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CN101904048A - 用于无线功率应用的天线 - Google Patents

用于无线功率应用的天线 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101904048A
CN101904048A CN2008801068199A CN200880106819A CN101904048A CN 101904048 A CN101904048 A CN 101904048A CN 2008801068199 A CN2008801068199 A CN 2008801068199A CN 200880106819 A CN200880106819 A CN 200880106819A CN 101904048 A CN101904048 A CN 101904048A
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Prior art keywords
antenna
loop
circuit board
antenna according
coupling
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奈杰尔·P·库克
卢卡斯·西贝尔
汉斯彼得·威德默
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/248Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set provided with an AC/DC converting device, e.g. rectennas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
    • H01Q7/005Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop with variable reactance for tuning the antenna
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H01Q1/242Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
    • H01Q1/243Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with built-in antennas

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供用于无线功率的接收和发射天线。所述天线经形成以接收磁功率,且基于磁发射而产生可用功率的输出。本发明揭示用于移动装置的天线设计。

Description

用于无线功率应用的天线
本申请案主张2007年9月13日申请的第60/972,194号临时申请案的优先权,所述临时申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
背景技术
在不使用电线来引导电磁场的情况下从源向目的地转移电能是合意的。先前尝试的难点是低效率以及不足量的所递送功率。
我们的先前申请案和临时申请案描述了无线功率转移,所述申请案包含(但不限于)2008年1月22日申请的标题为“无线设备和方法(Wireless Apparatus and Methods)”的第12/018,069号美国专利申请案,所述美国专利申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
所述系统可使用优选为谐振天线的发射天线和接收天线,所述天线大体上以其信号的频率谐振,例如,在5%、10%谐振、15%谐振或20%谐振内。所述天线优选具有小尺寸以允许其配合到用于天线的可用空间可能有限的移动手持式装置中。可通过将能量存储在发射天线的近场中而不是将能量以行进电磁波的形式发送到自由空间中来在两个天线之间实行高效的功率转移。可使用具有高质量因数的天线。放置两个高Q天线以使得其类似于松散耦合变压器而相互作用,其中一个天线将功率感应到另一天线中。所述天线优选具有大于1000的Q。
