Dalya Hazar
Dalya Hazar is currently working as the coordinator of Vision 2074 Strategy Office at Izmir Planning Agency. Vision 2074 Strategy Office sets out with the aim of determining Izmir’s 50-year vision, covering predictable and unpredictable processes, while understands that Izmir needs a radical approach to transform into a city resilient to multiple crises such as climate, food, energy and economy. Following the New Generation Municipality principles, which guides the current understanding of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, the Office produces the Vision 2074 Framework Document, one of the main strategic outputs of IZPA. Vision 2074 Framework Document describes Izmir's 50-year vision and focuses on green, digital and social transition that aims to find solutions to multiple crises. Dalya Hazar is also working as a part-time faculty member at Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of City and Regional Planning and continues her research in urban planning, urban design, urban morphology, rural planning, commons and local sustainable development. Their most recent publication is "Can basic design be the base of urban planning education?: A case-oriented quantitative measurement model".
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ABSTRACT
The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
(Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
ABSTRACT
The settlements located on the rural-urban fringe, which are frequently under the pressure of urbanization, have the potential to mitigate the negative impacts of the city on the rural with improved rural planning policies and are suitable areas for implementing a nature-oriented urbanization model. In the study, firstly, the processes and interventions that rural areas have gone through from past to present have been examined. Secondly, snowball interviews through case study of Ödemiş on the rural-urban fringe of İzmir were examined. Finally, rural planning policies proposed for Ödemiş district were evaluated through a scoring system.
(Şehir ve Toplum dergisi - Sayı 4, s.41)
Urla, Çeşme, Karaburun, Seferihisar, Güzelbahçe ilçeleri ile belde ve köylerini kapsayan bölgenin çevresel değerlerini koruyarak yerel ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmasına yönelik tematik stratejik hedeflerin belirlenmesi ve gelişme senaryolarının oluşturulması amaçlanmaktadır.
Research Area 1: Improve the productivity, resilience and competitiveness of European Animal Production,
Research Area 2: Improve and manage resource use to reduce waste and enhance the environmental sustainability of European Animal Production,
Research Area 3: Improve on-farm practices to enhance consumer acceptability and address societal challenges associated with animal welfare, product quality and safety, biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services.
The urban fringe belts are the former urban peripheries which are embedded within the city during the urban growth. In contrast to densely constructed areas, fringe belts are the potential green areas, common spaces and public spaces. Urban fringe belts are frequently the potential public spaces including open green areas, institutional areas and industrial heritage that are crucial for the urban memory. Urban fringe belts, which are frequently the urban heritages and ecological corridors are crucial in order to create buffer zones to protect the natural areas. However, due to the rapid population and the need for the new urban development areas, fringe belts are seen as the new development areas and exposed to alienation.
The urban fringe belt concept is crucial to understand the effects of the different planning approaches on their locations and functions and grasp the value that they contribute to the city. Urban fringe belts are an integral part of the urban ecological sustainability; thus, they need to be defined as an important component in planning practices in order to have a comprehensive city plan. Positioning the urban fringe belt concept as a common green belt policy within the Green Infrastructure strategies is crucial in order to sustain the fringe belt characteristics, biodiversity and ecological sustainability. Fringe belts are often important urban heritage features, urban ecological corridors and places for less constrained movement by urban populations, which also provides the qualifications of the Green Infrastructure strategies.
