Obesitas

A very obese gentleman with a prominent double chin and mustache dressed in black with a sword at his left side. — *Alexander del Borro, Generalis Tuscanus.* Tabula Carolo Mellin tributa, 1645.^[1] Obesitas Medio Aevo et Renascentia saepe videbatur signum divitum, et inter duces societatis erat communis.

A painting of a dark haired pink cheeked obese nude young female leaning against a table. She is holding grapes and grape leaves in her left hand which cover her genitalia. — Puella cui ut homines medicinae periti sumunt est syndroma Prader-Willi. Tabula a Ioanne Carreno de Miranda anno 1680 picta.^[2]

A carved stone miniature figurine depicted an obese female. — *Venus Willendorfiana.* Figurina lapidea quae mulierem obesam monstrat; circa annos 24,000–22,000 a.C.n. sculpta.

Gulielmus Howard Taft, Praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, ob obesitatem in ludibrio saepe fuit.

Obesitas est gravitas valetudinis, in qua nimium adipis adeo accumulatur, ut saluti nocere, exspectationem vitae imminuere plusculumque hominum morbo afficere possit.^[3]^[4] Obesus putatur, cuius index molis corporei (IMC) — aestimatio quae ita fit, ut pondus hominis quadrato altitudinis eius dividatur — 30 kg/m² excedit.^[5]

Obesitas probabilitatem variorum morborum auget, praecipue morbi cordis, diabetis generis 2, obstructivae somni apneae, certorum generum cancri, et osteoarthritis.^[6] Obesitas plerumque efficitur a mixtura nimium energiae ex cibo, inopiae activitatis physicae, et procilivitatis geneticae, quamquam nonnullae causae primum a genis, confusione endocrinae, medicamentis, vel morbo mentis efficiuntur. Non multa indicia opinionem nonnullos homines obesos minime edere sed pondus capere ob metabolismum tardum sustinent; ex contrario, ob energiam quae ad conservandam massam corpoream necesse est, homines obesi maiorem energiam expendere quam homines tenues solent.^[7]^[8]

Diaeta minuta et exercitatio physica sunt principales obesitatis curationes. Qualitas diaetae ameliorari potest immuendo consumptione ciborum energia densorum sicut cibi adipis saccharique pleni, et amplificando consumptionem fibrae diaetariae. Medicamenta contra obesitatem recipi possunt ad minuendam appententiam vel interdicendam absorptionem adipis, una cum diaeta commoda. Si diaeta, exercitatio, et medicina non sunt efficaces, globus gastricus adiuvare, vel chirurgia bariatrica volumen stomachi et/vel longitudinem intestini imminuere potest, praematuram satiationem et reductam nutrimentorum ex cibo absorptorum facultatem inducens.^[9]^[10]

Notae

↑ Zachary Bloomgarden (2003). "Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes". Diabetes Care 26 (11): 3172–3178 .
↑ Mary Jones. "Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome: Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?". European Society of Sleep Technologists .
↑ WHO 2000 p.6
↑ Haslam & James 2005.
↑ WHO 2000:9.
↑ Haslam & James 2005.
↑ Robert Kushner, (2007). Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology). Totowa, Novae Caesraeae: Humana Press. p. 158. ISBN 1-59745-400-1 .
↑ J. P. Adams et P. G. Murphy (Iulio 2000). "Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care". British Journal of Anaesthesiology 85 (1): 91–108
↑ NICE 2006 p.10–11
↑ I. Imaz, C. Martínez-Cervell, E. E. García-Alvarez, J. M. Sendra-Gutiérrez, et J. González-Enríquez (Iulio 2008). "Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity: A meta-analysis". Obesity Surgery 18 (7): 841–6 .