重要的是使用可恰当地封装/配合到所要物体中的天线。举例来说,直径需为24英寸的天线将无法在手机中使用。
发明内容
本申请案描述用于无线功率转移的天线。本发明还揭示用以制造具有较高“Q”值(例如,较高无线功率转移效率)的天线的各方面。
附图说明
现在将参看附图详细描述这些和其它方面,在附图中:
图1展示基于磁波的无线功率发射系统的框图;
图1A展示既定配合在矩形衬底上的接收器天线的基础框图;
图2和图3展示特定多匝天线的特定布局;
图4和图5展示形成于印刷电路板上的带状天线;
图6到图8说明发射天线;
图9展示可调整的调谐部分;
图10展示由可移动环形成的调谐部分;
图11展示沿天线回路的电压和电流分布;
图12展示用以形成天线的凸缘处的电流分布;
图13和图14展示根据天线而使用的特定凸缘;
图15展示天线的转移效率;以及
图16展示不同发射器接收器组合的功率转移。
具体实施方式
图1中展示基本实施例。功率发射器组合件100从源(例如,AC插头102)接收功率。频率产生器104用以将能量耦合到天线110(此处为谐振天线)。天线110包含电感性回路111,其以电感性方式耦合到高Q谐振天线部分112。谐振天线包含N个线圈回路113,每一回路具有半径RA。电容器114(此处展示为可变电容器)与线圈113串联,从而形成谐振回路。在所述实施例中,电容器是与线圈完全分离的结构,但在某些实施例中,形成线圈的电线的自电容可形成电容114。
频率产生器104可优选被调谐到天线110,且还经选择以获得FCC顺应性。
此实施例使用多向天线。115将能量展示为在所有方向上输出。在天线的大部分输出不是电磁辐射能量而是较为静止的磁场的意义上,天线100是非辐射性的。当然,来自天线的部分输出实际上将辐射。
另一实施例可使用辐射性天线。
接收器150包含与发射天线110离开距离D放置的接收天线155。接收天线类似地为具有线圈部分和电容器的高Q谐振线圈天线151,其耦合到电感性耦合回路152。耦合回路152的输出在整流器160中整流,且被施加于负载。所述负载可为任何类型的负载,例如为例如灯泡等电阻性负载或例如电器、计算机、可再充电电池、音乐播放器或汽车等电子装置负载。
能量可通过电场耦合或磁场耦合而转移,但本文主要描述磁场耦合作为实施例。
电场耦合提供电感性加载的电偶极子,其为开路电容器或介电圆盘。外来物体可能对电场耦合提供相对较强的影响。磁场耦合可能是优选的,因为磁场中的外来物体具有与“空白”空间相同的磁性质。
所述实施例描述使用电容性加载的磁偶极子的磁场耦合。此偶极子由形成线圈的至少一个回路或匝的电线回路与将天线电加载到谐振状态的电容器串联形成。
实施例描述使用以13.56MHz操作的两个LC谐振天线的无线能量转移。本文中描述不同天线。实施例描述了申请人认为是最佳的不同结构。根据一个方面,发射天线可大于接收天线,所述接收天线既定配合到便携式装置中。
图1A说明接收器天线的第一设计。此第一设计为矩形天线,其既定形成于衬底上。图1A展示所述天线及其特性。可根据下式来选择接收器:
L = N 2 π μ 0 · μ r [ - 2 ( w · h ) + 2 d - h · ln ( h + d w ) - w · ln ( w + d h ) + h · ln ( 2 w b ) + w · ln ( 2 h b ) ]
d = w 2 + h 2
C = 1 ( 2 π · f ) 2 · L
R Rad = 320 π 4 · ( w · h λ 2 ) · N 2
R Loss = N 2 b f · μ 0 π · σ · 2 · w · h · ( 1 + α )
Q = 1 R Rad + R Loss · L C
其中:
L=电感[H]
N=匝数[1]
w=矩形天线的平均宽度[m]
h=矩形天线的平均高度[m]
b=电线半径[m]
C=外部电容[F](针对谐振)
f=天线的谐振频率[Hz]
λ=谐振频率的波长(c/f)[m]
σ=所使用材料的导电性(铜=6·107)[S]
α=邻近效应的影响(针对所呈现的天线为0.25)[1]
Q=质量因数[1]
假定T比W小得多或T接近零。依赖特定特性,这些公式可仅产生某些近似。
