Plants are able to produce numerous types of metabolites, which can be utilized for drug developm... more Plants are able to produce numerous types of metabolites, which can be utilized for drug development, and various other purposes like resistance to a pest, abiotic stresses, and disease. Recently it was discovered that genes, which are responsible for the production of these metabolites, are arranged in operon-like gene clusters. These gene clusters are co-expressed and regulated by the same set of regulatory elements. Identification of such gene clusters has tremendous application in synthetic biology. Advancement in genome information, genome mining, and analysis tools have placed us at a commanding position that will provide us a technique to modify the gene for large production of the specialized chemicals. Rice being stapled food for the majority of the human population is chosen in the present study to find out the gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites. We have reported 39 gene clusters on 12 chromosomes of Oryza sativa group Japonica. Few of the selected metabolite producing gene clusters is a saccharide, lignin, terpene, alkaloid etc. There were several gene clusters for putative metabolites, which we have annotated in this study.
Abstract Fungi belong to the eukaryotic group of microorganisms, and are found in almost all type... more Abstract Fungi belong to the eukaryotic group of microorganisms, and are found in almost all types of ecosystem. Some common examples of fungi are molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. Fungal secondary metabolites are different categories of compounds produced by the organisms of this kingdom. Secondary metabolites are compounds that are produced as by-products of primary metabolism and are not essential for the survival of the organism. Fungal metabolites have tremendous economic importance, for example, as the producers of antibiotics, coloring agents for food, and enzymes. Understanding the details of the genes and proteins responsible for the production of these secondary metabolites, along with the chemical-physical nature of these compounds, is essential. Knowledge of genomes, proteomes, and systems biology is essential for better understanding to enhance large-scale production of these useful secondary metabolites. Computational biology approaches are a very effective and convenient way to attain the required knowledge regarding fungal secondary metabolites. In this chapter, we have discussed the details of different secondary metabolites, their uses, and importance in industries for the betterment of humankind. We have also discussed relevant computational recourses such as databases, tools, and techniques related to fungi. Application of these tools and databases to understand the fungi genome, transcriptome, and metabolites can be a breakthrough in the field.
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-P... more Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-PNs) to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Method: EZL-PNs formulation was developed by slurry method and optimized by 33 box-Bhekhen statistical design software. Span 60 (surfactant), cholesterol, EZL concentration were taken as independent variables and their effects were evaluated on vesicle size (nm), entrapment efficiency (%, EE) and drug release (%, DR). Furthermore, optimized EZL-PNs (EZL-PNs-opt) formulation was evaluated for ex vivo permeation, pharmacokinetic and ulcer protection activity. Result: The EZL-PNs-opt formulation showed 616 ± 13.21 nm of vesicle size, and 81.21 ± 2.35% of EE. EZL-PNs-opt exhibited negative zeta potential and spherical confirmed scanning electron microscopy. EZL-PNs-opt showed sustained release of EZL (95.07 ± 2.10% in 12 h) than pure EZL dispersion. The ex-vivo gut permeation result exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced flux...
The current pandemic has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHE... more The current pandemic has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020 The causative agent of the COVID-19 is Sub-Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes lung severe disease, is an enveloped RNA virus The bats being the main zoonotic reservoir of the virus As of July 9, 2020, the number of cases has around 11,841,326 cases, with 544,739 death cases worldwide Surveillance of the asymptomatic carriers, the certain lockdown of the public places, quarantine of 14 days of suspected individuals, or other necessary steps have been taken by each country to limit the coronavirus infection Many scientists have worked on drug repositioning of already available drugs to compete and kill the virus The following literature review has been conducted from the publicly available information about the evolutionary relationship, genetics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, o...
Genomics is the study of the complete genetic material of an organism. It would not be an exagger... more Genomics is the study of the complete genetic material of an organism. It would not be an exaggeration to say that we are at the peak of the genomics era as with the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies we have an enormous amount of genomic data coming every day. Genomics assisted breeding (GAB) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of crop improvement. GAB utilizes available genomics information of different crops and their relatives for the purpose of plant breeding to produce improved varieties of the crops. Proper knowledge of these tools and databases helps in speeding up the process of plant breeding. The available tools can be categorized into several groups such as genetic diversity, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)/gene mapping, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) based Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, Molecular breeding, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Genomic Selection (GS), Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS), Multiparent Ad...
List of species used for phylogeny analysis along with Ocimum to depict taxonomical distribution ... more List of species used for phylogeny analysis along with Ocimum to depict taxonomical distribution of this species in plant kingdom.
Pie chart of distribution of protein domains (Pfam) of all the predicted genes in O. tenuiflorum ... more Pie chart of distribution of protein domains (Pfam) of all the predicted genes in O. tenuiflorum subtype Krishna genome.
Metabolites with unknown pathways with their disease implications. There are 15 medicinally relev... more Metabolites with unknown pathways with their disease implications. There are 15 medicinally relevant metabolites in Ocimum sp. with unknown pathways.
Pathways of all the 14 important medicinal metabolites of the Tulsi genome which were studied in ... more Pathways of all the 14 important medicinal metabolites of the Tulsi genome which were studied in detail.
Plants are able to produce numerous types of metabolites, which can be utilized for drug developm... more Plants are able to produce numerous types of metabolites, which can be utilized for drug development, and various other purposes like resistance to a pest, abiotic stresses, and disease. Recently it was discovered that genes, which are responsible for the production of these metabolites, are arranged in operon-like gene clusters. These gene clusters are co-expressed and regulated by the same set of regulatory elements. Identification of such gene clusters has tremendous application in synthetic biology. Advancement in genome information, genome mining, and analysis tools have placed us at a commanding position that will provide us a technique to modify the gene for large production of the specialized chemicals. Rice being stapled food for the majority of the human population is chosen in the present study to find out the gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites. We have reported 39 gene clusters on 12 chromosomes of Oryza sativa group Japonica. Few of the selected metabolite producing gene clusters is a saccharide, lignin, terpene, alkaloid etc. There were several gene clusters for putative metabolites, which we have annotated in this study.
