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CN102423655A - Large-flow fracturing fluid preparation system and method - Google Patents

Large-flow fracturing fluid preparation system and method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102423655A
CN102423655A CN2011104578426A CN201110457842A CN102423655A CN 102423655 A CN102423655 A CN 102423655A CN 2011104578426 A CN2011104578426 A CN 2011104578426A CN 201110457842 A CN201110457842 A CN 201110457842A CN 102423655 A CN102423655 A CN 102423655A
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auxiliary agent
lotion
pipeline
control
fracturing fluid
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CN102423655B (en
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刘庆
台广锋
潘社卫
王小宝
赵敏
敦维平
王俐
陈雁南
卢亚平
吴萌
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Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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Abstract

本发明涉及石油开采技术领域,是一种压裂液大流量配液系统及配液方法;解决了现有压裂液配液方法中排量小,设备多,占地面积大,压裂施工时配液准备时间过长等诸多问题,提供一种排量大、配液快捷简便,装备性能稳定的压裂液大流量配液系统及配液方法;压裂液大流量配液系统,包括基液配制系统、助剂添加系统,动力及控制系统,各系统通过电信号和数据信号相互联系,所述基液配制系统和助剂添加及发液系统通过工艺连接管汇连接。本系统可以采取敞开和密封撬装式结构布局,灵活适应各种野外井场作业环境可搬运方便,结构布局合理,运行性能稳定。

Figure 201110457842

The invention relates to the technical field of petroleum exploitation, and is a large-flow fracturing fluid dosing system and a liquid dosing method; it solves the problem of small displacement, many equipments, large floor area and problems in fracturing construction in the existing fracturing fluid dosing method. To deal with many problems such as too long preparation time for fracturing fluid, provide a fracturing fluid large-flow liquid dosing system and liquid dosing method with large displacement, quick and easy liquid dosing, and stable equipment performance; the fracturing fluid large-flow liquid dosing system includes The base liquid preparation system, the auxiliary agent addition system, the power and control system, each system is connected with each other through electrical signals and data signals, and the base liquid preparation system and the auxiliary agent addition and liquid delivery system are connected through a process connection manifold. The system can adopt open and sealed skid-mounted structure layout, flexibly adapt to various field operation environments , easy to carry, reasonable structure layout, stable operation performance.

