Unilateral labyrinthectomy results in a characteristic disorganization of posture and movement th... more Unilateral labyrinthectomy results in a characteristic disorganization of posture and movement that disappears spontaneously in the course of time. The basic phenomena of this compensation process have been known since the end of the last century (Bechterew 1883; Ewald 1892). The fact that compensation occurs without the regeneration of vestibular end organs implies an extensive reorganization of central structures (Magnus 1924). Several lines of experimental evidence (Bienhold and Flohr 1978; Dieringer and Precht 1979 a, b; Flohr et al. 1981) indicate that the commissural fiber (CF) system, connecting the vestibular zones (VZ) of both sides of the medulla, is involved in this reorganization process. Initially, hemilabyrinthectomy leads to an asymmetry in the resting activity of the two VZs. Restoration of symmetrical resting activity seems to be a prerequisite for compensation and may be achieved by changes in the intervestibular CF system that lead to an increased influence on the deafferented VZ by the intact VZ (Galiana et al. 1984). Indeed, Dieringer and Precht (1979a, b) have shown that while the response pattern of commissural neurons in compensated frogs had not changed, their efficacy on vestibular neurons on the lesioned side was increased as compared to that in acutely lesioned animals. However, there are no morphological data about the changes that take place. Accordingly, in the present investigation a qualitative and quantitative study was made of the structural changes in the intervestibular CF system following hemilabyrinthectomy in the frog, Rana temporaria (Fig. 1).
Will U. Die Zerstörung des Tiao: Untersuchungen zu gegenwärtigen Veränderungen in der chinesische... more Will U. Die Zerstörung des Tiao: Untersuchungen zu gegenwärtigen Veränderungen in der chinesischen Musik am Beispiel der Solomusik für das Zheng (Wölbbrettzither). Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 36. Vol 105. Frankfurt am Main: Lang; 1994
Transcrire ou décrire : tel est le dilemne auquel sont souvent confrontés les ethnomusicologues. ... more Transcrire ou décrire : tel est le dilemne auquel sont souvent confrontés les ethnomusicologues. A qui s'adresse la notation ? au praticien ? au musicologue ? Quel est son but ? aide-mémoire ? aide à l'apprentissage ? fixation ? possibilités comparatives ? Qu'y a-t-il lieu de noter ? hauteurs, durées, timbre, geste du musicien ? Où en sommes-nous aujourd'hui avec les nouveaux outils technologiques (ordinateur, playback, Sonagraph, etc.) dont nous disposons ? Doivent-ils nous conduire à abandonner la notation sur portée ? Qu'en est-il par ailleurs de l'étude des notations musicales rencontrées dans certaines traditions ? Quels en sont les principes et comment fonctionnent-elles au sein de leur culture ? Quels sont enfin les enseignements que ces notations nous fournissent sur les méthodes cognitives qu'elles mettent en jeu
Chapter 14 considers the physiological, psychological, and social origins of rhythm. It reviews a... more Chapter 14 considers the physiological, psychological, and social origins of rhythm. It reviews analytical data from music performances of Australian Aboriginal groups, arguing that processing differences for vocal and instrumental rhythms suggest dynamic neural models; these challenge an abstract conception of rhythm. As a result, it is difficult to regard the rhythm of speech as at the origin of vocal music, and which in turn gives rise to instrumental music. The author holds that vocal rhythms in speech and music, and instrumental rhythms, derive from different ways of interacting with our environment and are controlled by different temporal mechanisms. Thus instrumental music should be considered in parallel to vocal music, not as derived from it.
Un des outils essentiels de la musicologie comparée est la notation, et l’analyse d’après la nota... more Un des outils essentiels de la musicologie comparée est la notation, et l’analyse d’après la notation constitue l’une de ses approches méthodologiques principales. Si les limites de la notation occidentale standard appliquée à cet exercice ont été perçues dès la naissance de la discipline, suscitant, très tôt, de nombreuses tentatives d’adaptation, le rôle fondamental de la notation dans la méthodologie de la musicologie comparée n’a jamais été vraiment remis en cause. Je propose ici d’envisager la notation essentiellement comme un système d’écriture qui transpose des événements audio-temporels dans le domaine spatio-visuel. Un bref survol historique rappelle tout d’abord les étapes importantes de la genèse de cette notation musicale et explique comment elle a fini par devenir une force capable de conditionner les formes mêmes de la musique occidentale. Je tente de montrer pourquoi, lorsqu’elle s’occupe de cultures non-occidentales et non-écrites, la musicologie comparée a recours à...
