Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral phenomenon that has been related to complex human behavior (... more Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral phenomenon that has been related to complex human behavior (e.g., remembering, cognitive functioning, and symbolic behavior). As a rule, people diagnosed with severe mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) that exhibit delusional and hallucinatory behavior, and disorganized speech have shown cognitive impairment (e.g., processing speed, reasoning/problem solving). Not enough research has analyzed the stimulus equivalence performance in this population. This study aims to investigate the stimulus equivalence performance in adults diagnosed with severe mental disorders. In particular, this study analyzes the many-to-one (MTO) and one-to-many (OTM) training structures effects, and the simultaneous (SIM) and the simple-to-complex (STC) training and testing protocol effects on equivalence class formation in this population. To achieve it, we analyzed the behavior of 18 participants diagnosed with severe mental disorders in three diffe...
Hensikten med den foreliggende studien var å undersøke effekten av overføring av stimulusfunk - s... more Hensikten med den foreliggende studien var å undersøke effekten av overføring av stimulusfunk - sjoner på påvirkningen av preferanser og valg. Videre ble det undersøkt hvorvidt bruken andre stimuli enn de som er vanligvis brukt innen dette forskningsfeltet kunne influere etableringen av emergente relasjoner og sammenhengen mellom antall trials til mestringskriterium og responder - ing i henhold til stimulusekvivalens. I den presenterte studien ble det benyttet en one-to-many treningsstruktur som innebærer presentasjon av de betingede diskriminasjonene AB og AC. Sytten studenter deltok i eksperimentet som startet med en preferansetest 1(også benevnt som pretest for preferanse) hvor forsøkspersonene skulle velge mellom tre identiske flasker som hadde merkelapper som viste B stimuliene (B1, B2 og B3). Dette ble etterfulgt av betinget diskriminasjonstrening med AB og AC relasjonene. Deretter ble det testet om tre ekvivalensklasser med tre medlemmer hadde framkommet eller ikke. Klassene ble så utvidet ved å trene de tre forskjellige D-stimuli til A-stimuliene (D1A1, D2A2 og D3A3). D-stimuliene besto av norske pengesedler med tre ulike verdier (D1 = 200, D2 = 100 og D3 = 50). Avslutningsvis ble deltakerne presentert for en ny preferansetest hvor de skulle velge mellom flaskene med merkelappene med B stimuliene (B1, B2 og B3). Resultatene viste at åtte deltakere framviste tre ekvivalensklasser med fire medlem - mer. Videre at det var signifikante forskjeller i antall treningstrials for å etablere de betingede diskriminasjonene mellom gruppen som responderte i henhold til kriteriet og de som ikke responderte i henhold til kriteriet på 90 % korrekt i testen for stimulusekvivalens. Det var fem deltakere som valgte flasken B1 i preferansetest 2. I tillegg var det fire av fem som endret valget sitt fra henholdsvis flaske B2 og B3 til B1 når vi sammenlignet skårene fra preferansetest 1 og 2. Nøkkelord : stimulusekvivalens, stimulusfunksjoner, overføring, preferanser, val
In an attempt to limit the opportunity to engage in mediating behavior, two groups of adult parti... more In an attempt to limit the opportunity to engage in mediating behavior, two groups of adult participants received preliminary training in identity matching with limited hold levels (LH) for responding of 0.7 s for the sample and 1.2 s for the comparisons. The two groups were subsequently trained to form three 5-member classes, using the same LH levels, where the A, B, D, and E stimuli were abstract stimuli, and the C stimuli were meaningful pictures. In two tests for emergent relations, the LH for Group Short was unchanged, whereas 5 s were added to the LH for the comparisons for Group Long. None of the participants in Group Short responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in either of the two tests. In Group Long, one participant responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in the first test, and an additional eight participants formed equivalence classes in the second test.
