Papers by Satyendra Nath Mishra
Digitalisation and Development, 2019
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Agriculture & Food Security, 2012
Background Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of CH4 (mainly from paddy fields) a... more Background Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of CH4 (mainly from paddy fields) and N2O (from N-fertilizer application), the two important greenhouse gases causing global warming. Most studies had developed the inventories of CH4 and N2O emission at the country level (larger scale) for India, but not many studies are available at the local scale (e.g. district level) on these greenhouse gases (GHGs). Assam is an important state in the North Eastern region of India. In addition to being the regional economic hub for the entire region, agriculture is the major contributor to the state’s gross domestic product. In Assam about three-fourths of the area is under paddy cultivation and rice is the staple food. With this background, a district wise inventory of CH4 and N2O emission in the North Eastern state of Assam, India was carried out using different emission factors, viz., IPCC, Indian factors and others, to highlight the discrepancies that arose in the emission estima...
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Springer, Cham., 2023
The existing anthropogenic frameworks of governance based on the foundation of monetary valuation... more The existing anthropogenic frameworks of governance based on the foundation of monetary valuation of Nature as resource are not sustainable. In light of this, the ‘Dharma Framework for Decision-making and Governance (DFDG)’ explores the living spirit of intricate, intertwined, and embedded relation of humans with Nature that constructs plural-assimilative identity (P-AI). The P-AI guides human agent to become prolific coordinator between community, state, and market agencies, rather than a competitor. The Trimurti of Dharma, namely, Samanya Dharma (सामान्य धर्म), Visesha Dharma (विशेष धर्म), and Svadharma (स्वधर्म), when followed in this order by the human agent with P-AI at its core, steers decision-making process to prioritise Nature’s wellbeing first, followed by organising principles of agencies, that is organic precursor to individual welfare. This theorisation has direct implications for policy design by having effective engagement with community, process-oriented implementation by state and less friction with market actors, for achieving earth’s wellbeing in general and the SDGs target in specific.
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XSRM-WPS, 2020
The renewed focus on developing ecologically resilient and socially acceptable design of farm-for... more The renewed focus on developing ecologically resilient and socially acceptable design of farm-forestry has gained momentum in the wake of increasing farmers’ income. The social embeddedness of farm-forestry design, with appropriate extension and market provisioning, can contribute significantly to improve ecosystem services, economic growth, and poverty alleviation. This must be investigated with extensive understanding of field veracity.
To fill the gap, this study proposed site specific and scientifically backed farm-forestry design, with traditional – tacit – knowledge at its core. Extensive field study was conducted with an objective of analyzing current farm-forestry practices at five blocks (covering 47 villages and 107 farmers) of Koraput district, Odisha.
The study documents the importance of on-farm soil and water conservation practices in maintaining soil nutrient and farm productivity. Use of appropriate sowing and weeding practices had shown positive impact on seedling growth. With underlying principal of social acceptability and ecological suitability, the study proposed the farm-forestry design with intercropping of horticulture (like Turmeric, Ginger, Pineapple etc), field crops (like Ragi, Arhar, Sorghum, Maize, Niger etc.) and medicinal plants (like Acorus calamus, Asparagus abascendus, Centalla asiatica etc.).
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Mishra S.N. (2020) Biofuel Development: Institutional Design Across the World. In: Leal Filho W., Azul A., Brandli L., Lange Salvia A., Wall T. (eds) Affordable and Clean Energy. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71057-0_140-1, 2020
Biofuel – biodiesel and bioethanol – is primarily made from biomass obtained from variety of plan... more Biofuel – biodiesel and bioethanol – is primarily made from biomass obtained from variety of plants and agriculture crops. The biomass availability varies across countries/region. Biofuel is used as an alternative to the petroleum fuel. For this study biofuel is operationalized as production of biodiesel and bioethanol from – land-intensive – plants and agriculture crops.
Institutions are humanly devised informal and formal constrains that structures the social, political, and economic interaction, to create order and reduce uncertainty in exchange (North 1991). Institutions can be defined as the sets of working rules that are used to determine who is eligible to make decisions in some arena, what actions are allowed or constrained, what aggregation rule will be used, what procedures must be followed, what information must or must not be provided, and what payoffs will be assigned to individuals dependent on their actions (Ostrom 1991).
