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CN107771162A - 用于将co2随载转换成燃料的方法及其设备 - Google Patents

用于将co2随载转换成燃料的方法及其设备 Download PDF

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CN107771162A
CN107771162A CN201680035431.9A CN201680035431A CN107771162A CN 107771162 A CN107771162 A CN 107771162A CN 201680035431 A CN201680035431 A CN 201680035431A CN 107771162 A CN107771162 A CN 107771162A
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fuel
addition
reactor
gas
ice
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埃桑·扎基·哈马德
艾哈迈德·哈马德
哈桑·伊姆兰
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Saudi Arabian Oil Co
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Saudi Arabian Oil Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于随载生产烃类燃料的方法和系统。电化学用于将由内燃机所产生的CO2与氢和可选的水合并以产生合成气和其他燃料。

Description

用于将CO2随载转换成燃料的方法及其设备
技术领域
本发明涉及优选地在移动车辆上使用经由内燃机(ICE)所产生的CO2以经由电化学产生液态或气态烃类燃料的方法和设备，以及用于实现此的设备系统。本发明提供的优点之一是能够将排放气体中的能量用作将CO2转换成液态或气态燃料的能量。还可能在车辆上随载储存所转换的燃料
背景技术
运输行业已经经历越来越严格的规定，特别是CO2从发动机(诸如例如汽油发动机和柴油发动机)排放的领域。因此，在运行使用任何形式的内燃机(ICE)的移动车辆时，如何降低CO2和其他气体的排放引起了增加的兴趣。
现有技术显示当CO2源固定时，更加努力从燃料的燃烧中捕获CO2。将固定源所用的CO2捕获原理应用于移动源不总是可行的。对于“随载(on board，车载，船载，机载)”移动源CO2捕获的有限的方法或者使用纯O2进行燃烧，并且不提供用来捕获CO2的试剂的再使用和再生成的手段，和/或不使用也在该过程中被回收的废热。
由于空间限制、能量和设备要求以及车辆运行循环的动态性质(例如，加速的间歇时间段随后是减速时间段)，解决在移动车辆上捕获和再使用CO2以例如在车辆上随载生成可用燃料的问题已被认为是困难的或至少不切实际的。
本发明的目的是提供一种用于随载使用由ICE所产生的CO2和废热并将CO2转化成液态或气态燃料的工艺和设备系统，该液态或气态燃料然后可以被随载储存，直到到达适当的设施移除。
此外，随载生产的燃料可以在双(或“二”)燃料车辆中用作辅助燃料(secondaryfuel)。
双燃料车辆通过使用主要燃料(primary fuel，主燃料)或首要燃料(main fuel)以及辅助燃料或引燃燃料来运行。作为提高发动机性能的燃料和允许使用涉及较少处理步骤的燃料所提出的材料是乙醇、合成气、氢气和甲烷。这些辅助燃料与所需要的首要燃料一起被注入气缸中，但通常以在较高的发动机负荷下抑制“爆震(knock，敲缸)”。
而且，辅助燃料可以用于所谓的“飞溅混合(splash blending)”，以增加首要燃料的辛烷水平。反过来，首要燃料可以是经受较少处理或辛烷质量较低的燃料，从而使得发动机燃料更具成本效益并允许在压缩点火发动机中对NOx和碳烟排放进行控制。
双燃料发动机由于各种原因具有很大的价值。经由利用(经由ICE所产生的)废热以随载产生燃料，实现了更好的能量效率。而且，经由使用由ICE所产生的CO2来制造辅助燃料，然后使用该燃料，不再需要储存和卸载系统。在更“全球化”的水平上，因为需要较少的主要燃料，精炼厂产生的CO2较少，并且由于主要燃料和辅助燃料之间的相互作用，燃料消耗成本降低。
如何实现这一点将在下面的公开中看到。
附图说明
图1a-1d表示使用高温化学反应器的本发明的工艺的框图。
图2a-2d表示使用低温电化学反应器的本发明的工艺的框图。
图3总体上示出了固体氧化物电解池(“SOEC”)如何起作用来进行蒸汽电解。