Takk til to anonyme fagfeller for konstruktive og nyttige kommentarer. Det er ingen konflikter me... more Takk til to anonyme fagfeller for konstruktive og nyttige kommentarer. Det er ingen konflikter med hensyn til dette manuskriptet og forfatterne er enige om at det skal sendes til fagfellevurdering i Norsk Tidsskrift for Atferdsanalyse. Spørsmål om artikkelen kan rettes til Erik Arntzen, erik. arntzen@equivalence.net Visuelle analyser eller inspeksjon er ofte kontrastert til statistiske analyser og indirekte knyttet til hvilken type design som bør benyttes. Ved bruk av single case research design (SCRD) er visuelle analyser den vanlige og mest benyttede prosedyren for å analysere og trekker slutninger i anvendt atferdsanalyse (Bourret & Pietras, 2013; Gast & Spriggs, 2014). Kazdin (2011) diskuterer ulike kriterier som kan brukes for å evaluere data i SCRD. Dersom forskjellene er store og umiddelbare mellom basislinjefasen og fasen hvor den uavhengige variabelen er implementert, er det åpenbart at vurderinger basert visuell inspeksjon er holdbare. For eksempel: Dersom atferden er hypp...
I 2011 publiserte Eilifsen, Vie og Arntzen (EVA) en artikkel i Norsk tidsskrift for atferds -anal... more I 2011 publiserte Eilifsen, Vie og Arntzen (EVA) en artikkel i Norsk tidsskrift for atferds -analyse (NTA) som beskriver hvordan feno -mener knyttet til hukommelse blir analysert og forsket pa innen atferdsanalyse og kognitiv psykologi. Artikkelen beskriver hypotetiske konstrukter slik de benyttes innen kognitiv hukommelsesforskning og argumenterer for at det gjores slutninger om underlig-gende prosesser med arsakstatus basert pa observerte relasjoner mellom miljohendelser og atferd nar slike konstrukter benyttes. Rollen til hypotetiske konstrukter er i EVA eksemplifisert gjennom en beskrivelse av et sett eksperimenter utfort av Charles Hulme og kolleger for a belyse komponenter av arbeidshukommelsen (Hulme, Maughan, & Brown, 1991; Hulme, Roondenrys, Brown, & Mercer, 1995). Arbeidshukommelsen er et hypotetisk konstrukt naert knyttet til forskningen til Alan Baddeley (Baddeley, 2002, 2003; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974), som regnes som en sentral forsker innen kognitiv psykologi. EVA presiserer forovrig at kognitiv psykologi ikke er et sammenhengende felt og at beskrivelsen av arbeidene til forskerne nevnt ovenfor er inkludert som et eksempel for a illustrere skillelinjer ved tilnaermingen til hukommelsesfenomener innen kognitiv psykologi og atferdsanalyse. Tilsynelatende som en reaksjon pa EVA publiserer Frode Svartdal (FS) i denne utgaven av NTA en artikkel som retter kritikk mot maten kognitiv psykologi og hypotetiske konstrukter blir fremstilt pa innen atferds-
The Norwegian Association of Behavior Analysis celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2013. At the an... more The Norwegian Association of Behavior Analysis celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2013. At the annual meeting, we arranged a symposium on the historical and future trends in behavior analysis. Ten people agreed to be part of a panel in this symposium. The panel included national and international behavior analysts, both senior and younger behavior analysts and students within the field. The panel members were given 13 questions beforehand so they could prepare their answers. Two of the questions were mandatory, but they could choose three additional questions to answer. The panel members presented a variety of important areas to which behavior analysis has contributed and addressed some of the future impacts behavior analysis may have on society. The panelists’ presentations are written as arguments we found to be the most interesting and is not meant to be a direct reproduction of their statements. In the discussion section, we highlight two important areas based on the statements ...
Formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been recently modeled through equivalence projectiv... more Formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been recently modeled through equivalence projective simulation (EPS), a modified version of a projective simulation (PS) learning agent. PS is endowed with an episodic memory that resembles the internal representation in the brain and the concept of cognitive maps. PS flexibility and interpretability enable the EPS model and, consequently the model we explore in this letter, to simulate a broad range of behaviors in matching-to-sample experiments. The episodic memory, the basis for agent decision making, is formed during the training phase. Derived relations in the EPS model that are not trained directly but can be established via the network's connections are computed on demand during the test phase trials by likelihood reasoning. In this letter, we investigate the formation of derived relations in the EPS model using network enhancement (NE), an iterative diffusion process, that yields an offline approach to the agent decision mak...
