、细化晶粒、改善深冲性能的作用;另外,锰还可减少含铁相的脆化作用,即可使针状或片状的含铁的化合物变成脆性较低的块状化合物。Mn含量低于0.5%时强度不足。但Mn含量高于2%时会形成过多的粗大Al-Mn相,发明人发现,当优选Mn含量不低于1.0%时,提高强度显著,本公开为了提高复合板的强度,优选Mn不低于1.0%。适量的Fe的加入,可取代Al-Mn相的Mn原子,生成(FeMn)Al6相,适量(FeMn)Al6相的存在可以有效避免冲压过程中铝屑在模具中的积累。增加Cu含量有助于提高3xxx系合金钎焊前后的强度:当Cu的含量小于0.1%时,主要以固溶形式存在于基体中;当Cu含量超过0.1%时,会形成Al2Cu相,对提高材料的强度有帮助,本文发明人发现,优选Cu含量不低于0.25%时,对材料强度提高有显著影响。另外,添加少量Cu,对合金的抗蚀性提高有利,可由点腐蚀变成全面的均匀腐蚀,但是,Cu的含量不宜过高,否则会反而降低合金的耐蚀性能,本公开优选Cu含量不高于0.8%。本公开在芯材合金中添加Ti,Ti能细化铸态晶粒,防止铸造开裂,并且能够提高合金的抗腐蚀性能,但是,Ti含量不宜超过0.15%,否则会形成粗大的Al3Ti相,降低合金的力学性能。
A复合板的触水层和B复合板的保护层采用7072mod1。相比于7072铝合金,7072mod1铝合金中增加了Mn元素,有助于进一步提高整个复合材料强度,同时,增加Zn含量提高耐腐蚀性能,可以降低7072mod1的电化学电位。
从合金状态角度:A复合板和B复合板的芯材采用不同温度退火,取得了不同的晶粒状态,从而取得不同的性能:A复合板经325±10℃退火,此时芯材还处于未再结晶状态,晶粒组织仍呈现纤维状,经高温钎焊后,晶粒组织发生再结晶并长大,但再结晶晶粒呈沿轧制方向的扁平状。腐蚀一般沿晶界腐蚀,拉长的扁平状晶粒比等轴晶晶粒更耐腐蚀。B种合金经380±10℃完全再结晶退火,芯材经高温钎焊后晶粒任保持近等轴晶状,这种组织状态有利于避免在后期冲压过程中发生开裂。
从结构设计角度:在3xxx系Al-Mn合金表面复合一层Al-Zn合金(如7072)可增加材料的寿命。这是由于Al-Zn合金的腐蚀电位低于Al-Mn系合金的电位,在腐蚀介质中,作为阳极优先腐蚀,从而减缓芯材Al-Mn系合金的腐蚀速度,达到提高材料腐蚀寿命的作用。但本发明人发现,在实际应用中,由于Zn、Cu元素在高温钎焊过程中发生元素的相互扩散,即作为阳极牺牲层的Zn元素扩散至Al-Mn合金芯材中,芯材中的Cu元素(如果有)扩散至牺牲层,造成芯材与牺牲层的电位差过小,阳极保护的作用不明显。本公开中在7072铝合金中增加Zn元素的含量,可以进一步降低腐蚀电位,保证芯材与触水层有足够的电位差,但Zn含量不宜过高,Zn含量过高,Al-Zn层电位过低,阳极腐蚀速率过快,起不到延缓芯材腐蚀的作用。
通过上述方法值得的钎焊式水冷板,具有强度高、已易成形、耐腐蚀的特点。下面,通过实施例来说明本公开的有益效果。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种水冷板,该水冷板由A和B两种复合材料钎焊而成,其中,A和B种铝合金成分见下表所示。
本实施例包括A和B两种复合板的水冷板制备方法按以下步骤进行:
1)熔铸:分别按设定成分配比合金,经原料熔化、电磁搅拌、扒渣、除气、精炼、半连续浇铸,得到Al-Si铸锭、3003mod1铸锭、7072mod1铸锭,其规格为450mm×1250mm×5000mm。
2)铸锭铣面:将Al-Si铸锭、3003mod1铸锭和7072mod1铸锭两面各铣去10mm。
2.1)钎焊层和触水层预热轧:将Al-Si铸锭和7072mod1铸锭分别热轧至28mm和57mm厚,并分切成4800mm长的板料。
3)加热:将57mm厚的7072mod1与430mm的3003mod1合金按上下顺序叠放,并点焊固定。将固定好的两层复合坯料在加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。
另外,先将制造B复合板所用3003mod1芯材铸锭进行600℃×16h均匀化处理,待芯材铸锭均匀化处理以后,再将28mmAl-Si皮材、430mm的3003mod1及57mm的7072mod1合金按照上下顺序叠放、点焊后进入加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。4)热轧:分别将步骤3)中的两层和三层复合料热轧至6.0mm,并打卷,形成两层A合金热轧卷和三层B合金热轧卷。