Abstract Fungi belong to the eukaryotic group of microorganisms, and are found in almost all type... more Abstract Fungi belong to the eukaryotic group of microorganisms, and are found in almost all types of ecosystem. Some common examples of fungi are molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. Fungal secondary metabolites are different categories of compounds produced by the organisms of this kingdom. Secondary metabolites are compounds that are produced as by-products of primary metabolism and are not essential for the survival of the organism. Fungal metabolites have tremendous economic importance, for example, as the producers of antibiotics, coloring agents for food, and enzymes. Understanding the details of the genes and proteins responsible for the production of these secondary metabolites, along with the chemical-physical nature of these compounds, is essential. Knowledge of genomes, proteomes, and systems biology is essential for better understanding to enhance large-scale production of these useful secondary metabolites. Computational biology approaches are a very effective and convenient way to attain the required knowledge regarding fungal secondary metabolites. In this chapter, we have discussed the details of different secondary metabolites, their uses, and importance in industries for the betterment of humankind. We have also discussed relevant computational recourses such as databases, tools, and techniques related to fungi. Application of these tools and databases to understand the fungi genome, transcriptome, and metabolites can be a breakthrough in the field.
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-P... more Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-PNs) to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Method: EZL-PNs formulation was developed by slurry method and optimized by 33 box-Bhekhen statistical design software. Span 60 (surfactant), cholesterol, EZL concentration were taken as independent variables and their effects were evaluated on vesicle size (nm), entrapment efficiency (%, EE) and drug release (%, DR). Furthermore, optimized EZL-PNs (EZL-PNs-opt) formulation was evaluated for ex vivo permeation, pharmacokinetic and ulcer protection activity. Result: The EZL-PNs-opt formulation showed 616 ± 13.21 nm of vesicle size, and 81.21 ± 2.35% of EE. EZL-PNs-opt exhibited negative zeta potential and spherical confirmed scanning electron microscopy. EZL-PNs-opt showed sustained release of EZL (95.07 ± 2.10% in 12 h) than pure EZL dispersion. The ex-vivo gut permeation result exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced flux...
The current pandemic has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHE... more The current pandemic has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020 The causative agent of the COVID-19 is Sub-Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes lung severe disease, is an enveloped RNA virus The bats being the main zoonotic reservoir of the virus As of July 9, 2020, the number of cases has around 11,841,326 cases, with 544,739 death cases worldwide Surveillance of the asymptomatic carriers, the certain lockdown of the public places, quarantine of 14 days of suspected individuals, or other necessary steps have been taken by each country to limit the coronavirus infection Many scientists have worked on drug repositioning of already available drugs to compete and kill the virus The following literature review has been conducted from the publicly available information about the evolutionary relationship, genetics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, o...
Genomics is the study of the complete genetic material of an organism. It would not be an exagger... more Genomics is the study of the complete genetic material of an organism. It would not be an exaggeration to say that we are at the peak of the genomics era as with the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies we have an enormous amount of genomic data coming every day. Genomics assisted breeding (GAB) is becoming increasingly popular in the field of crop improvement. GAB utilizes available genomics information of different crops and their relatives for the purpose of plant breeding to produce improved varieties of the crops. Proper knowledge of these tools and databases helps in speeding up the process of plant breeding. The available tools can be categorized into several groups such as genetic diversity, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)/gene mapping, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) based Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, Molecular breeding, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), Genomic Selection (GS), Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS), Multiparent Ad...
List of species used for phylogeny analysis along with Ocimum to depict taxonomical distribution ... more List of species used for phylogeny analysis along with Ocimum to depict taxonomical distribution of this species in plant kingdom.
Pie chart of distribution of protein domains (Pfam) of all the predicted genes in O. tenuiflorum ... more Pie chart of distribution of protein domains (Pfam) of all the predicted genes in O. tenuiflorum subtype Krishna genome.
Metabolites with unknown pathways with their disease implications. There are 15 medicinally relev... more Metabolites with unknown pathways with their disease implications. There are 15 medicinally relevant metabolites in Ocimum sp. with unknown pathways.
Pathways of all the 14 important medicinal metabolites of the Tulsi genome which were studied in ... more Pathways of all the 14 important medicinal metabolites of the Tulsi genome which were studied in detail.
The phenomenon of protein domain swapping, observed originally amongst a handful of protein examp... more The phenomenon of protein domain swapping, observed originally amongst a handful of protein examples, is acquiring attention not only due to statistically significant number of examples, but their relevance in neurodegenerative and other diseases. We describe an algorithm which could automatically detect 'hinge regions' in 87% of domain swapped examples, using structural properties such as higher inter-chain interactions, solvent accessibility and unstructured "coil" backbone conformation. This has enabled us to update our 3DSwap database which now contains data for 2057 protein structural entries where we observe swapping. Conformational analysis of four-residue hinge regions, in compariBon witb the equivalent region in tbe non-swapped domain countmpart, reveals fairly extended conformations are adopted by short hinges. Starting from one such hinge region, using metadynam.ics simulations, we show that there is a strong tendency to adopt to the more popular conformation as observed in tbe non-swapped domain structure. More detailed investigations of the inherently flexible, yet stable multiple conformations of the hinge regions that underlie the domain swapping structural transitions will be valuable.
Uploads
Papers