Mumbai

A white Buddhist stupa. — Speluncae Kanheri antiquitate fuit pro sede Buddhismi in India Occidentali.

Naves in Portu Bombayano, circa 1731. Urbs medio saeculo duodevicensimo facta est locus commercii magni momenti.

Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island, which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east, and Vasai Creek to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek, and the Thane District is north of Vasai Creek. — Mumbai in duobus districtibus vectigalis consistit: in urbe propria et suburbio.

Despectus in regionem metropolitanam Mumbai, ex satellite Landsat 5, 30 Ianuarii 2011.

Mumbai est commercialis et ad aerarium pertinens Indiae caput, atque principia multarum institutionum primarum in urbe sita sunt. Hic videtur Nexus Maritimus Bandra-Worli (*Bandra-Worli Sea Link*), caeliscalpiis in scaena.

Caeliscalpia Mumbaiensia noctu videntur.

Praesidia Collegii Municipalis Brihanmumbai, maximae reipublicae organizationis civicae.

A brown building with a central tower and sloping roofs surrounded by trees. A grassy ground and a coconut tree are in front of it. — Forum Altum Bombaiensis auctoritatem super Maharashtram, Goa, Daman et Diu, atque Dadra et Nagar Haveli habet.

A white building with a triangular façade and wide stairs — Asiatica Bombayae Societas (Anglice *Asiatic Society of Bombay*) est una ex veterrimis bibliothecis publicis in urbe sitis.

Ganesh Chaturthi, feriae populo gratae Mumbai, venerationem Ganeshae implicit. Hic vehementius monstrata est publica imago Ganesh populo grata, Lalbaug in loco conservata et Lalbaugcha Raja appellata.

Mumbaī,^[1] scriptura Devanagari मुंबई (Latine olim Bombainum)^[2]^[3] est caput Maharashtrae, civitatis Indiae. Id est urbs maxime habitata in India, et quarta a maxima in orbe terrarum, cum numero civium in regione metropolitana circa 20.5 milliones. Cum regionibus urbanis propinquis, inter quas urbes Navi Mumbai et Thane, id est una ex maxime habitatarum regionum urbanarum in orbe terrarum.^[4] Mumbai in occidentali Indiae litore patet, et profundum portum naturalem habet. Anno 2009, urbs nominatum est una ex urbibus mundi alpha.^[5] Mumbai praeterea est divitissima urbs in India,^[6] et maximum GDP omnium urbium in Asia Meridiana, Occidentali, et Media habet.

Septem insulae quae Mumbai una constituunt olim erant coloniae piscatui dicatae. Insulae nonnulla saecula erant in dicione continuorum imperiorum vernaculorum antequam Imperio Portugalliae et deinde Societati Indiae Orientalis Britannicae concederentur. Medio saeculo duodevicensimo, Mumbai a consilio Hornby Vellard denuo configuratum est,^[7] quod regionem inter septem insulas ex mari repetere molitum est.^[8] Consilium, ante 1845 cum constructione maiorum viarum et ferriviarum confectum, Bombay in maiorem portum maritimum in Mari Arabico convertit. Evolutio oeconomiae et educationis saeculo undevicensimo fuerunt proprietates urbis; quae firma Motus Libertatis Indicae fundamenta saeculo vicensimo ineunte facta est. India anno 1947 liberata, urbs in Civitate Bombayana constituta est, atque anno 1960, post Motum Samyukta Maharashtra, Maharashtra civitas nova creata est, Bombay capite. Urbs Mumbai anno 1996 publice nominata est,^[9] ex Mumbadevi, dea Koliensi.