Kuşak alanları, yapılaşma halkaları arasında oluşmuş, ilk başta kent çeperinde iken, kentin büyümesi ile iç kısımlara gömülmüş, doku ve kullanım bakımından kentin diğer yapılaşmış alanlarından farklılık gösteren kentsel birimlerdir. Bu alanlar, kent içine gömülmüş eski kent çeperleri olarak tanımlanabilir. İlk geniş kapsamlı tanımlama ise Conzen (1960) tarafından yapılmıştır: “Kuşak alanı, geçici ya da çok yavaş büyüyen bir kent çeperinden kaynaklanan ve başlangıçta çeperde yer arayan arazi kullanım birimlerinin karakteristik karışımından oluşan kuşak benzeri bölgedir”. (Conzen, 1960)
Sıklıkla önemli kent mirası ve ekolojik koridor özellikleri gösteren kuşak alanları, turizm potansiyeline sahip olmakla birlikte, kent sakinlerinin geleneksellik ve süreklilik hissi açısından önemlidir. Ayrıca bu alanlar, kentin doğaya ve kırsal bölgelere olan olumsuz etkilerini azaltan tampon bölgelerdir. Açık alanlar, endüstriyel alanlar, kurumsal alanlar, düşük yoğunluklu konut alanları ve rekreasyon alanları çeper kuşak alanları içinde sayılabilirler. Bu alanlar, daha geniş ve az yapılaşmış parselleriyle, yoğun kent kütlesinden kolaylıkla ayırt edilebilirler. Ülkesel ve yerel ekonominin etkilediği arazi değerlerindeki değişiklikler sonucu yapılan çeşitli yatırımlar sayesinde farklı karakterlerde oluşabilirler.
Bu alanlar, yoğun yapılaşmış alanların aksine, nefes alınabilecek, ihtiyaca göre alternatif kullanımlarla değerlendirilebilecek ve korunabilecek alanlardır. Son yıllarda, çeşitli ülkelerde korunmalarına yönelik planlama politikaları geliştirilmiş; örneğin İngiltere’de yeşil kuşak olarak planlanmışlardır. Ancak Türkiye’de, hızlı nüfus artışı ve yapılaşma için yeni parsellere duyulan ihtiyaç sonucunda, özellikle kent merkezinde kalan iç kuşak alanlarına yatırım ve gelişim alanları olarak bakılmaya başlanmıştır. Kent içindeki tarım alanlarının ve bostanlık alanların yerleşime açılması kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına, kuşak alanlarının tarihi, özgün karakterinin yok olmasına ve kentin tarihi kimliğinin zarar görmesine sebep olmaktadır. Kuşak alanı yabancılaşması, bir kentsel risk olarak tanımlanmalı ve problem olarak ele alınmalıdır.
Kuşak alanı kavramı bir planlama aracı olarak ele alınıp, kapsamlı planlama ve tasarım politikalarının oluşumunda ve kent gelişimi yönetiminde yardımcı olabilir (Gu, 2010). Ayrıca bu sayede iş merkezi ve konut alanı baskısı sonucunda meydana gelen kuşak alanı yabancılaşmasına engel olunabilir. Kuşak alanları, zaman içerisinde, hükümet politikaları ve farklı disiplinlerin tavsiyeleriyle, gelişim, dönüşüm ve koruma planlarına maruz kalacağı öngörülen alanlardır. Bu kavramın bütünleşik planlama politikalarında, kentsel tasarım ve dönüşüm süreçlerindeki yeri, kent ekolojisi ve sürdürülebilir gelişme içindeki önemi, Avrupa’da olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de tartışmaya açılmalıdır.
Yapılan çalışmada çeşitli kavramlar belirlenmiş ve bir puanlama sistemi oluşturularak sayısallaştırılmıştır. İstanbul ve Barselona kentleri üzerinde uygulanan bu yöntem ile kentlerin gelişim süreçleri, kuşak alanları üzerindeki olası etkileri ve kuşak alanı oluşumları karşılaştırılmıştır. Kentsel kuşak alanı kavramının planlama ve kentsel dönüşüm süreçlerinde dikkate alınması, sağlıklı kent gelişimi için önemlidir. Kuşak alanlarının kim- liklerini korumalarının, geleceğe miras bırakılabilecek bir kentsel kalite olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Urban morphologists and geographers have been studying urban fringe belt concept since the last half of the century. However, it is not a well-known concept in planning and design scales. In this study, I tried to apprehend what is urban fringe belt, the areas that were affected by different planning systems, their locations in the urban landscape, and their functions via their values for the general needs of the city.
Firstly, a scoring system has been created to evaluate and compare the fringe belt formations by several concepts in İstanbul and Barcelona, the cities that have different historical processes, planning and design policies and they are located in different geographic regions.