Institutional design (ID) is thought to be as creation of specifications of components and rules of engagement (Weimer 1995). The understanding of ID facilitates institutional actors to formulate effective strategies for program formalization, resource allocation, and policy implementation. These strategies of ID are outcome of technologies interface with nature of natural resources, community collectivization, state’s policy environment, and market characteristics.
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This paper is an attempt to demystify the notion of excellence, which most of the time encapsulat... more This paper is an attempt to demystify the notion of excellence, which most of the time encapsulated as godly gifted attributed that only few individuals possess / attain / born with.Society at collective conscious level finds it comfortable to see excellence not as mystery to be explored, but as myth, beyond exploration.This overarching cloud of thought blocks the creative environment in our academic and social institutions. This leads to conditions where excellence is not nurtured through practice and perseverance, but seen as gifted attributes, to be praised and revered and left to the [exceptional] individual to pursue in all odds.
To build the narrative for demystifying the notion of excellence, I will take cue from farewell speech of present generation sporting icon Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar. And the reason taking the speech is his achievements and failures in the field of sports – cricket – and his perseverance to take that journey for over two decades, is unparallel in competitive sports.It is very rare in history of human society, when people across gender, age, class and professionals come together to accolade someone’s lifetime success and failure too.
In this background the article is an attempt to open the debate about the importance of relationships and role of institutions in nurturing excellence rather than just accepting it as gifted attributes that can be possessed by few individuals only.
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With the changing landscape of economic development in rural and urban areas, the functioning, re... more With the changing landscape of economic development in rural and urban areas, the functioning, responsibility, and contribution of organisations involved in production, service delivery, marketing, and development are also changing. To address this challenge, there is a call for reorienting management education to enhance the employability of young graduates and also the effective functioning of existing and future organisations. The key to reorienting management education lies in creating new and relevant knowledge.
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
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SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
ABSTRACT
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SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
ABSTRACT
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International Journal of Rural Management, 2013
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Gadgil’s call for Indian science to rise and contribute towards building a symbiotic society is a... more Gadgil’s call for Indian science to rise and contribute towards building a symbiotic society is a step forward to initiate the debate on ‘why we are, where we are?’. This questions the basic scientific temperament of Indian educational institutions, which are said to be the reflection of society at large. But, if, educational institutions are buying this argument, then they do not stand the ground to serve as a moral force of change to create a better society of tomorrow, which is the motto of almost all educational institutions. Definitely, a paradox to explore and explain.
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BioMed Central
Citation: Mishra S. N., Mitra S., Rangan L, Dutta S., and Pooja. (2012). Exploration of 'hot-spo... more Citation: Mishra S. N., Mitra S., Rangan L, Dutta S., and Pooja. (2012). Exploration of 'hot-spots' of methane and nitrous oxide emission from the agriculture fields of Assam, India. Agriculture and Food Security. 1/16. doi:10.1186/2048-7010-1-16
"Background
Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of CH4 (mainly from paddy fields) and N2O (from N-fertilizer application), the two important greenhouse gases causing global warming. Most studies had developed the inventories of CH4 and N2O emission at the country level (larger scale) for India, but not many studies are available at the local scale (e.g. district level) on these greenhouse gases (GHGs). Assam is an important state in the North Eastern region of India. In addition to being the regional economic hub for the entire region, agriculture is the major contributor to the state's gross domestic product. In Assam about three-fourths of the area is under paddy cultivation and rice is the staple food. With this background, a district wise inventory of CH4 and N2O emission in the North Eastern state of Assam, India was carried out using different emission factors, viz., IPCC, Indian factors and others, to highlight the discrepancies that arose in the emission estimation of these important GHGs while used at the smaller scale i.e. district level. This study emphasizes the need for better methodologies at the local level for GHGs inventories. This study also reiterates the fact that no emission factor is universally applicable across all regions. The GHGs like CH4 and N2O are highly site and crop specific and the factors required for their inventory are driven by cultural practices, agronomic management, soil resources and socio-economic drivers.