Comment les musiciens témoignent-ils verbalement de leur pratique vocale ou instrumentale ? Que d... more Comment les musiciens témoignent-ils verbalement de leur pratique vocale ou instrumentale ? Que disent-ils de la musique qu'ils jouent ? Quelle valeur et quelle signification donnent-ils à leur pratique ? Dans quel cadre s'inscrit-elle pour eux ? Et encore, quels discours font ceux qui, dans une culture donnée, réfléchissent au pourquoi et au comment de la création artistique : théoriciens, philosophes, esthètes, poètes ?... Quelles sont les dimensions cognitives et extramusicales de la musique ? En un mot, comment les musiciens pensent-ils la musique ? Tel est le thème de ce dossier, qui nous offre un état de la question à travers une série d'études de cas représentatifs de régions aussi différentes que le désert de Namibie, le Tchad, le Maroc, le Pays basque, la Bretagne, la Sardaigne, la Silésie, l'Afghanistan, le Tibet, la Chine et l'Australie. Fondés à Genève en 1988 dans le cadre des Ateliers d'ethnomusicologie, les Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles p...
Rhythmic Stimulation Procedures in Neuromodulation
Abstract In recent decades the cognitive sciences have seen some remarkable developments that ref... more Abstract In recent decades the cognitive sciences have seen some remarkable developments that reflect shifting and broadening perspectives of the discipline. One is the recognition that cognition is shaped and formed by an intricate interplay of biological, environmental and experiential, that is, cultural factors. This realization has profited from a notable tradition of cultural and cross-cultural research in psychology with an initial research emphasis on social cognition, personality traits, cognitive styles, and so on. It has produced multiple lines of evidence for cultural differences engendering differences in psychological behavior, and, following the introduction of modern imaging methods (fMRI, EEG, MEG), has uncovered influences of cultural factors on various brain functions and activations of specific neural substrates, including low-level perceptual processes.
Until recently, written language and writing have been considered to be of minor interest in the ... more Until recently, written language and writing have been considered to be of minor interest in the context of cognitive and linguistic theories. Though the practical relevance of writing competences is undisputed, research in language production was, initially, research into speech production. This limitation was mainly due to the widespread opinion that spoken language is the exclusive domain
Ein Grosteil der in der vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft seit langem bekannten Verfahren zur Unte... more Ein Grosteil der in der vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft seit langem bekannten Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Musik und Musikaufzeichnungen — etwa die Klangstrukturanalyse — war bisher mit einem enormen apparativen Aufwand verbunden. In der alltaglichen musikanalytischen Praxis waren solche Methoden daher selten zu finden. Andere Verfahren, wie z.B. Transkriptionen oder Tonhohenbestimmungen von Band oder Schallplatte waren auserst muhsam und mit einem grosen Verschleis an Geraten und Aufzeichnungsmedien verbunden.
This study reports on five experiments in which English and German participants had to type words... more This study reports on five experiments in which English and German participants had to type words presented visually or orally or elicited in a picture naming task. In another experiment subjects were to type pseudowords, and in the last experiment typing responses were delayed. In all experiments a highly significant increase of inter-keystroke intervals (IKIs) at positions that where either exclusively syllable (S) boundaries or combined syllable and morpheme (SM) boundaries was found. SM-type IKIs are significantly larger than S-type IKIs and influenced by word frequencies, indicating lexical dependencies. SM-type IKIs were found to be significantly longer for oral than for visual word presentation. This is taken as an indication that additional processes are involved in the accessing of graphemic word forms when words are presented orally. The fact that pseudo-words are also written with increased IKIs at syllable onsets indicates that at least one major component of the S-type ...