5)冷轧:待A、B合金热轧卷冷却至室温后,经多道次分别冷轧至2.0mm和1.0mm。
6)退火:将A、B冷轧卷在N2保护退火炉中分别进行325±10℃和380℃±10退火,保温时间均为2-4h。
7)剪切:将退火后的A、B卷材分别剪切至一定尺寸的板料。
8)冲压:将B复合板以Al-Si层面向上置放,经模具冲压形成朝向下的凹槽。
9)组装:A复合板的7072mod层与B复合板的Al-Si层面对面组装,工装夹紧。
10)钎焊:将组装后的A、B复合板经600-620℃高温钎焊,完成本公开水冷板的制备。
经力学性能检测,焊后水冷板力学性能为抗拉强度为150MPa:屈服强度55MPa,延伸率20%。将钎焊后的水冷板经40天SWAAT模拟海水盐雾实验后,经2MPa压缩空气打压测试,未发现泄漏点。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种水冷板,该水冷板由A和B两种复合材料钎焊而成,其中,A和B种铝合金成分见下表所示。
本实施例包括A和B两种复合板的水冷板制备方法按以下步骤进行:
1)熔铸:分别按设定成分配比合金,经原料熔化、电磁搅拌、扒渣、除气、精炼、半连续浇铸,得到Al-Si铸锭、3003mod铸锭、7072mod铸锭,其规格为450mm×1250mm×5000mm。
2)铸锭铣面:将Al-Si铸锭、3003mod铸锭和7072mod铸锭两面各铣去10mm。
2.1)钎焊层和触水层预热轧:将Al-Si铸锭和7072mod铸锭分别热轧至33mm和26mm厚,并分切成4800mm长的板料。
3)加热:将26mm厚的7072mod1与430mm的3003mod1合金按上下顺序叠放,并点焊固定。将固定好的两层复合坯料在加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。
另外,先将B复合板所用3003mod1芯材铸锭进行600℃×16h均匀化处理,待芯材铸锭均匀化处理以后,再将33mmAl-Si皮材、430mm的3003mod1及26mm的7072mod1合金按照上下顺序叠放、点焊后进入加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。
4)热轧:分别将步骤3)中的两层和三层复合料热轧至6.0mm,并打卷,形成两层A合金热轧卷和三层B合金热轧卷。
5)冷轧:待A和B复合料冷却至室温后,经多道次分别冷轧至1.0mm和1.0mm。
6)退火:将A和B冷轧卷在N2保护退火炉中分别进行325±10℃和380℃±10退火,保温时间均为2-4h。
7)剪切:将退火后的A和B卷材分别剪切至一定尺寸的板料;
8)冲压:将B复合板经模具冲压成特定流道。
9)组装:A复合料的7072mod层与B复合料的Al-Si层面对面组装,工装加紧。
10)钎焊:将组装后的水冷板经600-620℃高温钎焊,完成本公开水冷板的制备。
经力学性能检测,焊后水冷板力学性能为抗拉强度为155MPa:屈服强度为61MPa,延伸率26%。将钎焊后的水冷板经40天SWAAT模拟海水盐雾实验后,经2MPa压缩空气打压测试,未发现泄漏点。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种水冷板,该水冷板由A和B两种复合材料钎焊而成,其中,A和B种铝合金成分见下表所示。
本实施例包括A和B两种复合板的水冷板制备方法按以下步骤进行:
1)熔铸:分别按设定成分配比合金,经原料熔化、电磁搅拌、扒渣、除气、精炼、半连续浇铸,得到Al-Si铸锭、3003mod铸锭、7072mod铸锭,其规格为450mm×1250mm×5000mm。
2)铸锭铣面:将Al-Si铸锭、3003mod铸锭和7072mod铸锭两面各铣去10mm。
2.1)钎焊层和触水层预热轧:将Al-Si铸锭和7072mod铸锭分别热轧至78mm和33mm厚,并分切成4800mm长的板料。
3)加加热:将33mm厚的7072mod1与430mm的3003mod1合金按上下顺序叠放,并点焊固定。将固定好的两层复合坯料在加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。