Material and methods
In this study, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used for the estimation of CH4 and N2O emission. In case of N2O emission, both direct and indirect emission from agricultural soil was estimated for the various districts of Assam.
Results
The CH4 (base year 2000--2001) and N2O (base year 2001--2002) emission was estimated to be 121 Gg and 1.36 Gg from rice paddy and agricultural fields of Assam state respectively.
Conclusions
This study is the first report on the estimation of the GHG emission at the district level from the entire state of Assam, agriculturally one very important state of North Eastern India. This state is also considered as remote due to its geographical location. The study clearly elucidates that there is large variation in the emission inventory of CH4 and N2O at the district level (local scale) when different emission factors are used. This calls for detailed and comprehensive data collection and mapping at the micro level for accurate inventory of greenhouse gases in future from agriculture fields."""
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Citation: Mishra S. N. (2012). Rejoinder: teacher, teacher, where are you?. Drishtikon: A Managem... more Citation: Mishra S. N. (2012). Rejoinder: teacher, teacher, where are you?. Drishtikon: A Management Journal. 3 (2). 1-11.
"With fast changing social and economic milieus of society, our education system and especially teachers are put into compartment of scrutiny. Subjects and topics are taught in class as if they are static, emotionless, compartmentalised and predictable. An attempt has been made to highlight the relationship that needs to be institutionalised in the educational system between teacher-student to make the learning process a dynamic wheel for change. Education is about understanding the values of what one teaches, studies and has respect for that [un]learning. This paper attempts to explore the identifiable characteristics of teachers-student relationship, which tries to defy the persisting narration sickness believed to have permeated in the existing educational institutions.
Key words: education, teacher, student, institutions."
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Citation: Mishra, S. N. (2011) "REDCO Limited: Will Sustainable Energy be Sustainable Business?",... more Citation: Mishra, S. N. (2011) "REDCO Limited: Will Sustainable Energy be Sustainable Business?", Asian Journal of Management Cases, 8(2), pp.127-142.[
Renewable Energy Development Cooperative (REDCO) Ltd was primarily involved in the production of electricity from a solar photovoltaic plant and its distribution to ten hamlets of Durbuk. Earlier, a diesel generator set was used for electricity production and was distributed by the state electricity board, which was irregular and not dependable. With the inception of the cooperative, regular supply of electricity to the hamlets had been made which helped the cooperative in gaining people’s faith. However, for Dorges Tstanzin and the board members of the cooperative, the uneven financial posi-tion remained a major concern since the establishment. Money had been ‘pump primed’ from other activities to maintain the normal functioning of the cooperative. Against this backdrop, the cooperative had limited options to promote handicraft and ecotourism-based activities for revenue generation in Durbuk. This compelled Dorges to ponder over the situation about how to formalize new plans and strategies for entering into these new fields for achieving long-term organizational and financial sustainability of the cooperative.
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Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council (TIFAC)
Citation: Pareek, J., A. Walia, S. Kumar and S. N. Mishra. 2006. Techno-economic Assessment of Bi... more Citation: Pareek, J., A. Walia, S. Kumar and S. N. Mishra. 2006. Techno-economic Assessment of Bioenergy in India. Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council (TIFAC), Government of India. pp-112
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is a key ingredient for all sectors of a modern economy and plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life in less developed economies. In 2001, India was ranked sixth in the world in terms of energy demand; accounting for 3.5% of total energy consumed, and is expected to grow at 4.8% in the future. India imports 70% of the oil it uses, and the country has been hit hard by the increasing price of oil, uncertainty and environmental hazards that are concerned with the consumption of fossil fuels. In such context, bioenergy constitute a suitable alternative source of energy for India, as large amounts of raw material are available to be harnessed. Among various options available for bioenergy, biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification are three major options, which have huge potential in India to develop as energy sources and where investments made would be economical. India has approximately 50 million hectares of degraded wasteland that lie outside the areas demarcated as national forests, and another 34 million hectares of protected forest area, in much of which tree cover is severely degraded. A massive programme is needed to develop energy plantations consisting of oil seed species for biodiesel production and fast-growing tree crops for a national network of small, decentralised biomass gasifiers power plants. The irrigated cropped area could be used for sugarcane growing for bioethanol production. The present book reviews the status of technology in terms of cost and performance for biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification in India and abroad. It also highlights barriers and constraints and technology interventions required for the development of these bioenergy options. It suggests policy interventions and action plan for the development and promotion of bioenergy in India.