The present study was a replication and extension of Zlomke and Dixon (2006) investigation of the... more The present study was a replication and extension of Zlomke and Dixon (2006) investigation of the impact of contextually trained discriminations on slotmachine gambling. In each of two experiments, 20 participants were exposed to two concurrently available slot-machines differing only in color. Thus, Experiment 1 was a replication, while in Experiment 2 we included an instruction to ensure that the participants attended to all of the onscreen stimuli. Following a pretest of slot machine preferences, a nonarbitrary relational training and testing procedure was used to establish contextual functions of MORE-THAN and LESS-THAN for two cues. After relational training the participants were exposed to a posttest identical to the pretest. The results of Experiment 1 showed that only a small number of the participants allocated their posttest responses to the slot machine that shared nonarbitrary properties with the contextual cue for MORE-THAN. In Experiment 2, the posttest showed that an ...
A program for treatment of compulsive gambling is presented. The participant in the study was a 2... more A program for treatment of compulsive gambling is presented. The participant in the study was a 27-year old teacher. Before the treatment started he spent about $3.700 a month and his debt because of gambling was 60 000 dollars. The procedure included different parts; self-recording, establishment of alternative and incompatible behavior, relapse prevention and restrictions in access to money. To ensure that it was not the prevention from the access to money that stopped the use of money spent on gambling, thus, a couple of days every month participant had access to a certain amount of money. After the start of the treatment he has not lost or spent any money on gambling for nearly two years. Keywords: compulsive gambling, treatment, self-recording, relapse prevention ********** A search in the PsycINFO database gave 1341 publications including search words as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Furthermore, over the past years there has been an enormous increase in gambli...
International journal of psychology and psychological therapy, 2019
Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) proced... more Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) procedures between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli in tests for equivalence class formation. The main findings have been a decrease in experimenter-defined correct matching performance when participants have been exposed to such distractors. Therefore, the purpose of two experiments in the present study was to extend the knowledge of how different types of distractors may or may not influence equivalence class formation in DMTS procedures. Experiments 1 and 2 were arranged as ABA designs. The A-phases were arranged without distractors and the B-phases with distractors during testing. In the test phases, dictation tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 1, while echoic tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 2. The results showed that matching accuracy and equivalence class formation were reduced in the B-phases but not in the A-phases in Expe...
Denne boken er en revisjon av forsteutgaven fra 2005. Folgende kapitler er revidert «Eksperimente... more Denne boken er en revisjon av forsteutgaven fra 2005. Folgende kapitler er revidert «Eksperimentell design, med spesiell vekt pa ulike typer av N=1 design» av Erik Arntzen, «Vitenskapelig tenkemate» av Else Askeroi, «Forskning mellom utfordringer og muligheter» av Else Askeroi og Ingrid Barikmo, «Kategorisering av kvalitative intervjudata» av Else Askeroi og Mette Hoie, «Deltagende observasjon som metode for feltforskning» av Lillian Larsen, «A strukturere en fagtekst» av Halvor Spetalen, «Introduksjon til kvantitativ, kausal forskning» og «Felteksperimenter» begge av Adam Vogt. De ovrige kapitler er ikke revidert, fordi forfatterne vurderer kapitlene som dekkende i forhold til utviklingen innen fagfeltet siden forrige utgave av boken. Imidlertid er alle kapitlene i boken oppgradert til APA referanse stil. Bokas metodiske tilnaerminger til forskning og utvikling innenfor ulike profesjonsfag, representerer forfatternes faglige forankringer, interesser og erfaringer knyttet til studen...
In the present study, two typically developing 4-year-old children, Pete and Joe, were trained si... more In the present study, two typically developing 4-year-old children, Pete and Joe, were trained six conditional discriminations and tested for the formation of three 3-member equivalence classes. Pete and Joe did not establish the AC relation within 600 trials and were given two conditions of preliminary training, including naming of stimuli with two different stimulus sets. Pete started with preliminary training with common naming of stimuli, followed by conditional-discrimination training and testing for emergent relations, and continued with preliminary training on individual naming of stimuli, followed by the same training and testing as described previously. Joe experienced the same conditions but in reversed order. Pete responded in accordance with equivalence in the second round in the condition with common naming. In the first round of testing in the condition with individual naming, he responded in accordance with equivalence. In the condition with individual naming, Joe did...
Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral phenomenon that has been related to complex human behavior (... more Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral phenomenon that has been related to complex human behavior (e.g., remembering, cognitive functioning, and symbolic behavior). As a rule, people diagnosed with severe mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) that exhibit delusional and hallucinatory behavior, and disorganized speech have shown cognitive impairment (e.g., processing speed, reasoning/problem solving). Not enough research has analyzed the stimulus equivalence performance in this population. This study aims to investigate the stimulus equivalence performance in adults diagnosed with severe mental disorders. In particular, this study analyzes the many-to-one (MTO) and one-to-many (OTM) training structures effects, and the simultaneous (SIM) and the simple-to-complex (STC) training and testing protocol effects on equivalence class formation in this population. To achieve it, we analyzed the behavior of 18 participants diagnosed with severe mental disorders in three diffe...
Hensikten med den foreliggende studien var å undersøke effekten av overføring av stimulusfunk - s... more Hensikten med den foreliggende studien var å undersøke effekten av overføring av stimulusfunk - sjoner på påvirkningen av preferanser og valg. Videre ble det undersøkt hvorvidt bruken andre stimuli enn de som er vanligvis brukt innen dette forskningsfeltet kunne influere etableringen av emergente relasjoner og sammenhengen mellom antall trials til mestringskriterium og responder - ing i henhold til stimulusekvivalens. I den presenterte studien ble det benyttet en one-to-many treningsstruktur som innebærer presentasjon av de betingede diskriminasjonene AB og AC. Sytten studenter deltok i eksperimentet som startet med en preferansetest 1(også benevnt som pretest for preferanse) hvor forsøkspersonene skulle velge mellom tre identiske flasker som hadde merkelapper som viste B stimuliene (B1, B2 og B3). Dette ble etterfulgt av betinget diskriminasjonstrening med AB og AC relasjonene. Deretter ble det testet om tre ekvivalensklasser med tre medlemmer hadde framkommet eller ikke. Klassene ble så utvidet ved å trene de tre forskjellige D-stimuli til A-stimuliene (D1A1, D2A2 og D3A3). D-stimuliene besto av norske pengesedler med tre ulike verdier (D1 = 200, D2 = 100 og D3 = 50). Avslutningsvis ble deltakerne presentert for en ny preferansetest hvor de skulle velge mellom flaskene med merkelappene med B stimuliene (B1, B2 og B3). Resultatene viste at åtte deltakere framviste tre ekvivalensklasser med fire medlem - mer. Videre at det var signifikante forskjeller i antall treningstrials for å etablere de betingede diskriminasjonene mellom gruppen som responderte i henhold til kriteriet og de som ikke responderte i henhold til kriteriet på 90 % korrekt i testen for stimulusekvivalens. Det var fem deltakere som valgte flasken B1 i preferansetest 2. I tillegg var det fire av fem som endret valget sitt fra henholdsvis flaske B2 og B3 til B1 når vi sammenlignet skårene fra preferansetest 1 og 2. Nøkkelord : stimulusekvivalens, stimulusfunksjoner, overføring, preferanser, val
In an attempt to limit the opportunity to engage in mediating behavior, two groups of adult parti... more In an attempt to limit the opportunity to engage in mediating behavior, two groups of adult participants received preliminary training in identity matching with limited hold levels (LH) for responding of 0.7 s for the sample and 1.2 s for the comparisons. The two groups were subsequently trained to form three 5-member classes, using the same LH levels, where the A, B, D, and E stimuli were abstract stimuli, and the C stimuli were meaningful pictures. In two tests for emergent relations, the LH for Group Short was unchanged, whereas 5 s were added to the LH for the comparisons for Group Long. None of the participants in Group Short responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in either of the two tests. In Group Long, one participant responded in accordance with stimulus equivalence in the first test, and an additional eight participants formed equivalence classes in the second test.