Bibliographia

Bhargava, Alok; Guthrie, J. (2002). "Unhealthy eating habits, physical exercise and macronutrient intakes are predictors of anthropometric indicators in the Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations". British Journal of Nutrition 88 (6): 719–728
Bhargava, Alok (2006). "Fiber intakes and anthropometric measures are predictors of circulating hormone, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentration in the Women's Health Trial". Journal of Nutrition 136 (8): 2249–2254
Biesalski, H., P. Fürst, et H. Kasper. 2004. Ernährungsmedizin. ISBN 3-13-100293-X.
Eder, S., A. Radinger, et J. Möhring. 2009. Pauline purzelt wieder: Hilfe für übergewichtige Kinder und ihre Eltern. Salisburgi: Edition Riedenburg. ISBN 978-3-902647-23-8.
Haslam, D.W. & James, W.P. 2005. Obesity. Lancet 366 (9492): 1197–1209.
Jebb, S., et J. Wells. 2005. Measuring body composition in adults and children. In Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children, ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 12–28. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722.
Kopelman, P., et I. Caterson. 2005. An overview of obesity management. In Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children, ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 319–326. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1998) (PDF). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. International Medical Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-58808-002-1
"Obesity: guidance on the prevention, identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and children" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE). National Health Services (NHS). 2006
Puhl R., K. Henderson, et K. Brownell. 2005. Social consequences of obesity. In Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children, ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 29–45. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722.
Reich, G. et M. Cierpka. 2001. Psychotherapie der Eßstörungen. ISBN 3-13-108782-X.
Schauder, P., et G. Ollenschäger. 2006. Ernährungsmedizin: Prävention und Therapie. ISBN 3-437-22921-4.
Schemmel, Rachel, ed. 1980. Nutrition, Physiology and Obesity. Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5471-4.
Seidell, J. C. 2005. Epidemiology: definition and classification of obesity In Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children, ed. Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock, et William H. Dietz, 3–11. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405116722.
Vigarello, Georges. 2010. Les métamorphoses du gras: Histoire de l'obésité du Moyen Age au XXe siècle. Lutetiae: Seuil. ISBN 2-02-089893-4.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2000) (PDF). Technical report series 894: Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic.. Genavae: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-120894-5

Bibliographia addita

Fumento, Michael (1997). The Fat of the Land: Our Health Crises and How Overweight Americans can Help Themselves. Novi Eboraci: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-026144-3
Keller, Kathleen (2008). Encyclopedia of Obesity. Thousand Oaks, Californiae: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 1-4129-5238-7
Kolata, Gina (2007). Rethinking Thin: The new science of weight loss – and the myths and realities of dieting. Picador. ISBN 0-312-42785-9
Kopelman, Peter G. (2005). Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children. Blackwell Publishing. p. 493. ISBN 1-4051-1672-2
Levy-Navarro, Elena (2008). The Culture of Obesity in Early and Late Modernity. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-60123-5
Pool, Robert (2001). Fat: Fighting the Obesity Epidemic. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511853-7

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad obesitatem spectant.

Groupe de Réflexion sur l'Obésité et le Surpoids, apud www.gros.org (Francogallice)
Obesitas apud www.who.int (Consociationem Mundialem Sanitatis) (Anglice)
Obesitas apud www.nlm.nih.gov (MedLinePlus) (Anglice)
Obesitas in Europa, apud www.cfnavarra.es (Hispanice)
Obesitas apud Consilium Europaeum pro informatione de alimentatio, apud www.eufic.org (Francogallice)
Societas Hispanica quae obesitatem studit, apud www.seedo.es (Hispanice)

[Zach2003-1] Zachary Bloomgarden (2003). "Prevention of Obesity and Diabetes". Diabetes Care 26 (11): 3172–3178 .

[2] Mary Jones. "Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome: Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?". European Society of Sleep Technologists .

[WHO_2000_p.6-3] WHO 2000 p.6

[4] Haslam & James 2005.

[WHO_2000_p.9-5] WHO 2000:9.

[6] Haslam & James 2005.

[7] Robert Kushner, (2007). Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology). Totowa, Novae Caesraeae: Humana Press. p. 158. ISBN 1-59745-400-1 .

[Anes2000-8] J. P. Adams et P. G. Murphy (Iulio 2000). "Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care". British Journal of Anaesthesiology 85 (1): 91–108

[9] NICE 2006 p.10–11

[balloon2008-10] I. Imaz, C. Martínez-Cervell, E. E. García-Alvarez, J. M. Sendra-Gutiérrez, et J. González-Enríquez (Iulio 2008). "Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity: A meta-analysis". Obesity Surgery 18 (7): 841–6 .

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