Mumbai est Indicum commercii oblectamentique caput, atque erga fluxionem ad aerarium globale pertinens una ex maximis decimis commercii sedibus,^[10] 5 centesimas GDP Indiae generans,^[11] et rationem de 25 centesimis productionis industrialis, 70 centesimis mercaturae maritimae in India (Mumbai Port Trust et JNPT),^[12] et 70 centesimis transactionum capitalis in oeconomia Indiae reddens.^[13] Urbs institutiones magni momenti ad aerarium pertinentis sicut Reserve Bank of India, Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange of India, Securities and Exchange Board of India, et corporata multarum societatum Indicarum et corporationes multinationales praesidia habet. Urbs etiam est locus nonnullorum Indiae optimorum institutorum scientiae et energiae nuclearis, sicut Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Atomic Energy Commission of India, et Department of Atomic Energy. Urbs etiam est locus Indicae pellicularum et televisionis industriae Hindi (Bollywood) et Marathi. Quia Mumbai occasionem commercii et melioris normae vivendi dat,^[14] urbs ad se profectionem omne ex India attrahit, et vicissim fit "olla dissolvendi" multarum communitatum et culturarum.

Mumbai nota est urbs naturaliter profana, sed nonnullas oppugnationes terroristicas post initium saeculi vicensimi primi passa est. Multi homini mortui sunt et multae proprietates damno in tumultibus communalibus annorum 1992–1993 et bombardamentis anni 1993 adfectae sunt.

Nomen

Nomen huius urbis sub forma Manbai anno 1507 reperitur in opere Arabico Mirat-i-Ahmadi de historia Guzaratae. Mox idem nomen Lusitanice legitur sub forma Bombaim (a Portugallensibus usque hodie usitata) in commentariis Caspari Correia quibus titulus praeponitur Lendas da Índia.^[15] Sed Garcias ab Orta anno 1563 formas Mombaim et Bombaim praebet. Ille enim in libro suo medicamentorum et condimentorum de fundo suo iuxta hanc urbem posito loquitur et de plantatione arecarum.^[16] Urbs Anglice appellatus est Bombaim (sicut Lusitanice) anno 1673, Bombeye anno 1676, Bombay crebriter ab anno 1711.^[17]

Clima

Urbi Mumbai clima est tropicum savanense per enumerationem Köppen–Geiger, mensibus siccis septem quotannis, pluviis mense Iulio ad maximum incidentibus statione mitiore a mense Decembri incipiente, calidiore a mense Martio, hippalo autem saeviente a mense Iunio usque in Octobrem a parte austro-occidentali; temperatura aëris minima mense Ianuario 17° atque mensibus Maio et Iunio 23°, maxima inter 29.5° mense Augusto et 33.5° mensibus Novembri et Maio, sed minima extrema usque hodie nota 7.4° die 27 Ianuarii 1962, maxima extrema 42.2° die 14 Aprilis 1952; pluviis a mense Ianuario ad Aprilem fere 1 mm tantum, mense Iunio 523 mm atque Augusto 530 mm, mense Iulio haud minus quam 800 mm, anno toto ad 2 147 mm media urbe elevatis et 2 457 in suburbio, pluvio diurnali omnino maximo 944 mm die 26 Iulii 2005; diebus pluviosis per annum totum fere 79 incidentibus; humiditate relativa inter mensuras 67% et 86% reperta, horis solis fulgentis mense Iulio 73, mense Maio 296, per annum totum 2 583 repertis.^[18]

Incolae notabiles

Nati

1931 - Antonius de Mello, Iesuita (mortuus 1987)
1936 - Ismail Merchant, productor et moderator cinematographicus (mortuus 2005)

Mortui

Simon Ignatius Pimenta (1920 - 2013), cardinalis.
Pran Krishan Sikand (1920 - 2013), histrio cinematographicus.
Carolus Correa (1930 - 2015), architectus