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Drafts by Satyendra Nath Mishra
Role of technology in governance and development has been an area of discourse that has generated... more Role of technology in governance and development has been an area of discourse that has generated a renewed interest among practitioners and policy makers to address the challenges of sustainable development. This essay explores the interlinkage between the attributes of technology, governance, and development through a technology enabled foodgrains procurement initiative – e-Uparjan – rolled out in Madhya Pradesh. The improvisation using a low-cost information and communication technology (ICT) has potential to play a critical role to streamline the procurement operations and secure farmer payoff under the price support scheme. e-Uparjan can be seen as a case of digital inclusion of farmers and state agencies in foodgrains procurement. The faster and near real-time information flow along the decision support system can plug-in the fund leakage, reduce transaction costs and mitigate the rent seeking behaviour of actors along the value chain.
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Papers by Satyendra Nath Mishra
To fill the gap, this study proposed site specific and scientifically backed farm-forestry design, with traditional – tacit – knowledge at its core. Extensive field study was conducted with an objective of analyzing current farm-forestry practices at five blocks (covering 47 villages and 107 farmers) of Koraput district, Odisha.
The study documents the importance of on-farm soil and water conservation practices in maintaining soil nutrient and farm productivity. Use of appropriate sowing and weeding practices had shown positive impact on seedling growth. With underlying principal of social acceptability and ecological suitability, the study proposed the farm-forestry design with intercropping of horticulture (like Turmeric, Ginger, Pineapple etc), field crops (like Ragi, Arhar, Sorghum, Maize, Niger etc.) and medicinal plants (like Acorus calamus, Asparagus abascendus, Centalla asiatica etc.).
Institutions are humanly devised informal and formal constrains that structures the social, political, and economic interaction, to create order and reduce uncertainty in exchange (North 1991). Institutions can be defined as the sets of working rules that are used to determine who is eligible to make decisions in some arena, what actions are allowed or constrained, what aggregation rule will be used, what procedures must be followed, what information must or must not be provided, and what payoffs will be assigned to individuals dependent on their actions (Ostrom 1991).
Institutional design (ID) is thought to be as creation of specifications of components and rules of engagement (Weimer 1995). The understanding of ID facilitates institutional actors to formulate effective strategies for program formalization, resource allocation, and policy implementation. These strategies of ID are outcome of technologies interface with nature of natural resources, community collectivization, state’s policy environment, and market characteristics.
To build the narrative for demystifying the notion of excellence, I will take cue from farewell speech of present generation sporting icon Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar. And the reason taking the speech is his achievements and failures in the field of sports – cricket – and his perseverance to take that journey for over two decades, is unparallel in competitive sports.It is very rare in history of human society, when people across gender, age, class and professionals come together to accolade someone’s lifetime success and failure too.
In this background the article is an attempt to open the debate about the importance of relationships and role of institutions in nurturing excellence rather than just accepting it as gifted attributes that can be possessed by few individuals only.
"Background
Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of CH4 (mainly from paddy fields) and N2O (from N-fertilizer application), the two important greenhouse gases causing global warming. Most studies had developed the inventories of CH4 and N2O emission at the country level (larger scale) for India, but not many studies are available at the local scale (e.g. district level) on these greenhouse gases (GHGs). Assam is an important state in the North Eastern region of India. In addition to being the regional economic hub for the entire region, agriculture is the major contributor to the state's gross domestic product. In Assam about three-fourths of the area is under paddy cultivation and rice is the staple food. With this background, a district wise inventory of CH4 and N2O emission in the North Eastern state of Assam, India was carried out using different emission factors, viz., IPCC, Indian factors and others, to highlight the discrepancies that arose in the emission estimation of these important GHGs while used at the smaller scale i.e. district level. This study emphasizes the need for better methodologies at the local level for GHGs inventories. This study also reiterates the fact that no emission factor is universally applicable across all regions. The GHGs like CH4 and N2O are highly site and crop specific and the factors required for their inventory are driven by cultural practices, agronomic management, soil resources and socio-economic drivers.