Figure 201110457842

Description

Big flow liquid mixing system of a kind of fracturing fluid and dosing method
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of petroleum extraction, is big flow liquid mixing system of a kind of fracturing fluid and dosing method.
Background technology
Fracturing is an important technique measure of well production increment, water injection well stimulation, not only is widely used in the low-permeability oil gas reservoir, and in the raising the output of middle and high penetrating oil gas reservoir is transformed, has also obtained good effect; Fracturing generally is to utilize ground high-pressure pump group, and high-viscous liquid is injected well with the discharge capacity that substantially exceeds the formation absorption ability, has suppressed high pressure in the shaft bottom; When this pressure during greater than near crustal stress the borehole wall and formation rock tensile strength; Bottom produces the crack near the shaft bottom, continues to inject the load fluid that has proppant, and the crack is extended forward and filled out with proppant; Crack closure is on proppant behind the closing well; Thereby near the shaft bottom, form the sand packed fracture with certain physical dimension and conductance ability in the stratum, make well reach the technological measure of increasing yield and injection purpose, the principle of fracturing increasing yield and injection mainly is to have reduced the filtrational resistance and the seepage flow state that changes fluid of fluid near the stratum, shaft bottom; Make original Radial Flow change into the one-way flow of oil reservoir and crack approximation and the one-way flow between crack and pit shaft; Eliminated radially restriction loss, greatly reduced energy consumption, thereby oil gas well production or water injection well injection rate can significantly improve; In addition, fracturing has the releasing ponding near the injured oil-gas Layer shaft bottom.
Present unconventional oil and gas reservoir occurs in China in a large number, low permeability reservoir hang down the hole, hypotonic, anisotropism is strong, reserves abundance is low, predispose to damage, most oil gas wells must be implemented fracturing yield increasing measure rear and see production capacity.Fracturing has become the important measures of hyposmosis, extra permeability oilfield exploitation raising the output, and its technology level has direct influence to the economic development of oil gas.Research and development massive hydraulic fracturing supporting technology plays an important role to improving site operation level and quality control ability.Aspect the big continuous mixed technology of flow, the big flow of the U.S.'s fracturing fluid skid-mounted type monomer discharge capacity that is mixed is bigger, and the maximum pump discharge of domestic dosing equipment is merely 4.5 m 3/ min.Existing fracturing technology normally prepares fracturing fluid at make-up station in advance before construction, adopt tank car to be transported to the scene.Therefore prescription is fixing, can't adjust based on field requirement in good time, and the dosing surplus is big, will remain the fracturing fluid pollution environment after the construction, and manpower and materials are with high costs.
Summary of the invention
An object of the present invention is to solving big flow liquid mixing system of above-mentioned existing fracturing fluid and dosing method discharge capacity for a short time, prescription is fixing, can't adjust according to field requirement in good time; Problems such as the dosing surplus is big, will remain the fracturing fluid pollution environment after the construction, and manpower and materials are with high costs; Provide a kind of with low cost; Excellent performance, energy-conserving and environment-protective, big flow liquid mixing system of flexible fracturing fluid and dosing method.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose; A technical scheme of the present invention provides a kind of fracturing fluid big flow liquid mixing system; Comprise that base fluid compounding system, auxiliary agent add and the lotion system; Power and control system, each system connects each other through the signal of telecommunication and data-signal, and said base fluid compounding system adds with auxiliary agent and the lotion system is connected the manifold connection through technology.
In described power and the control system, comprise dynamical system and control system, said control system is based on the real-time online control system of PLC, and said dynamical system is diesel generating set or batteries.
Said technology connects manifold and is made up of pipeline or pipeline and valve.
The said signal of telecommunication is through the power cable transmission, and said data-signal connects through the Control on Communication circuit.
Comprise stickiness material automatic supplier in the said base fluid compounding system, large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer, quick viscosity increasing system, peripheral water pot, flow-control metering device; Said stickiness material automatic supplier is connected with large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer through pipeline, and large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline; Peripheral water pot is connected large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer through pipeline with the flow-control metering device.
Said large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer comprises jet pump; The pigment mixing arrangement, liquid-gas separation device, tackify pump; Said jet pump liquid feeding end is connected with the flow-control metering device through pipeline; Outlet end is connected with the pigment mixing arrangement with valve through pipeline, and the pigment mixing arrangement connects entrance point and is connected with stickiness material automatic supplier with jet pump, and the port of export is connected with liquid-gas separation device; Liquid-gas separation device is connected with the tackify pump through pipeline, and the tackify pump is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline.
Be provided with checkout gear in the said quick viscosity increasing system, checkout gear is positioned at quick viscosity increasing system inwall.
The said interpolation through stickiness material automatic supplier supplied with thickening agent, through large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer, quick viscosity increasing system preparation base fluid;
Said auxiliary agent adds and the lotion system comprises auxiliary agent add-on system and lotion system; Said auxiliary agent add-on system comprises that auxiliary tank and auxiliary agent add metering system; Said auxiliary agent adds metering system and is connected with power and control system with data-signal by the signal of telecommunication, and is connected with quick viscosity increasing system by pipeline; Said lotion system comprises lotion pump and lotion pipeline, and the lotion pump is connected with power and control system with data-signal by the signal of telecommunication, and the lotion pump is connected with quick viscosity increasing system by pipeline on one side, and another side is connected with the lotion pipeline.