图2展示接收器天线的第一实施例,本文中称为“非常小”。非常小的接收器天线可配合到(例如)小型移动电话、PDA或例如iPod等某一种类的媒体播放器装置中。一系列同心回路200形成于电路板202上。所述回路形成近似40mm×90mm的金属螺旋线。第一和第二可变电容器205、210也位于天线内。连接器220(例如,BMC连接器)连接在回路202的末端上。
所述非常小的天线是具有7个匝的40×90mm天线。测得的Q在13.56MHz的谐振频率下大约为300。此天线还具有约32pF的测得电容。所使用的电路板201的衬底材料在此处为影响整体Q的FR4(“阻燃剂4”)材料。通常用四官能团环氧树脂系来使PCB中所使用的FR-4UV稳定。其通常为双官能团环氧树脂。
图3展示40×90mm天线的另一实施例,其具有六个匝、为400的Q和35pf的略高电容。此天线形成于PTFE的衬底310上。根据此实施例,存在单个可变电容器300和固定电容器305。所述可变电容器可在5pF与16pF之间变动,其中固定电容为33pF。此天线针对13.56MHz下的谐振具有35pF的电容。
此天线的Q得以增加的一个原因是移除了螺旋线的最内匝,因为这是六匝天线而不是七匝天线。移除天线的最内螺旋线有效地增加了天线大小。此增加的天线大小增加了天线的有效大小,且因此可增加效率。因此,发明人从中注意到一点,与较高匝数相关联的有效大小的减小可能抵消较大的匝数。较少匝天线可能有时比较大匝天线更高效,因为对于指定大小,较少可匝天线可具有较大有效大小。
另一实施例具有60×100mm的尺寸,其具有7个匝。电容在13.56MHz谐振频率下为320pF。可使用PTFE的衬底材料来改进Q。
中等大小的天线既定用于较大PDA或游戏垫中。此较大PDA或游戏垫使用120×200mm的螺旋天线。
所述天线在实施例中可具有60×100mm的尺寸,其具有7个匝,在13.56的谐振频率下形成320的Q。可使用22pF的电容值。
另一实施例认识到,对于某一天线来说,单匝结构可能是最佳的。图4展示可在移动电话中在PC板上使用的单匝天线。图4说明单回路设计天线。这是具有电容器402的单个回路400。天线和电容器两者均形成于PC板406上。所述天线为3.0mm宽的导电材料带,呈具有圆化边缘的89mm×44mm的矩形。在入口点处在各部分之间留下1mm间隙404。电容器402直接焊接在所述1mm间隙404上方。与天线的电连接是经由电线410、412的,所述电线410、412直接放置在电容402的每一侧上。
图5中展示用于移动电话的具有相当尺寸的多回路天线。根据此图,在500与502之间接收信号。此天线可由电线形成或直接形成于PC板上。此天线具有边缘长度为71mm的匝,每一弯曲的半径为2mm。
可使用860pF电容器使此天线在13.56MHz下谐振。所述电容器可具有具第一和第二平坦连接部分的外表面的封装。
根据发明人所作的实际测量,所述天线的Q为160,其在移动电话电子器件位于内部时下降到70。近似测量是所述天线在与充当发射天线的30mm铜管的大回路天线相距30cm的距离处接收约1W的可用功率。
接收天线优选在电路板的边缘的5%内。更具体地说,举例来说,如果电路板的宽度为20mm,那么20mm的5%为1mm,且天线优选在边缘的1mm内。或者,天线可在边缘的10%内,这在以上实例中将在边缘的2mm内。这最大化电路板的用于接收的量,且因此最大化Q。
上文已描述了若干不同接收天线。还构建并测试了若干不同发射天线。每一目标是增加发射天线的质量因数“Q”,且减少由天线自身结构或由外部结构引起的天线的可能去谐。
本文中描述发射天线的若干不同实施例。对于这些实施例中的每一者来说,目标是增加质量因数且减少天线的去谐。这样做的一种方式是保持天线的设计向较低匝数发展。最极端的设计(且也许是优选型式)是单匝天线设计。这可导致具有高电流额定值的极低阻抗天线。这最小化电阻,且最大化有效天线大小。
这些低阻抗天线仍具有高电流额定值。然而,来自单个匝的低电感使针对谐振所需的电容器值的值升高。这导致较低的电感与电容比。这可降低Q,但仍可增加对环境的敏感度。在这种类型的天线中,在电容器内俘获更多电场。较低的电感与电容比由提供较低铜耗的大表面面积补偿。
