Litterae Persicae

Litterae Persicae (Persice ادبیات فارسی Adabiyâte fârsi, IPA ʔædæbiːˌjɒːte fɒːɾˈsiː) sunt compositiones orales textusque Persice conscripti, quod corpus scriptorum est una ex veterrimis mundi traditionibus litterarum,^[3]^[4]^[5] plus quam duo et medium millennia amplectens. Eius fontes intra Maiorem Iraniam orti sunt, hodiernam Iraniam, Iraquiam, Afganiam, Caucasum, et Turciam, cum regionibus Asiae Mediae (praecipue Tadzikistania) atque adeo Asia Meridiana, comprehendens ubi lingua Persica per historiam notam aut lingua indigena aut lingua publica fuit. Exempli gratia, Romanus, unus ex amatissimis poetis Persicis, Bactrae (in urbe quae nunc in Afgania hodierna est) vel Vakhsh (in urbe nunc in Tadzikistania) natus, Persice scribere solebat vitamque Iconii degebat, in urbe nunc in Turcia hodierna, tum caput Selgiukidarum in Anatolia. Praeterea, Ghaznavidae magnas terras in Asia Media Meridianaque vicerunt ac linguam Persicam pro lingua fororum aularumque asciverunt; qua pro causa inveniuntur litterae Persicae in Irania, Mesopotamia, Atropatene, maiore Caucaso, Turcia, Afgania,^[6] occidentalibus Pakistaniae regionibus, India, Tadzikistania, aliisque Mediae Asiae regionibus. Sed non omnia monumenta litterarum Persicae Persice scribuntur, quia nonnulli eruditi digerunt inter litteras Persicas certa opera a Persis vel Iranis ethnicis in aliis linguis scripta, praecipue Graeca et Arabica. Nihilominus, non omnia opera Persice conscripta a Persis vel Iranis producta sunt, quia poetae scriptoresque Turcici, Caucasiani, Indicique linguam Persicam in culturis a Maiore Irania contactis etiam adhibuerunt.

Tabula finium geographicorum, politicorum, culturalium Iraniae (etiam Persiae appellatae) et populorum Iranicorum, regionis quae hodie Maior Irania aestimatur.^[1]

*Calila et Dimna.* Exemplar Persicum anno 1429 manu scriptum canem aureum et leonem describit. Museum Palatii Topkapi Constantinopoli Turciae.

Scaena in Shahnameh, poemate Firdausiano, valorem Rustam describit.

*Crater imaginum.* Saeculo tredecimo ineunte. Museum Brooklynense.

Pagina *Shahnameh,* poematis Firdausiani. Manuscriptum Georgianice conscriptum.

"In vita sunt certa ulcera quae mentem in solitudine lente sicut genus cancri erodunt."^[2]—Sadegh Hedayat, *Bubo Caecus.*

Litterae Persicae, una ex maximis litterarum traditionibuis a lectoribus recentioribus aestimatae,^[7] inter quos Goethius, qui hanc traditionem unum ex quattuor optimis litterarum mundi corporibus arbitrabatur,^[8] in exstantibus Persicis Mediis antiquisque operibus ortae sunt, quorum haec usque ab anno 522 a.C.n. supersunt, tempore Inscriptionis Behistun^?, primae inscriptionis Achaemenidarum exstantis. Plurimum autem exstantium litterarum Persicarum ex annis post Persiam ab Arabis devictam (circa annum 650) venit. Postquam Abbasidae imperium cepit (anno 750), Irani scribae ministrique imperii Arabicorum facti sunt, qui magis magique eius poetae scriptoresque erant. Litterae linguae Persicae novae ortae sunt et in Khorasania et Transoxiana floruerunt rerum politicarum causa, primae domus Iranicae sicut Tahiridis et Samanidis in Khorasania fundatis.^[9]

Latissime praeterea in Occidente leguntur Firdausi, Saadi, Hafizus, Attar, Nizami,^[10] Romanus,^[11] Omar Khayyam, aliique poetae Persici, qui multum apud auctores multarum civitatum valent.

Mille et una noctes (هزار و یک شب) est medievalis fabularum gentiliciarum anthologia quae vitam Šahrzād (Persice شهرزاد) enarrat, reginae Sassanidarum, quae fabulas Šahryār (شهریار) marito regique malevolo narrare debet, ne poenam ultimum habeatur. Quae fabulae per mille et unam noctes enarrantur, cum quamque fabulam quaque nocte suspensam desinat, ut alio die superstes sit. Singulae fabulae nonnulla saecula creabantur, a multis hominibus in multis terris habitantibus.

