Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2019
Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incel... more Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH, ilköğretim kademesine kayıtlı öğrenci sayıları ve öğrenci başına reel kamu eğitim harcaması kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada PISA kapsamında 30 ülkenin 1998-2015 verileri kullanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak panel ekonometrisi kapsamında eşbütünleşme, uzun dönem ilişki tahmincileri için DOLS ve FMOLS testlerine yer verilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyümenin birlikte hareketliliği söz konusudur. Bu hareketlilik uzun dönemde beşeri sermayenin yayılımına katkı sağlamaktadır.
Devlet, geçmişten günümüze geçen zaman içerisinde toplumun refah düzeyini artırma amacıyla ekonom... more Devlet, geçmişten günümüze geçen zaman içerisinde toplumun refah düzeyini artırma amacıyla ekonomik ve sosyal olguların sistematik bir şekilde organize edilmesi, sunulması ve denetimi alanlarında pek çok rol üstlenmiştir. Temel insan haklarından biri olan sosyal güvenlik de bu kapsamda ele alınan konulardan biridir. Sosyal güvenlik, günlük yaşam-da karşılaşılması muhtemel çeşitli ekonomik ve sosyal risklere karşı geliştirilmiş modern bir güvence sistemidir. Bu çalışmada dünyadaki sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin genel sorunları ile söz konusu sorunlar için geliştirilen çözümlere yer verilmekte ve ülkemiz sosyal güvenlik sisteminde 90'lı yıllardan günümüze sürdürülen politikaların değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.
Tax revenues are major and important income sources for governments in most countries. Sufficient... more Tax revenues are major and important income sources for governments in most countries. Sufficient tax revenues make many government projects possible and help elected officials and politicians to remain in office longer if the government implements programs and projects demanded by the public. In today’s globalizing economic environments, there is increasing demand for a variety of public services and programs. However, the rate of increase in the tax revenues to finance these public services and programs falls short of the necessary public spending. The potential tax revenue of a country based on its legal or tax law is much larger than the tax revenues that are actually collected. Due to the lack of full tax compliance, government budgets are rarely balanced in most countries, and the gap between revenue and spending is increasing. The main question is why taxpayers evade taxes. To understand tax evasion, one can examine what factors cause taxpayers to evade taxes. If factors that...
This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of... more This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of education and by higher education program, using the 2008-2016 Household Labor Force Survey and Income and Living Conditions Survey panel datasets. The paper uses panel econometrics with the Hausman-Tay¬lor and instrumental variable methods dealing with the endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity problems. The private returns on investment in higher education tend to be higher as compared to the private returns on investment in non-tertiary education. The results indicate that the private returns on investment from various higher education programs are signifcantly different across various higher ed¬ucation programs. Based on the empirical fndings, a number of policy recommendations are developed.
Political Economy - Development: Domestic Development Strategies eJournal, 2020
The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship among education, education finance ... more The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship among education, education finance and economic growth on the basis of secondary education. In the research, the number of students enrolled in secondary education is the indicator of education, net government education expenditures per student is the education finance variable and per capita GDP is the growth variable. The research included on 30 countries participating in the PISA 2015 exam. The data cover between the years 1998-2015. Since the study has unit and time data, panel model was preferred and cointegration test was applied. DOLS and FMOLS methods were used to estimate the coefficients. Our findings suggest, there is a negative relationship between education and education finance across the panel. However, there is a mutual positive relationship between 'finance and growth' and 'education and growth'. In countries that have higher scores than the OECD average, the situation is the same as that ...
There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the worl... more There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the world during the last two decades. One alternative adopted in several countries is the privatization of so-called pay-as-you-go financing systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate social benefits and social costs associated with a Feldsteinian-type gradual privatization of the Turkish Social Insurance Institute, SSK. Based heavily upon data provided by the International Labor Organization, financial projections of the institution were made and extended to apply benefit-cost models of privatization. Present values of the change in net social benefit were estimated. The effect of privatization on representative individuals has been quantified. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the robustness of the estimates. Benefit-cost results indicate that social benefits associated with a privatization alternative exceed the social costs even after adjustments for changes in key par...
History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influenc... more History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influences on societies that they may not last for centuries. Among these, doubtless to say, John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influenced social scientists. It is therefore the subject of this study to briefly examine his personal life from his birth and school years. This study shows that John Maynard Keynes life carries so many distinguished features that are to be invaluable examples for young economists and scientists.
Turkish social security system has been developed under various social security institutions to p... more Turkish social security system has been developed under various social security institutions to provide social insurance against various social risks since 1945. Although the system has just 62 years history, it is in such situation that it is just able to provide its services with income support from general tax revenue. Thus, there has ben real efort of restructuring the system since the late 1990s. However, it is accepted that these restructured efforts possibly would not generate sufficinet revenue to provide its services in the long run, and deficit would be financed by treasury, which in turn, brings new burden on public finance. This study aims to: (1) determine fundamental long term issues of social insurance, (2) make long term financial projection of the three social security institutions under various assumptions while observing currrent reform efforts, (3) evaluate reform effort to see whether those efforts are sufficient to solve financial problems, and (4) develop addi...