Takk til to anonyme fagfeller for konstruktive og nyttige kommentarer. Det er ingen konflikter me... more Takk til to anonyme fagfeller for konstruktive og nyttige kommentarer. Det er ingen konflikter med hensyn til dette manuskriptet og forfatterne er enige om at det skal sendes til fagfellevurdering i Norsk Tidsskrift for Atferdsanalyse. Spørsmål om artikkelen kan rettes til Erik Arntzen, erik. arntzen@equivalence.net Visuelle analyser eller inspeksjon er ofte kontrastert til statistiske analyser og indirekte knyttet til hvilken type design som bør benyttes. Ved bruk av single case research design (SCRD) er visuelle analyser den vanlige og mest benyttede prosedyren for å analysere og trekker slutninger i anvendt atferdsanalyse (Bourret & Pietras, 2013; Gast & Spriggs, 2014). Kazdin (2011) diskuterer ulike kriterier som kan brukes for å evaluere data i SCRD. Dersom forskjellene er store og umiddelbare mellom basislinjefasen og fasen hvor den uavhengige variabelen er implementert, er det åpenbart at vurderinger basert visuell inspeksjon er holdbare. For eksempel: Dersom atferden er hypp...
I 2011 publiserte Eilifsen, Vie og Arntzen (EVA) en artikkel i Norsk tidsskrift for atferds -anal... more I 2011 publiserte Eilifsen, Vie og Arntzen (EVA) en artikkel i Norsk tidsskrift for atferds -analyse (NTA) som beskriver hvordan feno -mener knyttet til hukommelse blir analysert og forsket pa innen atferdsanalyse og kognitiv psykologi. Artikkelen beskriver hypotetiske konstrukter slik de benyttes innen kognitiv hukommelsesforskning og argumenterer for at det gjores slutninger om underlig-gende prosesser med arsakstatus basert pa observerte relasjoner mellom miljohendelser og atferd nar slike konstrukter benyttes. Rollen til hypotetiske konstrukter er i EVA eksemplifisert gjennom en beskrivelse av et sett eksperimenter utfort av Charles Hulme og kolleger for a belyse komponenter av arbeidshukommelsen (Hulme, Maughan, & Brown, 1991; Hulme, Roondenrys, Brown, & Mercer, 1995). Arbeidshukommelsen er et hypotetisk konstrukt naert knyttet til forskningen til Alan Baddeley (Baddeley, 2002, 2003; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974), som regnes som en sentral forsker innen kognitiv psykologi. EVA presiserer forovrig at kognitiv psykologi ikke er et sammenhengende felt og at beskrivelsen av arbeidene til forskerne nevnt ovenfor er inkludert som et eksempel for a illustrere skillelinjer ved tilnaermingen til hukommelsesfenomener innen kognitiv psykologi og atferdsanalyse. Tilsynelatende som en reaksjon pa EVA publiserer Frode Svartdal (FS) i denne utgaven av NTA en artikkel som retter kritikk mot maten kognitiv psykologi og hypotetiske konstrukter blir fremstilt pa innen atferds-
The Norwegian Association of Behavior Analysis celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2013. At the an... more The Norwegian Association of Behavior Analysis celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2013. At the annual meeting, we arranged a symposium on the historical and future trends in behavior analysis. Ten people agreed to be part of a panel in this symposium. The panel included national and international behavior analysts, both senior and younger behavior analysts and students within the field. The panel members were given 13 questions beforehand so they could prepare their answers. Two of the questions were mandatory, but they could choose three additional questions to answer. The panel members presented a variety of important areas to which behavior analysis has contributed and addressed some of the future impacts behavior analysis may have on society. The panelists’ presentations are written as arguments we found to be the most interesting and is not meant to be a direct reproduction of their statements. In the discussion section, we highlight two important areas based on the statements ...
Formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been recently modeled through equivalence projectiv... more Formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been recently modeled through equivalence projective simulation (EPS), a modified version of a projective simulation (PS) learning agent. PS is endowed with an episodic memory that resembles the internal representation in the brain and the concept of cognitive maps. PS flexibility and interpretability enable the EPS model and, consequently the model we explore in this letter, to simulate a broad range of behaviors in matching-to-sample experiments. The episodic memory, the basis for agent decision making, is formed during the training phase. Derived relations in the EPS model that are not trained directly but can be established via the network's connections are computed on demand during the test phase trials by likelihood reasoning. In this letter, we investigate the formation of derived relations in the EPS model using network enhancement (NE), an iterative diffusion process, that yields an offline approach to the agent decision mak...