In various societies, especially in tone language areas, speech surrogates serve a variety of pur... more In various societies, especially in tone language areas, speech surrogates serve a variety of purposes including long-distance communication, conveyance of message between close encounters, etc. How speech surrogates work is not yet well understood, but there are suggestions that tonal information may assist tone-language speakers to access their mental lexicons. This study investigates whether brain activity in Chinese musicians and non-musicians during a covert word repetition task is differently affected by vocal and instrumental pitch contour primes. The analysis demonstrates that differences in effects of vocal and instrumental primes in musicians and non-musicians largely correspond to differential activation changes in the right superior temporal gyrus. The largest differences are found in the Heschl’s gyri. Musicians showed greater % BOLD changes in left than in right hemisphere while nonmusicians did not show a significant hemispheric difference. Musicians showed the highes...
This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memor... more This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memory with three decision (same/different judgments) and one reproduction experiment. In the first experiment, memory performance declined for delayed versus immediate recall, with accuracy for the two rhythms being affected differently: Musicians performed better than non-musicians on clapstick but not on vocal rhythms, and musicians were better on vocal rhythms in the same than in the different condition. Results for the second experiment showed that concurrent sub-vocal articulation and finger-tapping differentially affected the two rhythms and same/different decisions, but produced no evidence for articulatory loop involvement in delayed decision tasks. In a third experiment, which tested rhythm reproduction, concurrent sub-vocal articulation decreased memory performance, with a stronger deleterious effect on the reproduction of vocal than of clapstick rhythms. This suggests that the art...
This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memor... more This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memory with three decision (same/different judgments) and one reproduction experiment. In the first experiment, memory performance declined for delayed versus immediate recall, with accuracy for the two rhythms being affected differently: Musicians performed better than non-musicians on clapstick but not on vocal rhythms, and musicians were better on vocal rhythms in the same than in the different condition. Results for the second experiment showed that concurrent sub-vocal articulation and finger-tapping differentially affected the two rhythms and same/different decisions, but produced no evidence for articulatory loop involvement in delayed decision tasks. In a third experiment, which tested rhythm reproduction, concurrent sub-vocal articulation decreased memory performance, with a stronger deleterious effect on the reproduction of vocal than of clapstick rhythms. This suggests that the art...
Pulse is often understood as a feature of a (quasi-) isochronous event sequence that is picked up... more Pulse is often understood as a feature of a (quasi-) isochronous event sequence that is picked up by an entrained subject. However, entrainment does not only occur between quasi-periodic rhythms. This paper demonstrates the expression of pulse by subjects listening to non-periodic musical stimuli and investigates the processes behind this behaviour. The stimuli are extracts from the introductory sections of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music performances (alap, jor and jhala). The first of three experiments demonstrates regular motor responses to both irregular alap and more regular jor sections: responses to alap appear related to individual spontaneous tempi, while for jor they relate to the stimulus event rate. A second experiment investigated whether subjects respond to average periodicities of the alap section, and whether their responses show phase alignment to the musical events. In the third experiment we investigated responses to a broader sample of performances, tes...
Entrainment, broadly defined, is a phenomenon in which two or more independent rhythmic processes... more Entrainment, broadly defined, is a phenomenon in which two or more independent rhythmic processes synchronize with each other. To illuminate the significance of entrainment for various directions of music research and promote a nuanced understanding of the concept among ethnomusicologists, this publication opens with an exposition of entrainment research in various disciplines, from physics to linguistics and psychology, while systematically introducing basic concepts that are directly relevant to musical entrainment. Topics covered include consideration of self-synchrony and interpersonal synchrony in musical performance, humans’ innate propensities to entrain, the influence of cultural and personal factors on entrainment, the numerous functions of musical entrainment in individual health, socialization, and cultural identification, and a presentation of methodologies and analytical techniques. Finally, some case studies illustrating one methodological strand, that of chronometric ...