具体实施方式
现在参照图1a-1d，示出了ICE“101”，其是排放气体源，该排放气体由102示出。在图1a和图1b所示的实施方案中，CO2不与排放气体分开，所有这些都移动到电化学反应器103。已知电化学反应器需要高温或低温来起作用。在图1a和1b中，使用高温反应器，因此热排放气体直接移动到反应器，以提供所需的热量。如本文所用的“高温”是指高于400℃且最高达约900℃的温度。电流源(未示出)将电流提供给电化学反应器103，并且在图1a的情况下提供给压缩机105，在下面简要讨论。
在103处，可以添加水，但是在大多数排放气体的情况下水已经存在。在电化学发生器中，大多数反应产物是被称为“合成气”的混合物中的CO和H2。如图1a和图1b中所示，这些气体和其他气体被引导回ICE以用作燃料。如果本文所公开的系统的运行没有生产足够的合成气，则可以引导来自例如电池或交流发电机的附加电。
图1a和图1b都示出了，废热即来自排放气体的热能可用于在热电发电机104处发电。为了详细说明，将传热表面集成到热电材料中以减少传热阻力并增加转换效率。这里所产生的电可以用于驱动电化学反应器103，或者用于本文所讨论的其他可选的实施方案中。
如上所述，图1a包括压缩机，当需要进一步反应时可以使用压缩机。如果使用例如费托(Fischer Tropsch)反应器106并且将H2和CO引导至其中，则使用压缩机，因为费托反应发生的压力条件可以变化。众所周知，反应所必需的温度在150-300℃的范围内。这需要从排放气体中除去热量，如本文所讨论的，并且在传热表面处，参见上文。
压缩机是当希望在高于大气压的压力下操作费托反应器时使用的可选设备。虽然所增加的压力增加了转换率，即烃的产生，但长链烷烃结果以及这些固体是不希望的。气体经由输送装置110从104移动到压缩机。应该注意的是，此气体已经失去了已经转换成电的热量。如上所述，在更高的压力下需要压缩机。因此，可以如此使用图1a的系统，而图1b的系统需要使用在费托反应器106和分离单元107之间所插入的压缩机。由于这是可选的，所以未示出。
如图1a和图1b中所示，在反应后，烃类产物可以被指引回ICE或随载储存。
要注意的是，本文所讨论的费托反应是可选的，并且本发明既不需要压缩机105也不需要反应器106。
图1b与图1a不同之处在于显示了进一步的可选的分离步骤，通过该分离步骤使用已知的工艺除去CO和H2以外的气体(例如，N2、H2O和CO2)，仅留下CO和H2移动到费托反应器。这种分离有利于费托反应器处的反应。
图1c和图1d描绘了在图1a和图1b中所体现的本发明的其他实施方案。如图1a和1b所示的，这些图示出了高温化学反应的使用，其中来自排放气体的热能穿过热交换器108，并用于加热电化学反应器。如图1a和图1b中，另外的热量被转换成电，并且所得到的电被用于驱动反应器。
图1c和图1d在以下方面都不同于图1a和图1b：在109处实现排放气体组分的部分分离，并将一些CO2和H2O输送到电化学反应器，如果使用费托反应器则将这些组分中的一些输送到费托反应器，以及去除N2。经由选择例如特定的分离膜，本领域技术人员可以控制CO2和H2O与其他材料分离的程度。膜、液体溶剂和固体吸附剂都可以使用。
图1d示出了另外可选的实施方案，用于水煤气变换(water-gas shift，水-气体变换)的装置110，其中添加H2O到CO和H2中，导致产生更多的H2，并且将有毒CO转换为害处较小的CO2。添加更多的H2增加了所得产物的辛烷值。
图2a-2d平行于图1a-1d，除了它们采用低温电化学反应器。如本文所用的“低温”是指在室温至400℃的温度下运行的反应器。尽管例如来自排放气体的热量对于电化学反应器的运行不是必不可少的，但是高温不是如此，条目“104”和“103”的顺序在工艺中是颠倒的。
在下面讨论的反应器中发生的反应导致产生一种或多种液态烃类燃料、合成气、烃类气体或液态含氧化合物，将其随载储存在车辆上然后可以在例如加油站或其他适当的仓库卸下。如上所述，这些产品也可以用在移动车辆上。
图3通常描绘了电化学反应器中发生了什么。描绘了固体氧化物电解池(“SOEC”)201，示出了CO2和H2O的混合物。
SOEC显示了阴极202和阳极203，其中发生了一系列“初步”反应，随后是产生烃类燃料的反应。
在电极内，水与阳极反应，从而形成H+和O2-物质。在阳极上，反应：
2O2-→O2+4e-
发生。同时，在阴极处，H+物质变成H2，而将CO2被还原为CO，允许反应：
(2n+1)H2+nCO→CnH(2n+2)+nH2O
发生。大部分产物将是H2和CO的混合，称为合成气，并可以将此合成气随载储存在移动车辆上直到其与主要燃料合并时，或被卸下。CnH(2n+2)是各种烃类燃料的通式。还可以发生进一步的反应，产生例如甲醇、二甲醚，二者均具有作为合成燃料的作用。如果采用例如费托反应器或其他合适的反应器，则可以得到其他更大的分子。