Said auxiliary agent add-on system can accurately add the required liquid adjuvants of various fracturing fluids through the control system.
Described lotion system can provide the fracturing fluid that satisfies the requirement of pressure break viscosity immediately through the lotion pump, and its granting amount can reach 8m 3/ min.
Another technical scheme of the present invention provides the big flow dosing of a kind of fracturing fluid method, and this method step is following:
1. with needed fracturing fluid prescription input power and control system; Control system control base fluid compounding system starts; Stickiness material automatic supplier adds rubber powder based on the signal of receiving, through large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer water in the peripheral water pot and rubber powder is mixed, and forms base fluid;
2. base fluid is imported quick viscosity increasing system, under the control of control system, carries out tackify;
3. the base fluid compounding system is gathered inflow for the control metering device on the water supply process pipeline of water pot and pipeline composition at home and abroad in real time; The automatic accurate charging gear of thickening agent is gathered the rubber powder addition; Feed back to the control system through control circuit, the control system controls inflow or rubber powder addition respectively after calculating through program;
4. fast be provided with checkout gear in the viscosity increasing system, add when requiring when viscosity reaches auxiliary agent, control system control auxiliary agent add and the lotion system in the auxiliary agent adding set, begin to add auxiliary agent by the prescription required amount;
5. auxiliary agent gets in the quick viscosity increasing system through the reasonable technology pipeline, and fast viscosity increasing system promptly plays the base fluid tackify and plays the mixed uniformly effect of auxiliary agent this moment quick viscosity increasing system again and play base fluid and the mixed uniformly effect of auxiliary agent of making;
6. provide when requiring when base fluid in the quick viscosity increasing system reaches, lotion work is carried out in the instruction of the controlled system of lotion pump.
Comprise stickiness material automatic supplier in the said base fluid compounding system, large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer, quick viscosity increasing system; Said stickiness material automatic supplier is connected with large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer through pipeline, and large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline.
Connecting said stickiness material automatic supplier is a kind of stickiness material automatic supplier; See the patent ZL200920246163.2 of our unit for details; Add the supply thickening agent through stickiness material automatic supplier, through large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer, quick viscosity increasing system preparation base fluid;
Said auxiliary agent adds and the lotion system comprises auxiliary agent add-on system and lotion system; Said auxiliary agent add-on system comprises that auxiliary tank and auxiliary agent add metering system; Said auxiliary agent adds metering system and is connected with power and control system with data-signal by the signal of telecommunication, and is connected with quick viscosity increasing system by pipeline; Said lotion system comprises lotion pump and lotion pipeline, and the lotion pump is connected with power and control system with data-signal by the signal of telecommunication, and the lotion pump is connected with quick viscosity increasing system by pipeline on one side, and another side is connected with the lotion pipeline.
Said auxiliary agent add-on system can accurately add the required liquid adjuvants of various fracturing fluids through the control system.
Described lotion system can provide immediately through the configuration of pump valve group and satisfy the fracturing fluid that the pressure break viscosity requires, and its granting amount can reach 8m 3/ min.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The patent ZL200920246163.2 stickiness material automatic supplier that the present invention has used our unit to have; Thickening agent is supplied with in interpolation that can efficiently and accurately; Through large-scale efficient pigment mixing arrangement, quick viscosity increasing system, can prepare the required base fluid of pressure break viscosity fast; The base fluid amount of preparation can reach 8m 3/ min.Can accurately add various fracturing fluid liquid adjuvants through the control system.Can provide the fracturing fluid that satisfies the requirement of pressure break viscosity immediately, its granting amount can reach 8m 3/ min; Described dynamical system can adapt to when mains supply can't be passed through in the pressure break scene in the open air, for whole system provides power, and can guarantee that the control system runs well.Described control system is based on the real-time online control system of PLC, and this control system has touch-screen, and the control system accurately controlled boot sequence, the working time of each system in the dosing process, and duty is detected.Can accomplish dosing automatically according to field requirement, and not have raffinate basically.The said auxiliary agent add-on system of present technique can be according to field requirement; At any time adjust the addition of various auxiliary agents through the control system; Various auxiliary agents add in the quick viscosity increasing system of entering in present technique; Help auxiliary agent like this and evenly mix, and satisfy the base fluid viscosity and reach the technological requirement of adding auxiliary agent again after the requirement with base fluid.
The said fracturing fluid delivery system of present technique adopts the lotion pump; Link and provide fracturing fluid through realization pump valve under the control of control system; The interlock of realization pump valve can realize the big flow dosing technology of fracturing fluid under the control of control system, reaches fracturing fluid granting amount and reaches 8m 3The big flow dosing demand of/min.
The present invention is a kind of special technology to the big flow dosing of fracturing fluid in the fracturing in the oil output technology, belongs to oil output technology field.The present invention can be good at satisfying the on-the-spot fracturing fluid dosing of massive hydraulic fracturing demand, has filled up the blank of the big flow dosing technology of domestic fracturing fluid.
 