Crime is an illness that attacks rights of individuals. It therefore interests everybody in a soc... more Crime is an illness that attacks rights of individuals. It therefore interests everybody in a society. It is argued that as urbanization increases so does crime. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants of crime in urban areas by using cross-sectional data. The results we get indicate that per capita income, income inequality, population, and present of black population are all important determinants of urban crime. Our results also confirm previous empirical studies on the subject.
History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influenc... more History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influences on societies that they may not last for centuries. Among these, doubtless to say, John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influenced social scientists. It is therefore the subject of this study to briefly examine his personal life from his birth and school years. This study shows that John Maynard Keynes life carries so many distinguished features that are to be invaluable examples for young economists and scientists.
This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of... more This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of education and by higher education program, using the 2008–2016 Household Labor Force Survey and Income and Living Conditions Survey panel datasets. The paper uses panel econometrics with the Hausman-Taylor and instrumental variable methods dealing with the endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity problems. The private returns on investment in higher education tend to be higher as compared to the private returns on investment in nontertiary education. The results indicate that the private returns on investment from various higher education programs are significantly different across various higher education programs. Based on the empirical findings, a number of policy recommendations are developed.
Increasing and sustaining the quality of life for people can be possible when they are healthy. G... more Increasing and sustaining the quality of life for people can be possible when they are healthy. Good health conditions require good quality and reachable health care services. Because of the market failure as a result of asymmetric information, public sector as well as private one provides health care services. The study first acknowledges about Turkish public health care services and their financing. Then, it compares Turkish health financing system with that of selected countries.
There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the worl... more There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the world during the last two decades. One alternative adopted in several countries is the privatization of so-called pay-as-you-go financing systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate social benefits and social costs associated with a Feldsteinian-type gradual privatization of the three Turkish social security institutions. Based heavily upon data provided by the International Labor Organization, financial projections of the three institutions were made and extended to apply benefit-cost models of privatization. Present values of the change in net social benefit for each institution were estimated. The effect of privatization on representative individuals has been quantified for each institution. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the robustness of the estimates. Benefit-cost results indicate that social benefits associated with a privatization alternative for each of the t...
Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2019
Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incel... more Bu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH, ilköğretim kademesine kayıtlı öğrenci sayıları ve öğrenci başına reel kamu eğitim harcaması kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada PISA kapsamında 30 ülkenin 1998-2015 verileri kullanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak panel ekonometrisi kapsamında eşbütünleşme, uzun dönem ilişki tahmincileri için DOLS ve FMOLS testlerine yer verilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, ilköğretim eğitimi, finansmanı ve ekonomik büyümenin birlikte hareketliliği söz konusudur. Bu hareketlilik uzun dönemde beşeri sermayenin yayılımına katkı sağlamaktadır.
Devlet, geçmişten günümüze geçen zaman içerisinde toplumun refah düzeyini artırma amacıyla ekonom... more Devlet, geçmişten günümüze geçen zaman içerisinde toplumun refah düzeyini artırma amacıyla ekonomik ve sosyal olguların sistematik bir şekilde organize edilmesi, sunulması ve denetimi alanlarında pek çok rol üstlenmiştir. Temel insan haklarından biri olan sosyal güvenlik de bu kapsamda ele alınan konulardan biridir. Sosyal güvenlik, günlük yaşam-da karşılaşılması muhtemel çeşitli ekonomik ve sosyal risklere karşı geliştirilmiş modern bir güvence sistemidir. Bu çalışmada dünyadaki sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin genel sorunları ile söz konusu sorunlar için geliştirilen çözümlere yer verilmekte ve ülkemiz sosyal güvenlik sisteminde 90'lı yıllardan günümüze sürdürülen politikaların değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.
Tax revenues are major and important income sources for governments in most countries. Sufficient... more Tax revenues are major and important income sources for governments in most countries. Sufficient tax revenues make many government projects possible and help elected officials and politicians to remain in office longer if the government implements programs and projects demanded by the public. In today’s globalizing economic environments, there is increasing demand for a variety of public services and programs. However, the rate of increase in the tax revenues to finance these public services and programs falls short of the necessary public spending. The potential tax revenue of a country based on its legal or tax law is much larger than the tax revenues that are actually collected. Due to the lack of full tax compliance, government budgets are rarely balanced in most countries, and the gap between revenue and spending is increasing. The main question is why taxpayers evade taxes. To understand tax evasion, one can examine what factors cause taxpayers to evade taxes. If factors that...
This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of... more This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of education and by higher education program, using the 2008-2016 Household Labor Force Survey and Income and Living Conditions Survey panel datasets. The paper uses panel econometrics with the Hausman-Tay¬lor and instrumental variable methods dealing with the endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity problems. The private returns on investment in higher education tend to be higher as compared to the private returns on investment in non-tertiary education. The results indicate that the private returns on investment from various higher education programs are signifcantly different across various higher ed¬ucation programs. Based on the empirical fndings, a number of policy recommendations are developed.
Political Economy - Development: Domestic Development Strategies eJournal, 2020
The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship among education, education finance ... more The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship among education, education finance and economic growth on the basis of secondary education. In the research, the number of students enrolled in secondary education is the indicator of education, net government education expenditures per student is the education finance variable and per capita GDP is the growth variable. The research included on 30 countries participating in the PISA 2015 exam. The data cover between the years 1998-2015. Since the study has unit and time data, panel model was preferred and cointegration test was applied. DOLS and FMOLS methods were used to estimate the coefficients. Our findings suggest, there is a negative relationship between education and education finance across the panel. However, there is a mutual positive relationship between 'finance and growth' and 'education and growth'. In countries that have higher scores than the OECD average, the situation is the same as that ...
There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the worl... more There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the world during the last two decades. One alternative adopted in several countries is the privatization of so-called pay-as-you-go financing systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate social benefits and social costs associated with a Feldsteinian-type gradual privatization of the Turkish Social Insurance Institute, SSK. Based heavily upon data provided by the International Labor Organization, financial projections of the institution were made and extended to apply benefit-cost models of privatization. Present values of the change in net social benefit were estimated. The effect of privatization on representative individuals has been quantified. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the robustness of the estimates. Benefit-cost results indicate that social benefits associated with a privatization alternative exceed the social costs even after adjustments for changes in key par...
History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influenc... more History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influences on societies that they may not last for centuries. Among these, doubtless to say, John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influenced social scientists. It is therefore the subject of this study to briefly examine his personal life from his birth and school years. This study shows that John Maynard Keynes life carries so many distinguished features that are to be invaluable examples for young economists and scientists.
Turkish social security system has been developed under various social security institutions to p... more Turkish social security system has been developed under various social security institutions to provide social insurance against various social risks since 1945. Although the system has just 62 years history, it is in such situation that it is just able to provide its services with income support from general tax revenue. Thus, there has ben real efort of restructuring the system since the late 1990s. However, it is accepted that these restructured efforts possibly would not generate sufficinet revenue to provide its services in the long run, and deficit would be financed by treasury, which in turn, brings new burden on public finance. This study aims to: (1) determine fundamental long term issues of social insurance, (2) make long term financial projection of the three social security institutions under various assumptions while observing currrent reform efforts, (3) evaluate reform effort to see whether those efforts are sufficient to solve financial problems, and (4) develop addi...
Crime is an illness that attacks rights of individuals. It therefore interests everybody in a soc... more Crime is an illness that attacks rights of individuals. It therefore interests everybody in a society. It is argued that as urbanization increases so does crime. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the determinants of crime in urban areas by using cross-sectional data. The results we get indicate that per capita income, income inequality, population, and present of black population are all important determinants of urban crime. Our results also confirm previous empirical studies on the subject.
History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influenc... more History has witnessed many great individuals who have had unforgettable impact and great influences on societies that they may not last for centuries. Among these, doubtless to say, John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influenced social scientists. It is therefore the subject of this study to briefly examine his personal life from his birth and school years. This study shows that John Maynard Keynes life carries so many distinguished features that are to be invaluable examples for young economists and scientists.
This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of... more This paper estimates private and social returns on investment in education in Turkey, by level of education and by higher education program, using the 2008–2016 Household Labor Force Survey and Income and Living Conditions Survey panel datasets. The paper uses panel econometrics with the Hausman-Taylor and instrumental variable methods dealing with the endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity problems. The private returns on investment in higher education tend to be higher as compared to the private returns on investment in nontertiary education. The results indicate that the private returns on investment from various higher education programs are significantly different across various higher education programs. Based on the empirical findings, a number of policy recommendations are developed.
Increasing and sustaining the quality of life for people can be possible when they are healthy. G... more Increasing and sustaining the quality of life for people can be possible when they are healthy. Good health conditions require good quality and reachable health care services. Because of the market failure as a result of asymmetric information, public sector as well as private one provides health care services. The study first acknowledges about Turkish public health care services and their financing. Then, it compares Turkish health financing system with that of selected countries.
There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the worl... more There has been consideration of alternative social security financing methods throughout the world during the last two decades. One alternative adopted in several countries is the privatization of so-called pay-as-you-go financing systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate social benefits and social costs associated with a Feldsteinian-type gradual privatization of the three Turkish social security institutions. Based heavily upon data provided by the International Labor Organization, financial projections of the three institutions were made and extended to apply benefit-cost models of privatization. Present values of the change in net social benefit for each institution were estimated. The effect of privatization on representative individuals has been quantified for each institution. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the robustness of the estimates. Benefit-cost results indicate that social benefits associated with a privatization alternative for each of the t...
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