图6中展示发射天线的第一实施例。此天线被称为双回路天线。所述天线具有由线圈结构形成的外回路600,其直径大达15cm。所述天线安装于基座605上,基座605的形状(例如)是立方体。电容器610安装在所述基座内。这可允许此发射器封装为桌面安装式发射器装置。这成为非常高效的近程发射器。
图6的双回路天线的实施例具有针对较大回路的85mm的半径、针对较小耦合回路的近似20mm到30mm的半径、位于主回路中的两个匝和针对13.56MHz的谐振频率的为1100的Q。所述天线通过120pF的电容值达到所述谐振值。
85mm的半径使得此天线非常适合于成为桌面装置。然而,较大回路可产生较高效的功率转移。
图7说明可增加发射器的射程的“大回路”。此“大回路”是由布置成单个回路700的6mm铜管形成的单匝回路,其中耦合结构和电容器耦合到回路的末端。此回路具有相对较小的表面,从而限制电阻且提供良好性能。
所述回路安装在支架710上,支架710固持主回路700、电容器702和耦合回路712。这允许使所有结构保持对准。
通过225mm主回路、具有20mm到30mm直径的耦合回路,此天线可在150pF电容器的情况下,在13.56Mhz的谐振频率下具有980的Q。
较优化的大回路天线可形成单匝天线,其将大面积与大管表面组合以便获得高Q。图8说明此实施例。
此天线由于其大表面面积而具有22毫欧的高电阻。即使鉴于此相当高的电阻,此天线仍具有非常高的Q。而且,因为此天线具有不均匀的电流分布,所以只能通过模拟来测量电感。
此天线由200mm半径的30mm铜管800、直径近似为20mm到30mm的耦合回路810形成,在13.56Mhz的谐振频率下展示大约2600的Q。使用200pF电容器820。(所述支架可如图14中所示。)
然而,如上文所描述,此系统的电感可以是可变的。因此,图9中展示另一实施例。此实施例可与先前描述的天线中的任一者一起使用。变动结构900可放置在天线主体(例如800)附近,可提供可变电容以用于将系统的电容调谐到谐振。可使用板衬底,例如,具有PTFE(特氟隆)衬底的电容器(例如910)。
更一般地说,本文中所描述的PTFE/特氟隆的所有例子均可改为使用在低正切增量的意义上具有低介电损耗的任何材料。实例材料包括具有低介电损耗(在13.56MHz下,正切增量<200e-6)的瓷料或任何其它陶瓷、特氟隆以及任何特氟隆衍生物。
此系统可使用调整螺杆912来使衬底滑动910。这些衬底可滑动进入或离开板电容器,从而允许使谐振改变大约200kHz。
这些种类的电容器仅赋予天线非常小的损耗,因为特氟隆的理想性能被估计为在13.56Mhz下具有大于2000的Q。两个电容器也可增加Q,因为少量电流流经板电容器,而不是大部分电流流经天线的大量电容(例如,此处为200pF)。
另一实施例可使用其它调谐方法,如图10所示。一个此类实施例使用非谐振金属环1000作为朝向或远离谐振器800/820移动的调谐部分。所述环安装在支架1002上,且可经由螺杆控制件1004调整进出。所述环使谐振器的谐振频率去谐。这可在没有显著的Q因数降级的情况下,在约60kHz的范围内变化。虽然此实施例描述使用环,但可使用任何非谐振结构。
谐振回路800/820和可移动调谐回路一起如同具有较低但可调整的耦合因数的联合耦合的变压器来起作用。以此类推,调谐回路如同次级线圈但被短路。这使短路转变到谐振器的初级侧,从而使谐振器的整体电感减少较小部分(取决于耦合因数)。这可在不显著减小质量因数的情况下增加谐振频率。
图11展示大发射器天线上的整体电流分布的模拟。将环路1100展示为环路内侧的表面上的浓度高于环路外侧上的电流浓度。在天线的内侧内,电流密度在与电容器相对的顶部处最高,朝电容器减小。
图12说明在连接凸缘处还存在两个热点,第一热点在焊点处,且第二热点在凸缘的边缘处。这展示了环路与电容器之间的连接是至关重要的。
另一实施例修改所述天线以移除热点。这通过向上移动电容器且切去凸缘的矩形或末端来进行。这得到较光滑的结构,其较有利于电流流动。图13和图14说明这点。图13说明附接到例如铜等回路材料1299的凸缘1300。在图13中,电容器1310大于材料1200。凸缘是在回路材料1299与电容器1310之间过渡的导电材料(例如,焊料)。所述过渡可为笔直的(例如,形成梯形)或弯曲的,如图所示。