Unilateral labyrinthectomy results in a characteristic disorganization of posture and movement th... more Unilateral labyrinthectomy results in a characteristic disorganization of posture and movement that disappears spontaneously in the course of time. The basic phenomena of this compensation process have been known since the end of the last century (Bechterew 1883; Ewald 1892). The fact that compensation occurs without the regeneration of vestibular end organs implies an extensive reorganization of central structures (Magnus 1924). Several lines of experimental evidence (Bienhold and Flohr 1978; Dieringer and Precht 1979 a, b; Flohr et al. 1981) indicate that the commissural fiber (CF) system, connecting the vestibular zones (VZ) of both sides of the medulla, is involved in this reorganization process. Initially, hemilabyrinthectomy leads to an asymmetry in the resting activity of the two VZs. Restoration of symmetrical resting activity seems to be a prerequisite for compensation and may be achieved by changes in the intervestibular CF system that lead to an increased influence on the deafferented VZ by the intact VZ (Galiana et al. 1984). Indeed, Dieringer and Precht (1979a, b) have shown that while the response pattern of commissural neurons in compensated frogs had not changed, their efficacy on vestibular neurons on the lesioned side was increased as compared to that in acutely lesioned animals. However, there are no morphological data about the changes that take place. Accordingly, in the present investigation a qualitative and quantitative study was made of the structural changes in the intervestibular CF system following hemilabyrinthectomy in the frog, Rana temporaria (Fig. 1).
Will U. Die Zerstörung des Tiao: Untersuchungen zu gegenwärtigen Veränderungen in der chinesische... more Will U. Die Zerstörung des Tiao: Untersuchungen zu gegenwärtigen Veränderungen in der chinesischen Musik am Beispiel der Solomusik für das Zheng (Wölbbrettzither). Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 36. Vol 105. Frankfurt am Main: Lang; 1994
Transcrire ou décrire : tel est le dilemne auquel sont souvent confrontés les ethnomusicologues. ... more Transcrire ou décrire : tel est le dilemne auquel sont souvent confrontés les ethnomusicologues. A qui s'adresse la notation ? au praticien ? au musicologue ? Quel est son but ? aide-mémoire ? aide à l'apprentissage ? fixation ? possibilités comparatives ? Qu'y a-t-il lieu de noter ? hauteurs, durées, timbre, geste du musicien ? Où en sommes-nous aujourd'hui avec les nouveaux outils technologiques (ordinateur, playback, Sonagraph, etc.) dont nous disposons ? Doivent-ils nous conduire à abandonner la notation sur portée ? Qu'en est-il par ailleurs de l'étude des notations musicales rencontrées dans certaines traditions ? Quels en sont les principes et comment fonctionnent-elles au sein de leur culture ? Quels sont enfin les enseignements que ces notations nous fournissent sur les méthodes cognitives qu'elles mettent en jeu
Chapter 14 considers the physiological, psychological, and social origins of rhythm. It reviews a... more Chapter 14 considers the physiological, psychological, and social origins of rhythm. It reviews analytical data from music performances of Australian Aboriginal groups, arguing that processing differences for vocal and instrumental rhythms suggest dynamic neural models; these challenge an abstract conception of rhythm. As a result, it is difficult to regard the rhythm of speech as at the origin of vocal music, and which in turn gives rise to instrumental music. The author holds that vocal rhythms in speech and music, and instrumental rhythms, derive from different ways of interacting with our environment and are controlled by different temporal mechanisms. Thus instrumental music should be considered in parallel to vocal music, not as derived from it.
Un des outils essentiels de la musicologie comparée est la notation, et l’analyse d’après la nota... more Un des outils essentiels de la musicologie comparée est la notation, et l’analyse d’après la notation constitue l’une de ses approches méthodologiques principales. Si les limites de la notation occidentale standard appliquée à cet exercice ont été perçues dès la naissance de la discipline, suscitant, très tôt, de nombreuses tentatives d’adaptation, le rôle fondamental de la notation dans la méthodologie de la musicologie comparée n’a jamais été vraiment remis en cause. Je propose ici d’envisager la notation essentiellement comme un système d’écriture qui transpose des événements audio-temporels dans le domaine spatio-visuel. Un bref survol historique rappelle tout d’abord les étapes importantes de la genèse de cette notation musicale et explique comment elle a fini par devenir une force capable de conditionner les formes mêmes de la musique occidentale. Je tente de montrer pourquoi, lorsqu’elle s’occupe de cultures non-occidentales et non-écrites, la musicologie comparée a recours à...