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the embodiment of the invention 1 structural representation.
 
The specific embodiment
Further specify the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment, but not as to qualification of the present invention.
Embodiment 1:
The present invention includes base fluid compounding system 1, auxiliary agent interpolation and lotion system 2, power and control system 3; Each system connects each other for No. 5 through the signal of telecommunication and data letter, and said base fluid compounding system adds with auxiliary agent and the lotion system is connected manifold 6 connections through technology.
In described power and the control system, dynamical system is a diesel generating set 7; Described control system 8 is based on the real-time online control system of PLC, also comprises regulator cubicle 21, and regulator cubicle 21 is connected through the signal of telecommunication or data-signal with control system 8.
The said signal of telecommunication is through the power cable transmission, and said data-signal connects through the Control on Communication circuit.
Comprise stickiness material automatic supplier 9 in the said base fluid compounding system 1, large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer 10, viscosity increasing system 11 fast, peripheral water pot 12, flow-control metering device 13; Said stickiness material automatic supplier 9 is connected with large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer 10 through pipeline, and large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer 10 is connected with quick viscosity increasing system 11 through pipeline; Peripheral water pot 12 is connected with flow-control metering device 13 through pipeline.
Said large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer 10 comprises jet pump 22; Pigment mixing arrangement 23, liquid-gas separation device 24, tackify pump 25; Said jet pump 22 connects liquid feeding end and is connected with flow-control metering device 13 through pipeline; Outlet end is connected with pigment mixing arrangement 23 with valve through pipeline, and pigment mixing arrangement 23 connects entrance point and is connected with stickiness material automatic supplier 9 with jet pump, and the port of export is connected with liquid-gas separation device 24; Liquid-gas separation device 24 is connected with tackify pump 25 through pipeline, and tackify pump 25 is connected with quick viscosity increasing system 11 through pipeline.
Said auxiliary agent adds and lotion system 2 comprises auxiliary agent add-on system 15 and lotion system 16; Said auxiliary agent add-on system 15 comprises that auxiliary tank 17 and auxiliary agent add metering system 18; Said auxiliary agent adds metering system 18 and is connected with power and control system 3 with data-signal through the signal of telecommunication, and is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline; Said lotion system comprises lotion pump 19 and lotion pipeline 20, and the lotion pump is connected with power and control system 3 with data-signal through the signal of telecommunication, is connected with quick viscosity increasing system 11 on one side the lotion pump passes through pipeline, and another side is connected with lotion pipeline 20.
Said auxiliary agent add-on system 15 can accurately add the required liquid adjuvants of various fracturing fluids through the control system.
Described lotion system 16 can provide immediately through the configuration of different pump valve groups and satisfy the fracturing fluid that the pressure break viscosity requires, and its granting amount can reach 8m 3/ min.
The big flow dosing technology of fracturing fluid of the present invention; Its preferable specific embodiments is as shown in Figure 1; Power and control system are the bases of present technique; Through power and control system, present technique can be adapted to when mains supply can't be passed through in the pressure break scene in the open air, for providing power, whole system guarantees that whole system runs well; Make the present technique automaticity high on the other hand, be easy to control in real time the dosing process.The distinctive core of present technique is that base fluid configuration-system, auxiliary agent add and two big systems of lotion system.In this two big system, through the reasonable Arrangement to process equipment, the combination of the reasonable connection of process pipeline and the reasonable selection of pump valve can realize that fracturing fluid joins existing usefulness at present, and the dosing amount reaches 8 m 3/ min.
