diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-09-07-11-15-15.bpo-41735.NKqGKy.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-09-07-11-15-15.bpo-41735.NKqGKy.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..9e36435a364eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-09-07-11-15-15.bpo-41735.NKqGKy.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix thread locks in zlib module may go wrong in rare case. Patch by Ma Lin.
diff --git a/Modules/zlibmodule.c b/Modules/zlibmodule.c
index def617671f18fd..0ca7bca9a9d4ad 100644
--- a/Modules/zlibmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/zlibmodule.c
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
 #include "zlib.h"
 
 
-#define ENTER_ZLIB(obj) \
-    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS; \
-    PyThread_acquire_lock((obj)->lock, 1); \
-    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
+#define ENTER_ZLIB(obj) do {                      \
+    if (!PyThread_acquire_lock((obj)->lock, 0)) { \
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS                    \
+        PyThread_acquire_lock((obj)->lock, 1);    \
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS                      \
+    } } while (0)
 #define LEAVE_ZLIB(obj) PyThread_release_lock((obj)->lock);
 
 #if defined(ZLIB_VERNUM) && ZLIB_VERNUM >= 0x1221
@@ -634,14 +636,13 @@ zlib_Compress_compress_impl(compobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls,
     PyObject *RetVal = NULL;
     Py_ssize_t obuflen = DEF_BUF_SIZE;
     int err;
-
     zlibstate *state = PyType_GetModuleState(cls);
 
+    ENTER_ZLIB(self);
+
     self->zst.next_in = data->buf;
     Py_ssize_t ibuflen = data->len;
 
-    ENTER_ZLIB(self);
-
     do {
         arrange_input_buffer(&self->zst, &ibuflen);
 
@@ -761,6 +762,8 @@ zlib_Decompress_decompress_impl(compobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls,
     else
         hard_limit = max_length;
 
+    ENTER_ZLIB(self);
+
     self->zst.next_in = data->buf;
     ibuflen = data->len;
 
@@ -768,8 +771,6 @@ zlib_Decompress_decompress_impl(compobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls,
     if (max_length && obuflen > max_length)
         obuflen = max_length;
 
-    ENTER_ZLIB(self);
-
     do {
         arrange_input_buffer(&self->zst, &ibuflen);