Notae

↑ Cf. Archiepiscopus Mumbaiensis in Radio Vaticana, Nuntii Latini 2 Decembris 2008.
↑ "Bombainum": (vide p. 418 apud Google Books) (pp. 40, 44 apud Google Books)
↑ "Bombaynum": Paulinus a S. Bartholomaeo, India Orientalis Christiana (Romae, 1794) p. 55 et alibi; "Insula de Bombaim" (1677) s.v. "Bombay^{[nexus deficit]}" in H. Yule, A. C. Burnell; Gulielmus Crooke, ed., Hobson-Jobson. 2a ed. (Londinii: Murray, 1903) ~ ~; etiam "Bombaya": cf. Bombayae in urbe.
↑ "Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950–2025 (India)". Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN) .
↑ "GAWC World Cities Ranking List". Diserio.com .
↑ "India needs cities network for easy rural-urban shift – Economy and Politics". livemint.com. 3 Augusti 2009 .
↑ Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 28.
↑ "Once Upon a Time in Bombay". Foreign Policy. 24 Iunii 2011 .
↑ "Bombay: History of a City". Bibliotheca Britannica
↑ "Mumbai, a land of opportunities – Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 20 Iulii 2011 .
↑ "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) .
↑ "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses: Rediff.com Business". Business.rediff.com
↑ "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (JPG). City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) .
↑ Corporation, Marshall Cavendish (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3
↑ Gaspar Correia, Lendas da Índia (ed. 1858) p. 926, de anno 1508 narrans
↑ Garcia de Orta, Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia (ed. 1891/1895) vol. 1 p. 326, vol. 2 p. 101
↑ Fons principalis historiae nominis: "Bombay" in H. Yule, A. C. Burnell; Gulielmus Crooke, ed., Hobson-Jobson. 2a ed. (Londinii: Murray, 1903) ~ ~
↑ Res climatologicae e Vicipaedia Anglica extractae, fontibus fidei dignis ibi citatis

Bibliographia

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Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88). V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5
Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern Indian Drama". Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction. Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. ISBN 81-7596-260-7
Chittar, Shantaram D. (1973). The Port of Bombay: a brief history. Bombay Port Trust
Datta, Kavita; Jones, Gareth A. (1999). Housing and finance in developing countries. Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17242-4
David, M. D. (1973). History of Bombay, 1661–1708. University of Mumbai
David, M. D. (1995). Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India. Himalaya Publishing House
Davis, Mike (2006). Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "]. Lutetiae: La Découverte. ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2
Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs. ISBN 81-85028-80-X
Environment and urbanization. v. 14, no. 1. International Institute for Environment and Development. April 2002. ISBN 978-1-84369-223-2
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Farooqui, Amar (2006). Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay. Three Essays Press. ISBN 978-81-88789-32-0
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Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28854-1
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Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001). Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2
Huda, Anwar (2004). The Art and Science of Cinema. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-269-0348-1
Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books. ISBN 81-7436-378-5
Keillor, Bruce David (2007). Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing. 1. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99276-4
Kelsey, Jane (2008). Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44821-5
Khalidi, Omar (2006). Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey. Global Media Publications. ISBN 978-81-88869-13-8
Kothari, Rajni (1970). Politics in India. Orient Longman
Krishnamoorthy, Bala (2008). Environmental Management: Text And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. ISBN 978-81-203-3329-1
Kumari, Asha (1990). Hinduism and Buddhism. Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. ISBN 81-7124-060-7
Lok Sabha debates. Dellii: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998
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Morris, Jan; Winchester, Simon (2005) [1983]. Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj (reissue, illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280596-6
"Mumbai Plan". Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra)
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O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-302947-2
"Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai" (PDF, 1.18 MB). Mumbai Police
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The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island. Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency. 2. Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra). 1978
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Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-6814-8
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Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. ISBN 3-86537-206-6
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Commentationes diurnariae

Srinath Perur, "Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people?" in The Guardian (30 Martii 2016)

Aliae encyclopaediae

"Bombay City" in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11a ed. (Sicagi, 1911) html djvu
"Bombay" in Walter Hamilton, The East India Gazetteer (Londinii: Murray, 1815) textus
"Bombay^{[nexus deficit]}" in H. Yule, A. C. Burnell; Gulielmus Crooke, ed., Hobson-Jobson. 2a ed. (Londinii: Murray, 1903) ~ ~
"Bombay Presidency"; "Bombay City" in William Stevenson Meyer et al., The Imperial Gazetteer of India (2a ed. 26 voll. Oxonii: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931) textus

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Mumbai spectant.