另外,先将B复合板所用3003mod1芯材铸锭进行600℃×16h均匀化处理,待芯材铸锭均匀化处理以后,再将78mmAl-Si皮材、430mm的3003mod1及33mm的7072mod1合金按照上下顺序叠放、点焊后进入加热炉中进行500℃加热处理,其中升温段为10-16h,保温段为2-6h。
4)热轧:分别将步骤3)中的两层和三层复合料热轧至6.0mm,并打卷,形成两层A合金热轧卷和三层B合金热轧卷。
5)冷轧:待A和B复合料冷却至室温后,经多道次分别冷轧至1.2mm和12mm。
6)退火:将A和B冷轧卷在N2保护退火炉中分别进行325±10℃和380℃±10退火,保温时间均为2-4h。
7)剪切:将退火后的A和B卷材分别剪切至一定尺寸的板料;
8)冲压:将B复合板经模具冲压成特定流道。
9)组装:A复合料的7072mod层与B复合料的Al-Si层面对面组装,工装加紧。
10)钎焊:将组装后的水冷板经600-620℃高温钎焊,完成本公开水冷板的制备。
经力学性能检测,焊后水冷板力学性能为抗拉强度为145MPa:屈服强度为53MPa,延伸率24%。将钎焊后的水冷板经40天SWAAT模拟海水盐雾实验后,经2MPa压缩空气打压测试,未发现泄漏点。
需要说明的是,以上参照附图所描述的各个实施例仅用以说明本公开而非限制本公开的范围,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的前提下对本公开进行的修改或者等同替换,均应涵盖在本公开的范围之内。此外,除上下文另有所指外,以单数形式出现的词包括复数形式,反之亦然。另外,除非特别说明,那么任何实施例的全部或一部分可结合任何其它实施例的全部或一部分来使用。
Claims (8)
1.一种水冷板,包括A复合板和带有凹槽的B复合板;其特征在于,
所述A复合板包括顺序复合的芯材层铝合金和触水层铝合金;
所述B复合板包括顺序复合的钎焊层铝合金、芯材层铝合金和保护层铝合金;
所述A复合板的触水层铝合金与所述B复合板的钎焊层铝合金焊接;
其中,所述芯材层铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:
Si≤0.5%、Fe≤0.5%,Cu 0.25%-0.8%,Mn 1.0%-2.0%,Zn≤0.05%,Ti 0.05%-0.15%,其余为Al及单个元素小于0.05%,总量小于0.15%的不可避免杂质;
所述触水层铝合金和保护层铝合金包括质量百分比的以下材料:Si+Fe≤0.7%,Mn0.5~1.0%,Zn 0.8-4.0%,Ti≤0.05%,其余为Al及小于0.15%质量的不可避免杂质;
所述钎焊层铝合金为包括Si质量百分比含量为5.0-11.0%的Al-Si合金。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水冷板,其特征在于,所述A复合板中所述触水层铝合金的复合比为5-12%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水冷板,其特征在于,所述B复合板中所述钎焊层铝合金的复合比为5-15%;所述保护层铝合金的复合比为5-12%。
4.一种如权利要求1-3任一所述水冷板的制造方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
制卷:分别按设定成分配比合金,经熔铸、铣面、加热、热轧、冷轧制成A复合卷和B复合卷;
退火:A复合卷的退火温度为325±10℃;B复合卷退火温度为380±10℃;
经过剪切、B复合板成型、组装、焊接,制得所述水冷板。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述加热步骤中:
用来轧制B复合板的芯材层铸锭,在加热炉中进行600±20℃加热处理,加热时间为12~24h。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述焊接步骤为在605±15℃的控制气氛保护炉中钎焊。
7.一种电池,包括如权利要求1-3任一所述的水冷板。
8.一种新能源汽车,包括如权利要求7所述的电池。
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