Auctoritas litterarum Persicarum in litteris mundi

Litterae Sufienses

Nonnulli ex amatissimis Persiae poetis mediaevalibus erant Sufi, quorum poemata late legebantur, et iam leguntur, in mundo Musulmano a Maroco ad Indonesiam. Romanus potissimum praeclarus est poeta et conditor magni Sufiorum ordinis. Multi poetae Sufienses themata modique eius poesis devotionum late imitantur. Nonnulli autem notabiles in litteris Persicis mysticis textus non sunt poemata, sed magni utique aestimantur, inter quos Kimiya-yi sa'ādat, Asrar al-Tawhid, et Kashf ul Mahjoob.

Litterae Germaniae

Ioannes Volfgangus Goethius anno 1819 West-östlicher Divan edidit, collectionem poematum lyricorum Hafizi (1326–1390), poetae Persici, Theodisce conversis motus.

Fridericus Nietzsche, commentator et philosophus Germanicus, auctor fuit libri Also Sprach Zarathustra ('Sic dixit Zarathustra') (1883–1885),^[12] qui Zoroastren, antiquum prophetam Persicam (floruit circa 1700 a.C.n.) attingit.

Litterae Angliae

Gulielmus Shakespearius Iraniam land of the Sophy ('terram Sufiensem') appellavit.^[13]

Edita sunt exempla ex Shahnameh Firdausi (935–1020) anno 1832 a Iacobo Atkinson, medico qui operam Societati Britannicae Indiae Orientalis dabant. Cuius epitomes pars deinde a Matthaeo Arnold, poeta Anglico, in Sohrab and Rustum (1853) versibus blancis conversa est.

Radulphus Waldo Emerson, poeta et commentator Americanus, poesin Persicam etiam admirabatur. Qui nonnullos commentarios de poesi Persica anno 1876 edidit: Letters and Social Aims, From the Persian of Hafiz, et Ghaselle.

Fortasse poeta Persicus saeculis undevicensimo vicensimoque ineunte populis angloloquentibus gratissimus est Omar Khayyam (1048–1123), cuius Rubaiyat ab Eduardo Fitzgerald anno 1859 libere conversi sunt. Khayyam in patria sua scientista maioris aestimatur quam poeta, sed in libro a Fitzgerald converso factus est unus e poetis saepissime memoratis. "A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou," versus Anglice conversus, cognoscitur a multis qui omnino nesciunt auctorem, terram, tempus:

گر دست دهد ز مغز گندم نانی
وز می دو منی ز گوسفندی رانی
وانگه من و تو نشسته در ویرانی
عیشی بود آن نه حد هر سلطانی

gar dast dehad ze mağz-e gandom nâni
vaz mey do mani ze gusfandi râni
vânge man o tow nešaste dar virâni
'eyši bud ân na hadd-e har soltâni

Ah, nunc sint nobis panis pro alimento,
caro ovilla, carae urceus vindemiae,
et te et me in desertis desidentibus,
voluptas vincet nullius regis nostram.^[14]

Scriptores variorum generum

Ludi scaenici

Inter clarissimos scriptores scaenicos sunt:

Mythistoriae

Inter clarissimos scriptores mythistoriarum sunt:

Satura

Inter clarissimos saturistas sunt:

Iudicium

Inter clarissimos criticos litterarum saeculi vicensimi sunt:

Notae

↑ "IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica .
↑ Anglice: "In life there are certain sores which slowly erode the mind in solitude like a kind of canker."
↑ Spooner, Brian (1994). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Marashi, Mehdi. Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Leiden: Brill. pp. 177–78 .
↑ Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Schiffman, Harold. Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. p. 94 .
↑ Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). "Persian". Compendium of the World's Languages (3a ed.). Routledge. p. 1339 .
↑ Ahmadi 2008.
↑ Arberry 1953: 200.
↑ Levinson et Christensen 2002: 4: 480.
↑ R. N. Frye, "Darī," The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Publications), compactus discus.
↑ "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation" (Storey et de Blois 2004: 5: 363).
↑ "How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west?" (Lewis 2000: 9).
↑ "Nietzsche's Zarathustra". Philosophical forum ad Frostburg State University .
↑ William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night.
↑ Anglice: "Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare, / A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare, / And you and I in wilderness encamped— / No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare.