The present study was a replication and extension of Zlomke and Dixon (2006) investigation of the... more The present study was a replication and extension of Zlomke and Dixon (2006) investigation of the impact of contextually trained discriminations on slotmachine gambling. In each of two experiments, 20 participants were exposed to two concurrently available slot-machines differing only in color. Thus, Experiment 1 was a replication, while in Experiment 2 we included an instruction to ensure that the participants attended to all of the onscreen stimuli. Following a pretest of slot machine preferences, a nonarbitrary relational training and testing procedure was used to establish contextual functions of MORE-THAN and LESS-THAN for two cues. After relational training the participants were exposed to a posttest identical to the pretest. The results of Experiment 1 showed that only a small number of the participants allocated their posttest responses to the slot machine that shared nonarbitrary properties with the contextual cue for MORE-THAN. In Experiment 2, the posttest showed that an ...
A program for treatment of compulsive gambling is presented. The participant in the study was a 2... more A program for treatment of compulsive gambling is presented. The participant in the study was a 27-year old teacher. Before the treatment started he spent about $3.700 a month and his debt because of gambling was 60 000 dollars. The procedure included different parts; self-recording, establishment of alternative and incompatible behavior, relapse prevention and restrictions in access to money. To ensure that it was not the prevention from the access to money that stopped the use of money spent on gambling, thus, a couple of days every month participant had access to a certain amount of money. After the start of the treatment he has not lost or spent any money on gambling for nearly two years. Keywords: compulsive gambling, treatment, self-recording, relapse prevention ********** A search in the PsycINFO database gave 1341 publications including search words as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Furthermore, over the past years there has been an enormous increase in gambli...
International journal of psychology and psychological therapy, 2019
Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) proced... more Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) procedures between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli in tests for equivalence class formation. The main findings have been a decrease in experimenter-defined correct matching performance when participants have been exposed to such distractors. Therefore, the purpose of two experiments in the present study was to extend the knowledge of how different types of distractors may or may not influence equivalence class formation in DMTS procedures. Experiments 1 and 2 were arranged as ABA designs. The A-phases were arranged without distractors and the B-phases with distractors during testing. In the test phases, dictation tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 1, while echoic tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 2. The results showed that matching accuracy and equivalence class formation were reduced in the B-phases but not in the A-phases in Expe...
Denne boken er en revisjon av forsteutgaven fra 2005. Folgende kapitler er revidert «Eksperimente... more Denne boken er en revisjon av forsteutgaven fra 2005. Folgende kapitler er revidert «Eksperimentell design, med spesiell vekt pa ulike typer av N=1 design» av Erik Arntzen, «Vitenskapelig tenkemate» av Else Askeroi, «Forskning mellom utfordringer og muligheter» av Else Askeroi og Ingrid Barikmo, «Kategorisering av kvalitative intervjudata» av Else Askeroi og Mette Hoie, «Deltagende observasjon som metode for feltforskning» av Lillian Larsen, «A strukturere en fagtekst» av Halvor Spetalen, «Introduksjon til kvantitativ, kausal forskning» og «Felteksperimenter» begge av Adam Vogt. De ovrige kapitler er ikke revidert, fordi forfatterne vurderer kapitlene som dekkende i forhold til utviklingen innen fagfeltet siden forrige utgave av boken. Imidlertid er alle kapitlene i boken oppgradert til APA referanse stil. Bokas metodiske tilnaerminger til forskning og utvikling innenfor ulike profesjonsfag, representerer forfatternes faglige forankringer, interesser og erfaringer knyttet til studen...
In the present study, two typically developing 4-year-old children, Pete and Joe, were trained si... more In the present study, two typically developing 4-year-old children, Pete and Joe, were trained six conditional discriminations and tested for the formation of three 3-member equivalence classes. Pete and Joe did not establish the AC relation within 600 trials and were given two conditions of preliminary training, including naming of stimuli with two different stimulus sets. Pete started with preliminary training with common naming of stimuli, followed by conditional-discrimination training and testing for emergent relations, and continued with preliminary training on individual naming of stimuli, followed by the same training and testing as described previously. Joe experienced the same conditions but in reversed order. Pete responded in accordance with equivalence in the second round in the condition with common naming. In the first round of testing in the condition with individual naming, he responded in accordance with equivalence. In the condition with individual naming, Joe did...
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