Prepubertal Periodontitis, Juvenile Periodontitis and Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis were grou... more Prepubertal Periodontitis, Juvenile Periodontitis and Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis were grouped under a single title, Early-Onset Periodontitis. These diseases were affecting the patient at a very early age and the prognosis might be an edentolous mouth. The diseases had specific host response defects. Our study was planned to study the humoral immunity of this kind of patients.
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria‐ and interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced pr... more BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria‐ and interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced protein and mRNA expression profiles of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1‐induced protein (MCPIP)‐1 and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)‐1 in human gingival keratinocyte monolayers and organotypic oral mucosal models.MethodsHuman gingival keratinocyte (HMK) monolayers were incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL‐1β. The protein levels of MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 were examined by immunoblots and mRNA levels by qPCR. MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 protein expression levels were also analyzed immunohistochemically using an organotypic oral mucosal model. One‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey correction was used in statistical analyses.ResultsIn keratinocyte monolayers, MCPIP‐1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum and MALT‐1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis LPS and IL‐1β. P. gingivalis seemed to degrade MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 at all tested time points and degradation was inhibited when P. gingivalis was heat‐killed. MCPIP‐1 mRNA levels were increased by P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and IL‐1β, however, no changes were observed in MALT‐1 mRNA levels.ConclusionGingival keratinocyte MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 mRNA and protein expression responses are regulated by infection and inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that periodontitis‐associated bacteria‐induced modifications in MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 responses can be a part of periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Background: Gingival overgrowth is one of the major adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drug... more Background: Gingival overgrowth is one of the major adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA). Although several studies have attempted to determine the immunological mechanisms of gingival hyperplasia (GO) due to CsA therapy, the pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the distribution of the peripheral blood leukocytes in a group of renal transplant patients undergoing CsA therapy was analyzed and possible correlations of periodontal and pharmacological variables to lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cells, and monocytes investigated.Methods: Thirty‐six patients were classified into 2 groups of 18 each according to the degree of gingival overgrowth. The periodontal evaluation included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival overgrowth (GO), calculus index (CI), and probing depth (PD). The pharmacological variables of current doses of the therapeutic serum levels of CsA were investigated. The peripheral blood leukocytes were studied by 2color flow cytometric analysis using anti‐human CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD16, CD19, HLA‐DR, and CD3+HLA‐DR+ monoclonal antibodies.Results: Statistical evaluation revealed that none of the pharmacological variables varied between the 2 groups. Responders (GO >30%) had significantly higher GI, PD, and GO scores compared to nonresponders (GO ≤30%). Of the immunological parameters studied, only CD2 was higher in the responder group. None of the clinical parameters correlated to the immunological values.Conclusions: The results of this study may be useful in explaining the underlying mechanisms of drug‐induced gingival overgrowth. Several previously unsuspected cells and accessory activation mechanisms for T lymphocytes could play a role in the pathogenesis. J Periodontol 1998;69:1435–1439.
Fructosamine assay, which is used in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients, is compared wit... more Fructosamine assay, which is used in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients, is compared with the hemoglobin and plasma glucose assays in children and adolescent insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus patients. We demonstrated that the gingival index scores were correlated with fructosamine values in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus patients but not in non‐diabetic controls. We also found that there was no correlation between gingivitis scores and fasting plasma glucose and HbAlc values. Periodontitis was found to be rare in diabetic children and adolescents.
Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusi... more Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HC1 and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycyline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HC1, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.
Background: Drug‐induced gingival overgrowth is a known side effect of certain chemotherapeutic a... more Background: Drug‐induced gingival overgrowth is a known side effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of systemic disorders. The pathogenesis and mechanisms responsible for this condition are not fully understood. This study assesses for the presence and localization of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth tissues. CTGF immunostaining was compared with sections stained with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and CD31 antibodies in order to investigate possible pathogenic mechanisms.Methods: Gingival overgrowth samples were obtained from patients undergoing therapy with phenytoin (n = 9), nifedipine (n = 4), cyclosporin A (n = 5), and control tissues from systemically healthy donors (n = 9). Tissue sections were subjected to peroxidase immunohistochemistry and were stained with CTGF and TGF‐β1 polyclonal primary antibodies. Possible relationships between CTGF staining and angiogenesis were also studied using an anti‐CD31 antibody as a marker for endothelial cells. Staining was analyzed by computerassisted quantitative and semiquantitative methodology at 5 defined sites in all samples based on the location of specific landmarks including epithelium and underlying connective tissues.Results: Cellular and extracellular CTGF content in phenytoin gingival overgrowth tissues was significantly (P <0.05) higher compared to the other gingival overgrowth tissues and the controls. Higher CTGF staining in phenytoin gingival overgrowth tissues was accompanied by an increased abundance of fibroblasts and connective tissue fibers. No strong association of CTGF staining with TGF‐β1 or CD31 staining was found.Conclusions: The data from the present study show significantly higher CTGF staining in phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth tissues compared to controls, cyclosporin A‐, or nifedipine‐induced gingival overgrowth. Moreover, semiquantitative analyses of histologic samples support the concept that the phenytoin overgrowth tissues are fibrotic. These associations suggest a possible role for CTGF in promoting development of fibrotic lesions in phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontol 2001;72:921‐931.