For scholars, fringe belts are signatures of the pulsations of urban growth, and a reflection of urban space needs beyond those of the residential and retail sectors. For planners, they merit recognition for their cultural and natural attributes and beg the question whether they should be regulated given their broad social value? And for designers, they present opportunities to design and redesign at lower densities, to design in more mixed environments, and face the challenge of retaining their inherent character (M.P. Conzen, 2009).
Planners have a regional perception; especially they consider land use of the area. On the other hand, land developers consider the environmental possible effects of the planning policies. At this context, fringe belt concept is important to develop the general plan of the city.
Urban fringe belts are usually the areas of important heritage and ecological corridor, where population can move more easily. These areas have a tourism potential in the landscape management plan and also crucial for the conventionalism and persistence feeling of the residents. Moreover, these areas create a buffer zone decreasing the effects of the city to nature and rural areas.
Urban fringe belts are the urban entities, which have been created between the building cycles at urban periphery, then embedded within the city during the process of urbanization. These areas are different from the other parts of the urbanized area according to their pattern and usage. Changes in land prices due to national and local economy effects the investments and the formation of these areas.
In contrast to densely built up areas, fringe belts are the breathing spaces where people can be freshen up, evaluate with several alternative usages and protect. Recently, several planning policies have been developed for these areas like green belt planning. However, as a result of the rapid population increase and need for new development plots, these areas have been under the threat of alienation. Market garden lands, which open up to be development areas, are example for this case.
In this study, fringe belt alienation is taken as the main problem and several suggestions have been made to prevent this phenomena.
Fringe areas emerge spontaneously. Their continuity is about physical, socio- economic and cultural powers’ operations like their formation. This interaction shows that the fringe belt concept has a potential in the process of planning. Additionally, using fringe belt concept as a tool of planning sounds to be helpful in the integrated planning (Whitehand & Morton, 2004), urban design and land development management (Kropf, 2001; Whitehand, 2005).
Urban fringe belt concept is important to grasp the city’s physical form and development processes. Socio-economic development, transportation models, land reclamation and topography (Gu, 2010) are the main elements that affect fringe belt formation. Urban landscape reflects the city’s history, economical process and evolution of the city. Public spaces can be developed with new usages and fringe areas can be protected in the urbanization process. This creates an urban quality, an inheritance to be left in the future. These areas which have a potential to create efficient and inviting places but unfortunately have been projected seperately (Gu, 2010) from the urban fabric without an interest of the historical landscape. Urban fringe belt areas are under the pressure of government policies, different disciplines’ advices, development, renewal and conservation plans. This concept is proper for today’s conditions and for better coordination of the decision-making processes in planning.
Cultural variety and richness of these areas haven’t been understood totally yet (M.P. Conzen, 2009). In this study, fringe areas’ locations in the urban fabric, importance, effects on city’s development and potantials are searched by the rewieving of the previous studies and determinations and comparisons between İstanbul and Barcelona cities. In this process, physical reflections of the formation and change of fringe areas to the urban landscape and similarities and differences in international levels have determined. In the first section; the purpose, content and the method of the study were defined. A method and scoring system proposed to compare and evaluate the inner fringe belt areas of İstanbul ve Barselona cities. In the second section; fringe belt concept and several related concepts were defined.
In the third section; three models explained to understand fringe area characteristics and formation strategies.
In the forth section; started with the emergence of the conceptand development phases, types, formation strategies and dynamics were explained. Previous studies and their conclusions had been given as examples and the possible effects of these areas to the city whole and to the development and planning processes were evaluated.
In the fifth section; by taking models as reference, historico-morphological processes of İstanbul and Barcelona cities searched and fringe belt formations in different periods determined.
In the sixth section; İstanbul and Barcelona cities’ current general and inner fringe areas were mapped. Inner fringe belt areas around the city walls evaluated by the scoring system. İstanbul and Barcelona development models, planning policies and their possible effects on the fringe areas were evaluated.
In the seventh and last section, a general assessment and command were made for the results of the study.
In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures.