Chapter 1 The Elusive Callimicos Callimico Taxonomy Distribution, Behavior, and Ecology of the Ca... more Chapter 1 The Elusive Callimicos Callimico Taxonomy Distribution, Behavior, and Ecology of the Callitrichids Chapter 2 The General Research Plan: A Comparative Study of Callimicos, Saddle-back Tamarins, and Red-bellied Tamarins Study Species Study Area Trail System Study Groups Chapter 3Fungi and the Dietary Niche of Callimicos Methodology Behavioral Observations Diet Overlap Monitoring Plants, Fungi, and Arthropods Results Overall Diet Fungi Nectar Fruits Exudates Arthropods Vertebrates Vertical Stratification: Height Class Use Diet Overlap Feeding Competition Discussion Chapter 4 Habitat Use and Activity Budgets Habitat Specialization Activity Budgets Methodology Analyses Results Home Range Size and Density Sleeping Sites Activity Period General Activity Budget Changes in Callimico Activity by Season Locomotion Callimico Substrate Use Height Class Use Microhabitat Use Seasonal Changes in Microhabitat Use Discussion Chapter 5 Polyspecific Associations Potential Costs and Benefits of Polyspecific Associations Methodology Analyses Results Patterns of Associations Between Callimicos and Tamarins Effects of Polyspecific Associations on the Behavior of Callimicos Discussion Chapter 6 Social Organization and Reproductive Strategies of Callimicos Overview of the Social Organization of Callitrichids Methodology Results Breeding Females Breeding Males Predation and Dispersal Birth Season Interbirth Interval Infant Development Communal Care Mortality Discussion Male Reproductive Strategies Female Reproductive Strategies Infant Care Benefits of Allocare to Caregivers Why Don't Callimicos Twin? Chapter 7 Conservation Conservation Status of Callimicos Speciation Population Density Geographic Range Habitat Requirements Reproduction Interspecific Competition Role of Callimicos in their Ecosystem People and Forests in the Department of the Pando Future Conservation in the Department of the Pando Chapter 8 Summary Diet Habitat Use Reproductive Strategies Social Organization Callimicos and the Adaptive Radiation of Callitrichids Conservation
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the... more Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or ...
Tamarins are reported to live in small multimale-multifemale groups characterized by a single bre... more Tamarins are reported to live in small multimale-multifemale groups characterized by a single breeding female. Here we present information on the composition and genetic relatedness of individuals in 12 wild-trapped groups of Weddell's saddleback tamarins (Saguinus weddelli) from northern Bolivia to determine if groups are best described as nuclear or extended families suggesting social monogamy or whether groups contain several unrelated same sex adults indicative of social polyandry/polygyny. Mean group size was 6.25 including an average of 2.16 adult males (range 1-4) and 2.08 adult females (1-3). No group contained only one adult male and one adult female and 25% of groups contained two parous females. We estimated the genetic relatedness among individuals using 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Across the population, mean relatedness was low and not significantly different among adult males versus among adult females, suggesting that both sexes disperse from their nata...
Enrichment of the environments of captive primates is currently of interest as both a basic and a... more Enrichment of the environments of captive primates is currently of interest as both a basic and an applied research question, particularly when social and inanimate enhancements are used simultaneously. We measured the behavioural effects of two intensities of inanimate enrichment on 12 unimale-multifemale groups and 12 all-male groups from three cohorts of three to four-year-old rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta). Half of the groups received a simple, inexpensive enrichment programme while the other groups received a more complex and costly combination of physical andfeeding enhancements. Observations were conducted on 93 subadults of both sexes during their initial year of group housing. Intensity of enrichment did not differentially affect the amount of time subjects spent in any of the activities analysed. Subjects that received the more complex programme spent only 8.3 per cent of their time using the extra enhancements. Therefore, there was little demonstrated benefit of the more...
Tamarins of the genus Leontocebus (formerly Saguinus), subfamily Callitrichinae, represent one of... more Tamarins of the genus Leontocebus (formerly Saguinus), subfamily Callitrichinae, represent one of the most diverse primate taxa but detailed information about their phylogeny is still lacking. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have led to the reclassification of many taxa. In Peru, ten subspecies of tamarins were reclassified as eight new species and four new subspecies based on genetic differences among these taxa. However, no one has attempted to determine whether these new “genetic species” have distinguishable morphological traits. To do this, we examined twenty crania and skins representing five Peruvian “genetic species” housed in the Mammals Collection at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. We measured thirty linear craniofacial characters using digital calipers and photographed the pelage of all specimens. We log-transformed and analyzed the data using the Discriminant Analysis module of SPSS 23. We qualitatively compared the pelage color and patte...
Page 1. Susan M.Ford Leila M. Porter Lesa C. Davis Editors Springer Page 2. The Smallest Anthropo... more Page 1. Susan M.Ford Leila M. Porter Lesa C. Davis Editors Springer Page 2. The Smallest Anthropoids Page 3. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects Series Editor: Russell Tuttle Department of Anthropology ...
Certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the beha... more Certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the behavior of laboratory primates, as has housing them in appropriate social conditions. While social housing is generally advocated as an important environmental enhancement, few ...
A survey of the distribution and density of Callimico goeldii was conducted at five sites across ... more A survey of the distribution and density of Callimico goeldii was conducted at five sites across northwestern Bolivia, in the Department of Pando. C. goeldii was found at two sites north of the Manuripi River, with high densities at one site located along the Acre River. Estimates of habitat availability at these sites suggest that C. goeldii reaches high densities in areas with low human density and well established and extensive bamboo forests. These results, when reviewed with those of prior studies, indicate that the patchy distribution of C. goeldii in Pando is a result of both riverine barriers and the availability of bamboo habitat.
Chapter 1 The Elusive Callimicos Callimico Taxonomy Distribution, Behavior, and Ecology of the Ca... more Chapter 1 The Elusive Callimicos Callimico Taxonomy Distribution, Behavior, and Ecology of the Callitrichids Chapter 2 The General Research Plan: A Comparative Study of Callimicos, Saddle-back Tamarins, and Red-bellied Tamarins Study Species Study Area Trail System Study Groups Chapter 3Fungi and the Dietary Niche of Callimicos Methodology Behavioral Observations Diet Overlap Monitoring Plants, Fungi, and Arthropods Results Overall Diet Fungi Nectar Fruits Exudates Arthropods Vertebrates Vertical Stratification: Height Class Use Diet Overlap Feeding Competition Discussion Chapter 4 Habitat Use and Activity Budgets Habitat Specialization Activity Budgets Methodology Analyses Results Home Range Size and Density Sleeping Sites Activity Period General Activity Budget Changes in Callimico Activity by Season Locomotion Callimico Substrate Use Height Class Use Microhabitat Use Seasonal Changes in Microhabitat Use Discussion Chapter 5 Polyspecific Associations Potential Costs and Benefits of Polyspecific Associations Methodology Analyses Results Patterns of Associations Between Callimicos and Tamarins Effects of Polyspecific Associations on the Behavior of Callimicos Discussion Chapter 6 Social Organization and Reproductive Strategies of Callimicos Overview of the Social Organization of Callitrichids Methodology Results Breeding Females Breeding Males Predation and Dispersal Birth Season Interbirth Interval Infant Development Communal Care Mortality Discussion Male Reproductive Strategies Female Reproductive Strategies Infant Care Benefits of Allocare to Caregivers Why Don't Callimicos Twin? Chapter 7 Conservation Conservation Status of Callimicos Speciation Population Density Geographic Range Habitat Requirements Reproduction Interspecific Competition Role of Callimicos in their Ecosystem People and Forests in the Department of the Pando Future Conservation in the Department of the Pando Chapter 8 Summary Diet Habitat Use Reproductive Strategies Social Organization Callimicos and the Adaptive Radiation of Callitrichids Conservation
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the... more Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or ...
Tamarins are reported to live in small multimale-multifemale groups characterized by a single bre... more Tamarins are reported to live in small multimale-multifemale groups characterized by a single breeding female. Here we present information on the composition and genetic relatedness of individuals in 12 wild-trapped groups of Weddell's saddleback tamarins (Saguinus weddelli) from northern Bolivia to determine if groups are best described as nuclear or extended families suggesting social monogamy or whether groups contain several unrelated same sex adults indicative of social polyandry/polygyny. Mean group size was 6.25 including an average of 2.16 adult males (range 1-4) and 2.08 adult females (1-3). No group contained only one adult male and one adult female and 25% of groups contained two parous females. We estimated the genetic relatedness among individuals using 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Across the population, mean relatedness was low and not significantly different among adult males versus among adult females, suggesting that both sexes disperse from their nata...
Enrichment of the environments of captive primates is currently of interest as both a basic and a... more Enrichment of the environments of captive primates is currently of interest as both a basic and an applied research question, particularly when social and inanimate enhancements are used simultaneously. We measured the behavioural effects of two intensities of inanimate enrichment on 12 unimale-multifemale groups and 12 all-male groups from three cohorts of three to four-year-old rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta). Half of the groups received a simple, inexpensive enrichment programme while the other groups received a more complex and costly combination of physical andfeeding enhancements. Observations were conducted on 93 subadults of both sexes during their initial year of group housing. Intensity of enrichment did not differentially affect the amount of time subjects spent in any of the activities analysed. Subjects that received the more complex programme spent only 8.3 per cent of their time using the extra enhancements. Therefore, there was little demonstrated benefit of the more...
Tamarins of the genus Leontocebus (formerly Saguinus), subfamily Callitrichinae, represent one of... more Tamarins of the genus Leontocebus (formerly Saguinus), subfamily Callitrichinae, represent one of the most diverse primate taxa but detailed information about their phylogeny is still lacking. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have led to the reclassification of many taxa. In Peru, ten subspecies of tamarins were reclassified as eight new species and four new subspecies based on genetic differences among these taxa. However, no one has attempted to determine whether these new “genetic species” have distinguishable morphological traits. To do this, we examined twenty crania and skins representing five Peruvian “genetic species” housed in the Mammals Collection at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. We measured thirty linear craniofacial characters using digital calipers and photographed the pelage of all specimens. We log-transformed and analyzed the data using the Discriminant Analysis module of SPSS 23. We qualitatively compared the pelage color and patte...
Page 1. Susan M.Ford Leila M. Porter Lesa C. Davis Editors Springer Page 2. The Smallest Anthropo... more Page 1. Susan M.Ford Leila M. Porter Lesa C. Davis Editors Springer Page 2. The Smallest Anthropoids Page 3. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects Series Editor: Russell Tuttle Department of Anthropology ...
Certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the beha... more Certain types of inanimate environmental enrichment have been shown to positively affect the behavior of laboratory primates, as has housing them in appropriate social conditions. While social housing is generally advocated as an important environmental enhancement, few ...
A survey of the distribution and density of Callimico goeldii was conducted at five sites across ... more A survey of the distribution and density of Callimico goeldii was conducted at five sites across northwestern Bolivia, in the Department of Pando. C. goeldii was found at two sites north of the Manuripi River, with high densities at one site located along the Acre River. Estimates of habitat availability at these sites suggest that C. goeldii reaches high densities in areas with low human density and well established and extensive bamboo forests. These results, when reviewed with those of prior studies, indicate that the patchy distribution of C. goeldii in Pando is a result of both riverine barriers and the availability of bamboo habitat.
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