Comment les musiciens témoignent-ils verbalement de leur pratique vocale ou instrumentale ? Que d... more Comment les musiciens témoignent-ils verbalement de leur pratique vocale ou instrumentale ? Que disent-ils de la musique qu'ils jouent ? Quelle valeur et quelle signification donnent-ils à leur pratique ? Dans quel cadre s'inscrit-elle pour eux ? Et encore, quels discours font ceux qui, dans une culture donnée, réfléchissent au pourquoi et au comment de la création artistique : théoriciens, philosophes, esthètes, poètes ?... Quelles sont les dimensions cognitives et extramusicales de la musique ? En un mot, comment les musiciens pensent-ils la musique ? Tel est le thème de ce dossier, qui nous offre un état de la question à travers une série d'études de cas représentatifs de régions aussi différentes que le désert de Namibie, le Tchad, le Maroc, le Pays basque, la Bretagne, la Sardaigne, la Silésie, l'Afghanistan, le Tibet, la Chine et l'Australie. Fondés à Genève en 1988 dans le cadre des Ateliers d'ethnomusicologie, les Cahiers de musiques traditionnelles p...
Rhythmic Stimulation Procedures in Neuromodulation
Abstract In recent decades the cognitive sciences have seen some remarkable developments that ref... more Abstract In recent decades the cognitive sciences have seen some remarkable developments that reflect shifting and broadening perspectives of the discipline. One is the recognition that cognition is shaped and formed by an intricate interplay of biological, environmental and experiential, that is, cultural factors. This realization has profited from a notable tradition of cultural and cross-cultural research in psychology with an initial research emphasis on social cognition, personality traits, cognitive styles, and so on. It has produced multiple lines of evidence for cultural differences engendering differences in psychological behavior, and, following the introduction of modern imaging methods (fMRI, EEG, MEG), has uncovered influences of cultural factors on various brain functions and activations of specific neural substrates, including low-level perceptual processes.
Until recently, written language and writing have been considered to be of minor interest in the ... more Until recently, written language and writing have been considered to be of minor interest in the context of cognitive and linguistic theories. Though the practical relevance of writing competences is undisputed, research in language production was, initially, research into speech production. This limitation was mainly due to the widespread opinion that spoken language is the exclusive domain
Ein Grosteil der in der vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft seit langem bekannten Verfahren zur Unte... more Ein Grosteil der in der vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft seit langem bekannten Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Musik und Musikaufzeichnungen — etwa die Klangstrukturanalyse — war bisher mit einem enormen apparativen Aufwand verbunden. In der alltaglichen musikanalytischen Praxis waren solche Methoden daher selten zu finden. Andere Verfahren, wie z.B. Transkriptionen oder Tonhohenbestimmungen von Band oder Schallplatte waren auserst muhsam und mit einem grosen Verschleis an Geraten und Aufzeichnungsmedien verbunden.
This study reports on five experiments in which English and German participants had to type words... more This study reports on five experiments in which English and German participants had to type words presented visually or orally or elicited in a picture naming task. In another experiment subjects were to type pseudowords, and in the last experiment typing responses were delayed. In all experiments a highly significant increase of inter-keystroke intervals (IKIs) at positions that where either exclusively syllable (S) boundaries or combined syllable and morpheme (SM) boundaries was found. SM-type IKIs are significantly larger than S-type IKIs and influenced by word frequencies, indicating lexical dependencies. SM-type IKIs were found to be significantly longer for oral than for visual word presentation. This is taken as an indication that additional processes are involved in the accessing of graphemic word forms when words are presented orally. The fact that pseudo-words are also written with increased IKIs at syllable onsets indicates that at least one major component of the S-type ...