On-the-spot in pressure break, said each the big system reasonable Arrangement position of present technique is as shown in Figure 1.When the dosing demand, at first start power and control system, confirm parameters such as dosing amount and rubber powder adding proportion; The base fluid configuration-system gets into running status immediately; The automatic accurate charging gear of thickening agent adds rubber powder according to the control signal that receives; Through large-scale high efficient mixed device, pigment mix the formation base fluid and get into quick viscosity increasing system, and viscosity increasing system guarantees to realize the base fluid first in first out through the labyrinth type dividing plate fast; Not only can guarantee the continuous preparation of base fluid, and can make the viscosity of base fluid realize discharging fully in the short time.The labyrinth type dividing plate is a product of the prior art.Simultaneously; Control metering device on the base fluid compounding system is gathered inflow in real time; The automatic accurate charging gear of thickening agent is gathered the rubber powder addition; Feed back to the control system through control circuit, the control system controls inflow or rubber powder addition respectively after calculating through program, makes the base fluid preparation can reach 8 m 3/ min and satisfy ratio requirement.Fast in the viscosity increasing system checkout gear is installed, adds when requiring when viscosity reaches auxiliary agent, control system control auxiliary agent add and the lotion system in the auxiliary agent adding set, begin to add auxiliary agent by the prescription required amount.Auxiliary agent gets in the quick viscosity increasing system through the reasonable technology pipeline, and this moment, viscosity increasing system played base fluid and the mixed uniformly effect of auxiliary agent of making fast.When reaching, base fluid in the quick viscosity increasing system provides when requiring the instruction of the controlled system of lotion pump, beginning lotion.Lotion partly arranges that through the innovation of process pipeline pump valve the fracturing fluid maximum issue quantity reaches 8 m 3/ min has realized on-the-spot big flow dosing specification requirement.
Embodiment 2:
The employed method of the big flow liquid mixing system of said fracturing fluid, this method step is following:
1) with needed fracturing fluid prescription input power and control system; Control system control base fluid compounding system starts; Stickiness material automatic supplier adds rubber powder based on the signal of receiving, through large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer water in the peripheral water pot and rubber powder is mixed, and forms base fluid;
2) base fluid is imported quick viscosity increasing system, under the control of control system, starts tack producing device, carries out tackify;
3) the control metering device on the base fluid compounding system is gathered inflow in real time; The automatic accurate charging gear of thickening agent is gathered the rubber powder addition; Feed back to the control system through control circuit, the control system controls inflow or rubber powder addition respectively after calculating through program;
4) fast be provided with checkout gear in the viscosity increasing system, add when requiring when viscosity reaches auxiliary agent, control system control auxiliary agent add and the lotion system in the auxiliary agent adding set, begin to add auxiliary agent by the prescription required amount;
5) auxiliary agent gets in the quick viscosity increasing system through the reasonable technology pipeline, and this moment, viscosity increasing system played base fluid and the mixed uniformly effect of auxiliary agent of making fast;
6) provide when requiring when base fluid in the quick viscosity increasing system reaches, lotion work is carried out in the instruction of the controlled system of lotion pump.