ObjectiveTo monitor salivary B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor‐like weak ind... more ObjectiveTo monitor salivary B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and soluble (s)CD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal treatment.BackgroundBAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 and arginase are associated with activities of B cells and macrophages, which are important regulators of periodontal immune‐inflammatory response and healing following treatment. Increased salivary BAFF and sCD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis have been demonstrated, but their changes following treatment have not been evaluated before.Materials and MethodsForty‐four Stage III/IV periodontitis patients and 35 periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. Full‐mouth periodontal measurements were recorded and unstimulated saliva was obtained from all participants at baseline. Sample collection and measurements were repeated in periodontitis patients at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following full‐mouth scaling and root debridement, whereas controls were only seen at baseline. BAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 levels were analyzed with bead‐based multiplexed immunoassay. Arginase activity was measured with Chinard's method.ResultsBAFF (p < .001) and sCD163 (p = .003) levels and arginase activity (p < .015) were higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy controls. BAFF levels (p < .001) and arginase activity (p < .001) of periodontitis patients were reduced at 2 weeks posttreatment and continued to decrease up to 6 (p = .038) and 12 weeks (p = .024), respectively. The reduction of sCD163 levels became significant (p = .003) at 24 weeks posttreatment.ConclusionsThe decrease in salivary BAFF levels 2 weeks after periodontal treatment indicates a change in cell signaling toward limited B‐cell activation. Decreasing arginase activity similarly reflects a significant reduction in inflammatory response. The reduction in sCD163 levels that are observed at 24 weeks may reflect a longstanding anti‐inflammatory macrophage activation, given their multiple functions in immune response, inflammation, and healing.
Prepubertal Periodontitis, Juvenile Periodontitis and Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis were grou... more Prepubertal Periodontitis, Juvenile Periodontitis and Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis were grouped under a single title, Early-Onset Periodontitis. These diseases were affecting the patient at a very early age and the prognosis might be an edentolous mouth. The diseases had specific host response defects. Our study was planned to study the humoral immunity of this kind of patients.
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria‐ and interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced pr... more BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria‐ and interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced protein and mRNA expression profiles of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1‐induced protein (MCPIP)‐1 and mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)‐1 in human gingival keratinocyte monolayers and organotypic oral mucosal models.MethodsHuman gingival keratinocyte (HMK) monolayers were incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL‐1β. The protein levels of MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 were examined by immunoblots and mRNA levels by qPCR. MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 protein expression levels were also analyzed immunohistochemically using an organotypic oral mucosal model. One‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey correction was used in statistical analyses.ResultsIn keratinocyte monolayers, MCPIP‐1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum and MALT‐1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis LPS and IL‐1β. P. gingivalis seemed to degrade MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 at all tested time points and degradation was inhibited when P. gingivalis was heat‐killed. MCPIP‐1 mRNA levels were increased by P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and IL‐1β, however, no changes were observed in MALT‐1 mRNA levels.ConclusionGingival keratinocyte MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 mRNA and protein expression responses are regulated by infection and inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that periodontitis‐associated bacteria‐induced modifications in MCPIP‐1 and MALT‐1 responses can be a part of periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Background: Gingival overgrowth is one of the major adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drug... more Background: Gingival overgrowth is one of the major adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA). Although several studies have attempted to determine the immunological mechanisms of gingival hyperplasia (GO) due to CsA therapy, the pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the distribution of the peripheral blood leukocytes in a group of renal transplant patients undergoing CsA therapy was analyzed and possible correlations of periodontal and pharmacological variables to lymphocyte subpopulations, natural killer cells, and monocytes investigated.Methods: Thirty‐six patients were classified into 2 groups of 18 each according to the degree of gingival overgrowth. The periodontal evaluation included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), gingival overgrowth (GO), calculus index (CI), and probing depth (PD). The pharmacological variables of current doses of the therapeutic serum levels of CsA were investigated. The peripheral blood leukocytes were studied by 2color flow cytometric analysis using anti‐human CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD16, CD19, HLA‐DR, and CD3+HLA‐DR+ monoclonal antibodies.Results: Statistical evaluation revealed that none of the pharmacological variables varied between the 2 groups. Responders (GO >30%) had significantly higher GI, PD, and GO scores compared to nonresponders (GO ≤30%). Of the immunological parameters studied, only CD2 was higher in the responder group. None of the clinical parameters correlated to the immunological values.Conclusions: The results of this study may be useful in explaining the underlying mechanisms of drug‐induced gingival overgrowth. Several previously unsuspected cells and accessory activation mechanisms for T lymphocytes could play a role in the pathogenesis. J Periodontol 1998;69:1435–1439.
Fructosamine assay, which is used in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients, is compared wit... more Fructosamine assay, which is used in diagnosing and monitoring diabetic patients, is compared with the hemoglobin and plasma glucose assays in children and adolescent insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus patients. We demonstrated that the gingival index scores were correlated with fructosamine values in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus patients but not in non‐diabetic controls. We also found that there was no correlation between gingivitis scores and fasting plasma glucose and HbAlc values. Periodontitis was found to be rare in diabetic children and adolescents.
Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusi... more Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HC1 and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycyline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HC1, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.
Background: Drug‐induced gingival overgrowth is a known side effect of certain chemotherapeutic a... more Background: Drug‐induced gingival overgrowth is a known side effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of systemic disorders. The pathogenesis and mechanisms responsible for this condition are not fully understood. This study assesses for the presence and localization of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth tissues. CTGF immunostaining was compared with sections stained with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and CD31 antibodies in order to investigate possible pathogenic mechanisms.Methods: Gingival overgrowth samples were obtained from patients undergoing therapy with phenytoin (n = 9), nifedipine (n = 4), cyclosporin A (n = 5), and control tissues from systemically healthy donors (n = 9). Tissue sections were subjected to peroxidase immunohistochemistry and were stained with CTGF and TGF‐β1 polyclonal primary antibodies. Possible relationships between CTGF staining and angiogenesis were also studied using an anti‐CD31 antibody as a marker for endothelial cells. Staining was analyzed by computerassisted quantitative and semiquantitative methodology at 5 defined sites in all samples based on the location of specific landmarks including epithelium and underlying connective tissues.Results: Cellular and extracellular CTGF content in phenytoin gingival overgrowth tissues was significantly (P <0.05) higher compared to the other gingival overgrowth tissues and the controls. Higher CTGF staining in phenytoin gingival overgrowth tissues was accompanied by an increased abundance of fibroblasts and connective tissue fibers. No strong association of CTGF staining with TGF‐β1 or CD31 staining was found.Conclusions: The data from the present study show significantly higher CTGF staining in phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth tissues compared to controls, cyclosporin A‐, or nifedipine‐induced gingival overgrowth. Moreover, semiquantitative analyses of histologic samples support the concept that the phenytoin overgrowth tissues are fibrotic. These associations suggest a possible role for CTGF in promoting development of fibrotic lesions in phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth. J Periodontol 2001;72:921‐931.
ObjectiveTo monitor salivary B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor‐like weak ind... more ObjectiveTo monitor salivary B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and soluble (s)CD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal treatment.BackgroundBAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 and arginase are associated with activities of B cells and macrophages, which are important regulators of periodontal immune‐inflammatory response and healing following treatment. Increased salivary BAFF and sCD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis have been demonstrated, but their changes following treatment have not been evaluated before.Materials and MethodsForty‐four Stage III/IV periodontitis patients and 35 periodontally healthy controls were included in the study. Full‐mouth periodontal measurements were recorded and unstimulated saliva was obtained from all participants at baseline. Sample collection and measurements were repeated in periodontitis patients at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following full‐mouth scaling and root debridement, whereas controls were only seen at baseline. BAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 levels were analyzed with bead‐based multiplexed immunoassay. Arginase activity was measured with Chinard's method.ResultsBAFF (p < .001) and sCD163 (p = .003) levels and arginase activity (p < .015) were higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy controls. BAFF levels (p < .001) and arginase activity (p < .001) of periodontitis patients were reduced at 2 weeks posttreatment and continued to decrease up to 6 (p = .038) and 12 weeks (p = .024), respectively. The reduction of sCD163 levels became significant (p = .003) at 24 weeks posttreatment.ConclusionsThe decrease in salivary BAFF levels 2 weeks after periodontal treatment indicates a change in cell signaling toward limited B‐cell activation. Decreasing arginase activity similarly reflects a significant reduction in inflammatory response. The reduction in sCD163 levels that are observed at 24 weeks may reflect a longstanding anti‐inflammatory macrophage activation, given their multiple functions in immune response, inflammation, and healing.
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