在反应器内发生的示例性反应是：
CO2+2H++2e-→CO+H2O
CO2+8H++8e-→CH4+2H2O
2CO2+12H++12e-→C2H4+4H2O
2CO2+6H++6e-→CH3OH+H2O
CO2+2H++2e-→HCOOH
参见例如Beck等人,Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide toHydrocarbon Fuels,EME580(Spring,2010)，其通过引用并入本文。
一般来说，下面的反应是一个“指导”：
CO2+2H2O→燃料+2O2
本发明的相关的具体特征包括使用从排放气体所回收的能量，以及不存在外部气流的任何源。
参照回图1和图2，可以看出，电化学反应器由例如热电发生器供应电能。
在反应器中所产生的烃类燃料与水不混溶，并且容易从其中分离出来，作为液态燃料。这种液态燃料被移动到储存容器装置，直到当移动车辆到达可以将其卸下的位置(诸如加油站)的时刻。
本发明的相关的具体特征包括使用从排放气体所回收的能量，以及不存在外部气流的任何源。
本发明的其他特征对于本领域技术人员将是清楚的，并且不需要在此重申。
已经采用的术语和表达被用作描述性术语而不是限制性术语，并且不旨在使用排除所示出和描述的特征或其部分的任何等同物这样的术语和表达，认识到在本发明的范围内各种修改都是可能的。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于在移动车辆上将由内燃机(ICE)所产生的CO2转换为烃类燃料的方法，包括：
(i)将含有CO2的并由所述ICE产生的排放气体输送到热交换器以从所述气体中除去过量的热量；以及
(iii)在所述电化学反应器中将所述CO2与水合并以形成烃类燃料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括将经热交换的排放气体移动至CO2分离器以从其中除去CO2。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，还包括所述热气体至CO2分离器，将所述CO2输送到电化学发生器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括将所述烃类燃料输送到储存装置。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述热交换器是测温单元、兰金循环器(Rankincycler)或斯特林发动机(sterling engine)。
6.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述CO2分离器是液体溶剂、固体吸附剂或对CO2可渗透而对存在于所述排放气体中的其他气体不可渗透的膜。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，所述膜还可渗透气态H2O或以蒸气形式的H2O。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括将来自发电机的电能供应到所述电化学反应器。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，还包括将来自所述热交换器的热能供应到所述电化学反应器。
10.一种用于在移动车辆上产生通过内燃机(ICE)所产生的烃类燃料的方法，包括将来自由所述ICE所产生的排放气体中的水蒸气和CO2输送到电化学反应器，并且使所述H2O和CO2在所述电化学反应器处反应形成烃类燃料。
11.根据权利要求1或10所述的方法，其中，所述烃类燃料是合成气、乙醇、甲烷、甲醇或二甲醚。
12.根据权利要求1或10所述的方法，还包括在所述电化学反应器处产生H2。
13.根据权利要求1或10所述的方法，还包括将在所述电化学发生器所产生的所述烃类燃料与用于所述ICE的主要燃料混合。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括将所述H2O和CO2转换成H2和CO，并将所述H2和CO输送到费托反应器以产生烃。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括将所述H2O和CO2转换成H2和CO，将所述H2和CO输送到水煤气变换，以及向其中添加H2O以产生更多的氢气。
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Application publication date: 20180306