Claims (8)

1. big flow liquid mixing system of fracturing fluid; It is characterized in that, comprise that base fluid compounding system, auxiliary agent add and the lotion system power and control system; The signal of telecommunication and data-signal; Technology connects manifold, and each system connects each other through the signal of telecommunication and data-signal, and said base fluid compounding system adds with auxiliary agent and the lotion system is connected the manifold connection through technology.
2. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 1, it is characterized in that, the control system in said power and the control system, the real-time online that is based on PLC is controlled system.
3. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 1, it is characterized in that the said signal of telecommunication is through the power cable transmission, said data-signal connects through the Control on Communication circuit.
4. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise stickiness material automatic supplier in the said base fluid compounding system, large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer, quick viscosity increasing system, peripheral water pot, flow-control metering device; Said stickiness material automatic supplier is connected with large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer through pipeline, and large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline; Peripheral water pot is connected large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer through pipeline with the flow-control metering device.
5. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 4, it is characterized in that, be provided with checkout gear in the said quick viscosity increasing system.
6. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 4, it is characterized in that said large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer comprises jet pump; The pigment mixing arrangement, liquid-gas separation device, tackify pump; Said jet pump liquid feeding end is connected with the flow-control metering device through pipeline; Outlet end is connected with the pigment mixing arrangement with valve through pipeline, and the pigment mixing arrangement connects entrance point and is connected with stickiness material automatic supplier with jet pump, and the port of export is connected with liquid-gas separation device; Liquid-gas separation device is connected with the tackify pump through pipeline, and the tackify pump is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline.
7. according to the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 1; It is characterized in that; Said auxiliary agent adds and the lotion system comprises auxiliary agent add-on system and lotion system; Said auxiliary agent add-on system comprises that auxiliary tank and auxiliary agent add metering system, and said auxiliary agent adds metering system and is connected with power and control system with data-signal through the signal of telecommunication, and is connected with quick viscosity increasing system through pipeline; Said lotion system comprises lotion pump and lotion pipeline, and the lotion pump is connected with power and control system with data-signal through the signal of telecommunication, and the lotion pump passes through pipeline on one side and is connected with quick viscosity increasing system, and another side is connected with the lotion pipeline.
8. according to the employed method of the big flow liquid mixing system of the said fracturing fluid of claim 1, it is characterized in that this method step is following:
1) with needed fracturing fluid prescription input power and control system; Control system control base fluid compounding system starts; Stickiness material automatic supplier adds rubber powder based on the signal of receiving, through large-scale efficient solid-liquid mixer water in the peripheral water pot and rubber powder is mixed, and forms base fluid;
2) base fluid is imported quick viscosity increasing system, under the control of control system, starts tack producing device, carries out tackify;
3) the control metering device on the base fluid compounding system is gathered inflow in real time; The automatic accurate charging gear of thickening agent is gathered the rubber powder addition; Feed back to the control system through control circuit, the control system controls inflow or rubber powder addition respectively after calculating through program;
4) fast be provided with checkout gear in the viscosity increasing system, add when requiring when viscosity reaches auxiliary agent, control system control auxiliary agent add and the lotion system in the auxiliary agent adding set, begin to add auxiliary agent by the prescription required amount;
5) auxiliary agent gets in the quick viscosity increasing system through the reasonable technology pipeline, and this moment, viscosity increasing system played base fluid and the mixed uniformly effect of auxiliary agent of making fast;
6) provide when requiring when base fluid in the quick viscosity increasing system reaches, lotion work is carried out in the instruction of the controlled system of lotion pump.
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CN103623735A (en) * 2013-11-14 2014-03-12 中国海洋石油总公司 Seaborne continuous blending device for fracturing fluid
CN103628852A (en) * 2012-08-27 2014-03-12 S.P.C.M.公司 Centre for the preparation of additives for hydraulic fracturing operations and hydraulic fracturing process employing the preparation centre
CN103726821A (en) * 2014-01-08 2014-04-16 北京神州卓越石油科技有限公司 Acid fracturing liquid continuous blending supply device
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CN109796956A (en) * 2018-12-27 2019-05-24 四机赛瓦石油钻采设备有限公司 A kind of electricity drives fracturing fluid continuously mixed sledge
US11955782B1 (en) 2022-11-01 2024-04-09 Typhon Technology Solutions (U.S.), Llc System and method for fracturing of underground formations using electric grid power

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CN103381339A (en) * 2012-05-04 2013-11-06 S.P.C.M.公司 Improved polymer dissolution equipment suitable for large fracturing operations
CN103381339B (en) * 2012-05-04 2016-05-04 S.P.C.M.公司 Be suitable for the improved polymer dissolution equipment of massive hydraulic fracturing operation
CN103628852B (en) * 2012-08-27 2017-05-10 S.P.C.M.股份公司 Centre for the preparation of additives for hydraulic fracturing operations and hydraulic fracturing process employing the preparation centre
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