Bibliographia

ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb. 2000. Dū qarn sukūt: sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām. [Duo saecula silentii.] Teheraniae: Sukhan. OCLC 46632917. ISBN 964-5983-33-6.
Ahmadi, Wali. 2008. Modern Persian literature in Afghanistan: anomalous visions of history and form. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 9780415437783 (hardback), ISBN 0415437784 (hardback), ISBN 9780203946022 (ebook), ISBN 0203946022 (ebook).
Arberry, Arthur John. 1953. The Legacy of Persia. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821905-9.
Aryanpur, Manoochehr. 1973. A History of Persian Literature. Teheraniae: Kayhan Press.
Browne, Edward Granville. (1902) 1998 A literary history of Persia. 4 voll. Nova praefatio a J. T. P de Bruijn. Bethesdae Terrae Mariae: Iranbooks. ISBN 093634766X (omnes), ISBN 0936347627 (vol. 1), ISBN 0936347635 (vol. 2), ISBN 0936347643 (vol. 3), ISBN 0936347651 (vol. 4).
Browne, Edward Granville. 1920. A history of Persian literature under Tartar dominion (A.D. 1265-1502). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Browne, Edward Granville. 2002. Islamic Medicine. ISBN 81-87570-19-9.
Chopra, R. M. 2010. Eminent Poetesses of Persian. Calcuttae: Iran Society.
Chopra, R. M. (2012) 2013. The Rise Growth and Decline of Indo-Persian Literature. Editio retractata. Dellii: Iran Culture House et Calcuttae: Iran Society.
Chopra, R. M. 2014. Great Poets of Classical Persian. Calcuttae: Sparrow Publication. ISBN 978-81-89140-99-1.
Clawson, Patrick. 2005. Eternal Iran. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6.
Farmanfarmaian, Fatema Soudavar. 2009. "Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). 'Georgia and Iran: Three Millennia of Cultural Relations An Overview.'" Journal of Persianate Studies 2 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1163/187471609X445464.
Javadi, Hasan. 1988. Satire in Persian literature. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0838632602.
Levinson, David, et Karen Christensen. 2002. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Novi Eboraci: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Levy, Reuben. 1974. Persian literature: an introduction. Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837176247.
Lewis, Franklin. 2000. Rumi Past and Present, East and West. Oneworld Publications.
Piemontese, Angelo Michele. 1970. Storia della letteratura persiana. 2 voll. Mediolani: Fabbri.
Rypka, Jan. 1968. History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. OCLC 460598. ISBN 90-277-0143-1.
Schimmel, Annemarie. 1992. A Two-colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 1469616378.
Storey, Charles Ambrose, et Franço de Blois. 2004. "Persian Literature: A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V, Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period. Ed. 2a. RoutledgeCurzon.
Tikku, G. L. 1971. Persian Poetry in Kashmir. ISBN 0-520-09312-7.
Walker, Benjamin. 1950. Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran. Calcuttae: Arya Press.
Zellem, Edward. 2012. Afghan Proverbs Illustrated. Charleston: CreateSpace.
Zellem, Edward. 2012. Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs. Charleston: CreateSpace.

Nexus externi

National Committee for the Expansion of the Persian Language and Literature. [شورای گسترش زبان و ادبیات فارسی]
Persian Literature in Translation. Packard Humanities Institute. (Ultimus textus archivatus.)
"Persian literature." Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Persian Literature & Poetry." Parstimes.com.

[IRAN_i._LANDS_OF_IRAN-1] "IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica .

[2] Anglice: "In life there are certain sores which slowly erode the mind in solitude like a kind of canker."

[Spooner1994-3] Spooner, Brian (1994). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Marashi, Mehdi. Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Leiden: Brill. pp. 177–78 .

[Spooner2012-4] Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". In Schiffman, Harold. Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill. p. 94 .

[CWL2013-5] Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013). "Persian". Compendium of the World's Languages (3a ed.). Routledge. p. 1339 .

[6] Ahmadi 2008.

[7] Arberry 1953: 200.

[8] Levinson et Christensen 2002: 4: 480.

[9] R. N. Frye, "Darī," The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Brill Publications), compactus discus.

[10] "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation" (Storey et de Blois 2004: 5: 363).

[11] "How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west?" (Lewis 2000: 9).

[12] "Nietzsche's Zarathustra". Philosophical forum ad Frostburg State University .

[13] William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night.

[14] Anglice: "Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare, / A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare, / And you and I in wilderness encamped— / No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare.

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