In various societies, especially in tone language areas, speech surrogates serve a variety of pur... more In various societies, especially in tone language areas, speech surrogates serve a variety of purposes including long-distance communication, conveyance of message between close encounters, etc. How speech surrogates work is not yet well understood, but there are suggestions that tonal information may assist tone-language speakers to access their mental lexicons. This study investigates whether brain activity in Chinese musicians and non-musicians during a covert word repetition task is differently affected by vocal and instrumental pitch contour primes. The analysis demonstrates that differences in effects of vocal and instrumental primes in musicians and non-musicians largely correspond to differential activation changes in the right superior temporal gyrus. The largest differences are found in the Heschl’s gyri. Musicians showed greater % BOLD changes in left than in right hemisphere while nonmusicians did not show a significant hemispheric difference. Musicians showed the highes...
This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memor... more This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memory with three decision (same/different judgments) and one reproduction experiment. In the first experiment, memory performance declined for delayed versus immediate recall, with accuracy for the two rhythms being affected differently: Musicians performed better than non-musicians on clapstick but not on vocal rhythms, and musicians were better on vocal rhythms in the same than in the different condition. Results for the second experiment showed that concurrent sub-vocal articulation and finger-tapping differentially affected the two rhythms and same/different decisions, but produced no evidence for articulatory loop involvement in delayed decision tasks. In a third experiment, which tested rhythm reproduction, concurrent sub-vocal articulation decreased memory performance, with a stronger deleterious effect on the reproduction of vocal than of clapstick rhythms. This suggests that the art...
This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memor... more This study explores differential processing of vocal and instrumental rhythms in short-term memory with three decision (same/different judgments) and one reproduction experiment. In the first experiment, memory performance declined for delayed versus immediate recall, with accuracy for the two rhythms being affected differently: Musicians performed better than non-musicians on clapstick but not on vocal rhythms, and musicians were better on vocal rhythms in the same than in the different condition. Results for the second experiment showed that concurrent sub-vocal articulation and finger-tapping differentially affected the two rhythms and same/different decisions, but produced no evidence for articulatory loop involvement in delayed decision tasks. In a third experiment, which tested rhythm reproduction, concurrent sub-vocal articulation decreased memory performance, with a stronger deleterious effect on the reproduction of vocal than of clapstick rhythms. This suggests that the art...
Pulse is often understood as a feature of a (quasi-) isochronous event sequence that is picked up... more Pulse is often understood as a feature of a (quasi-) isochronous event sequence that is picked up by an entrained subject. However, entrainment does not only occur between quasi-periodic rhythms. This paper demonstrates the expression of pulse by subjects listening to non-periodic musical stimuli and investigates the processes behind this behaviour. The stimuli are extracts from the introductory sections of North Indian (Hindustani) classical music performances (alap, jor and jhala). The first of three experiments demonstrates regular motor responses to both irregular alap and more regular jor sections: responses to alap appear related to individual spontaneous tempi, while for jor they relate to the stimulus event rate. A second experiment investigated whether subjects respond to average periodicities of the alap section, and whether their responses show phase alignment to the musical events. In the third experiment we investigated responses to a broader sample of performances, tes...
Entrainment, broadly defined, is a phenomenon in which two or more independent rhythmic processes... more Entrainment, broadly defined, is a phenomenon in which two or more independent rhythmic processes synchronize with each other. To illuminate the significance of entrainment for various directions of music research and promote a nuanced understanding of the concept among ethnomusicologists, this publication opens with an exposition of entrainment research in various disciplines, from physics to linguistics and psychology, while systematically introducing basic concepts that are directly relevant to musical entrainment. Topics covered include consideration of self-synchrony and interpersonal synchrony in musical performance, humans’ innate propensities to entrain, the influence of cultural and personal factors on entrainment, the numerous functions of musical entrainment in individual health, socialization, and cultural identification, and a presentation of methodologies and analytical techniques. Finally, some case studies illustrating one methodological strand, that of chronometric ...
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