Situs geographici et historici: Locus: 19°4′33″N 72°52′39″E • OpenStreetMap • GeoNames • Thesaurus Getty • Facebook Places • Store norske Lexikon • Treccani • Большая российская энциклопедия

Situs publicus administrationis urbanae, www.mcgm.gov.in
"Official City Report," mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in

Indiae urbes milies milium incolarum

Agra • Amedebatum • Amritsar • Aurangabad • Bengalurus • Bhopala • Calcutta • Coimbatore • Dellium • Dhanbad • Faridabad • Ghaziabad • Gualeorum • Haora • Hyderabadum • Iaipura • Indore • Jabalpur • Jodhpur • Kalyan-Dombivli • Kanpur • Kota • Lakhnau • Ludhiana • Maderaspatanum • Madura • Merath • Mumbai • Nagpur • Nashik • Navi Mumbai • Patna • Pimpri-Chinchwad • Prayagraj • Pune • Rajkot • Ranchi • Raipur • Srinagar • Surata • Thane • Vadodara • Visakhapatnam • Varanasi • Vasai-Virar • Vijayawada

Opus geopoliticum • Maximae urbes orbis terrarum

Capsae cognatae: Urbes Asiae capitales • Urbes Asiae maximae (urbibus Indicis et Sinicis exceptis) • Urbes Sericae maximae

[1] Cf. Archiepiscopus Mumbaiensis in Radio Vaticana, Nuntii Latini 2 Decembris 2008.

[2] "Bombainum": (vide p. 418 apud Google Books) (pp. 40, 44 apud Google Books)

[3] "Bombaynum": Paulinus a S. Bartholomaeo, India Orientalis Christiana (Romae, 1794) p. 55 et alibi; "Insula de Bombaim" (1677) s.v. "Bombay^{[nexus deficit]}" in H. Yule, A. C. Burnell; Gulielmus Crooke, ed., Hobson-Jobson. 2a ed. (Londinii: Murray, 1903) ~ ~; etiam "Bombaya": cf. Bombayae in urbe.

[4] "Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950–2025 (India)". Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN) .

[5] "GAWC World Cities Ranking List". Diserio.com .

[livemint.com-6] "India needs cities network for easy rural-urban shift – Economy and Politics". livemint.com. 3 Augusti 2009 .

[Dwivedi_2001_28-7] Dwivedi & Mehrotra 2001, p. 28.

[fp-onceuponatime-8] "Once Upon a Time in Bombay". Foreign Policy. 24 Iunii 2011 .

[9] "Bombay: History of a City". Bibliotheca Britannica

[10] "Mumbai, a land of opportunities – Times Of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 20 Iulii 2011 .

[mmrda_muip_gdp-11] "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) .

[12] "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses: Rediff.com Business". Business.rediff.com

[imgshack-13] "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (JPG). City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) .

[Corporation2007-14] Corporation, Marshall Cavendish (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3

[15] Gaspar Correia, Lendas da Índia (ed. 1858) p. 926, de anno 1508 narrans

[16] Garcia de Orta, Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia (ed. 1891/1895) vol. 1 p. 326, vol. 2 p. 101

[17] Fons principalis historiae nominis: "Bombay" in H. Yule, A. C. Burnell; Gulielmus Crooke, ed., Hobson-Jobson. 2a ed. (Londinii: Murray, 1903) ~ ~

[18] Res climatologicae e Vicipaedia Anglica extractae, fontibus fidei dignis ibi citatis

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