可最小化天线热点的另一种方式(例如)是通过在电流热点附近使用某一种类的调谐形状(如图9和图10中的那些形状),以便尝试使电流均衡。
图14展示与材料1299大小相同的电容器1400,以及为笔直凸缘的过渡1401、1402。
根据另一实施例测试了若干不同材料。表1中展示这些测试的结果。
  材料   Q因数   所在频率[MHz]   损耗角正切   εr
  FR4 1.5mm   45   14.3   0.0222   3.96
  FR4 0.5mm   40   12.6   0.0250   5.05
  PTFE(特氟隆)4mm   >900   17.7   0.0011   1.10
  PVC 4mm   160   18.5   0.0063   1.08
  Rubalit   800   17.7   0.0013   1.00
图15说明使用测试方法找到的针对不同接收器天线的转移效率。此测试针对每一接收天线仅测量一个点,所述点位于天线接收0.2W处。通过对圆形天线进行建模的计算来添加曲线的其余部分。
图16说明若干不同天线组合(双回路与非常小、双回路与小、大6mm与非常小以及大6m太小)的系统性能。此系统选择作为不同接收器天线的点的一半,且使用相同发射天线来对其进行比较。当从非常小天线改变到小天线时,发现距离增加15%。用于不同发射天线的点的一半展示当从双回路天线改变到大6mm天线时距离增加33%。这使半径增加约159%。
总结以上发现,可形成低阻抗发射天线。Q可能由于沿铜管圆周的非恒定电流分布而受到影响。
另一实施例使用铜带来代替铜管。举例来说,所述铜带可由形状像铜管的薄铜层形成。
即使在小天线面积的情况下,对于接收天线来说,最小天线仍可在1/2m的距离处接收到1瓦。
接触并包围天线的材料极为重要。这些材料本身必须具有良好的Q因数。PTFE是用于天线衬底的良好材料。
对于高功率发射天线,可优化形状以实现理想的电流流动,以便降低损耗。电磁模拟可帮助找到具有高电流密度的区域。
本文中描述了可用以实行实现较一般目标的不同方式的一般结构和技术以及较具体实施例。
虽然上文仅详细揭示了少数几个实施例,但其它实施例也是可能的且发明人希望这些实施例包含在本说明书内。本说明书描述用以实现较一般目标的特定实例,所述目标可以另一方式来实现。本揭示内容既定为示范性的,且权利要求书既定涵盖所属领域的技术人员可能能够预测到的任何修改或替代方案。举例来说,虽然上文已描述了可在13.56Mhz下使用的天线,但可使用其它频率值。
而且,发明人希望只有那些使用词“用于……的装置”的权利要求既定根据35USC112第六节来解释。此外,来自说明书的任何限制均不希望对任何权利要求加上另外的意思,除非这些限制明确地包括在所述权利要求中。
本文中描述的任何操作和/或流程图可在计算机上实行或手动实行。如果在计算机上实行,那么所述计算机可为任何种类的计算机,通用计算机或某种专用计算机(例如工作站)。
在本文中提到特定数值的情况下,应考虑,所述值可增加或减少20%,同时仍保留在本申请案的教示内,除非具体提到某一不同范围。在使用指定的逻辑意义的情况下,还希望涵盖相反的逻辑意义。

Claims (26)

1.一种用于移动装置的接收天线组合件,其包含:
接收天线部分,其在指定频率下调谐到磁谐振,所述接收天线部分包括电路板,导电回路在所述电路板的边缘周围和附近延伸,且具有达到所述电路板的整体距离的所述边缘的10%内的外径,且所述接收天线部分包括耦合到所述电路板的电容性结构和耦合到所述电路板的连接结构;以及
至少一个移动电子零件,其由所述接收天线部分无线接收到的功率供电,且连接到所述连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述导电回路仅包括单个导电材料回路。
3.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述导电回路包括彼此同心的多个导电材料回路,且所述连接位于所述回路的最靠近所述电路板的边缘的第一部分与所述回路的最靠近所述电路板的中心的第二部分之间。
4.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述电容性结构包括安装到所述电路板的固定电容器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述电容性结构还包括与所述固定电容器并联且安装到所述电路板的可变电容器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述接收部分被调谐到13.56MHz的谐振频率。
7.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其进一步包含整流器,所述整流器对所述接收所接收到的信号进行整流,且将来自其的功率耦合到所述电子零件。
8.根据权利要求7所述的天线,其进一步包含移动电子器件,所述移动电子器件与电路板在同一外壳中,且经耦合以由所述天线供电。
9.根据权利要求1所述的天线组合件,其中所述电容器为安装到所述电路板的可变电容器。
10.一种无线功率发射组合件,其包含:
连接件,其接收指定频率的信号;
第一耦合回路,其经耦合以接收所述信号;
第二发射天线,其具有电感性回路部分和电容性部分,其中所述电感性部分和电容性部分一起形成大体上以所述指定频率谐振的LC常数;且
其中所述电容性部分连接于所述回路部分的远端之间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的组合件,其中所述电容性部分位于具有具第一和第二平坦连接部分的外表面的封装中。
12.根据权利要求11所述的组合件,其进一步在所述耦合回路中包含使所述天线的至少一个部分上的电流热点最小化的结构。
13.根据权利要求12所述的组合件,其进一步包含凸缘,所述凸缘耦合在所述耦合回路与所述平坦连接部分之间。
14.根据权利要求13所述的组合件,其中所述凸缘在所述耦合回路与所述平坦连接部分之间形成平坦表面。
15.根据权利要求13所述的组合件,其中所述凸缘在所述耦合回路与所述平坦连接部分之间形成弯曲表面。
16.根据权利要求12所述的组合件,其进一步包含在所述电流热点附近使用至少一个调谐结构,以便使电流均衡。
17.一种天线,其包含:
第一支座部分,其固持形成天线电感的主回路且还封装电容器;且
所述支座部分具有第二部分,所述第二部分固持与所述主回路电断开且小于主回路的耦合回路,且所述支座具有到所述耦合回路的电连接。
18.一种天线,其包含:
主回路部分,其由导电材料形成且布置成界定电感的圆形回路;
电容性部分,其耦合到所述圆形回路以形成整体LC值;
调谐部分,其可调整以通过改变所述主回路的电感来改变所述主回路的电感性调谐;。
19.根据权利要求18所述的天线,其中所述调谐部分包括可靠近和远离所述主回路移动的电容器。
20.根据权利要求18所述的天线,其中所述调谐部分包括非谐振部分,其可靠近和远离所述主回路的至少一部分移动。
20.根据权利要求18所述的天线,其中所述调谐部分包括改变所述主回路的仅一部分的电感且可靠近和远离所述主回路移动的一部分。
21.根据权利要求20所述的天线,其中所述部分定位在所述回路上的电流热点附近。
22.根据权利要求18所述的天线,其中所述天线向磁频率谐振。
23.根据权利要求22所述的天线,其中所述天线包括功率连接。
24.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其进一步包含以具有低介电损耗和小于200×10-6的低正切增量的材料形成所述电路板。
25.根据权利要求24所述的天线,其中所述电路板由PTFE形成。
26.根据权利要求1所述的天线,其中所述电路板由高Q材料形成。
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US20090072628A1 (en) 2009-03-19
KR20130085439A (ko) 2013-07-29
KR20120102173A (ko) 2012-09-17
EP2188867A4 (en) 2014-12-10
KR20100065187A (ko) 2010-06-15
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WO2009036406A1 (en) 2009-03-19

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