Material and methods
In this study, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used for the estimation of CH4 and N2O emission. In case of N2O emission, both direct and indirect emission from agricultural soil was estimated for the various districts of Assam.
Results
The CH4 (base year 2000--2001) and N2O (base year 2001--2002) emission was estimated to be 121 Gg and 1.36 Gg from rice paddy and agricultural fields of Assam state respectively.
Conclusions
This study is the first report on the estimation of the GHG emission at the district level from the entire state of Assam, agriculturally one very important state of North Eastern India. This state is also considered as remote due to its geographical location. The study clearly elucidates that there is large variation in the emission inventory of CH4 and N2O at the district level (local scale) when different emission factors are used. This calls for detailed and comprehensive data collection and mapping at the micro level for accurate inventory of greenhouse gases in future from agriculture fields."""
"With fast changing social and economic milieus of society, our education system and especially teachers are put into compartment of scrutiny. Subjects and topics are taught in class as if they are static, emotionless, compartmentalised and predictable. An attempt has been made to highlight the relationship that needs to be institutionalised in the educational system between teacher-student to make the learning process a dynamic wheel for change. Education is about understanding the values of what one teaches, studies and has respect for that [un]learning. This paper attempts to explore the identifiable characteristics of teachers-student relationship, which tries to defy the persisting narration sickness believed to have permeated in the existing educational institutions.
Key words: education, teacher, student, institutions."
Renewable Energy Development Cooperative (REDCO) Ltd was primarily involved in the production of electricity from a solar photovoltaic plant and its distribution to ten hamlets of Durbuk. Earlier, a diesel generator set was used for electricity production and was distributed by the state electricity board, which was irregular and not dependable. With the inception of the cooperative, regular supply of electricity to the hamlets had been made which helped the cooperative in gaining people’s faith. However, for Dorges Tstanzin and the board members of the cooperative, the uneven financial posi-tion remained a major concern since the establishment. Money had been ‘pump primed’ from other activities to maintain the normal functioning of the cooperative. Against this backdrop, the cooperative had limited options to promote handicraft and ecotourism-based activities for revenue generation in Durbuk. This compelled Dorges to ponder over the situation about how to formalize new plans and strategies for entering into these new fields for achieving long-term organizational and financial sustainability of the cooperative.
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is a key ingredient for all sectors of a modern economy and plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life in less developed economies. In 2001, India was ranked sixth in the world in terms of energy demand; accounting for 3.5% of total energy consumed, and is expected to grow at 4.8% in the future. India imports 70% of the oil it uses, and the country has been hit hard by the increasing price of oil, uncertainty and environmental hazards that are concerned with the consumption of fossil fuels. In such context, bioenergy constitute a suitable alternative source of energy for India, as large amounts of raw material are available to be harnessed. Among various options available for bioenergy, biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification are three major options, which have huge potential in India to develop as energy sources and where investments made would be economical. India has approximately 50 million hectares of degraded wasteland that lie outside the areas demarcated as national forests, and another 34 million hectares of protected forest area, in much of which tree cover is severely degraded. A massive programme is needed to develop energy plantations consisting of oil seed species for biodiesel production and fast-growing tree crops for a national network of small, decentralised biomass gasifiers power plants. The irrigated cropped area could be used for sugarcane growing for bioethanol production. The present book reviews the status of technology in terms of cost and performance for biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification in India and abroad. It also highlights barriers and constraints and technology interventions required for the development of these bioenergy options. It suggests policy interventions and action plan for the development and promotion of bioenergy in India.
Drafts by Satyendra Nath Mishra
To fill the gap, this study proposed site specific and scientifically backed farm-forestry design, with traditional – tacit – knowledge at its core. Extensive field study was conducted with an objective of analyzing current farm-forestry practices at five blocks (covering 47 villages and 107 farmers) of Koraput district, Odisha.
The study documents the importance of on-farm soil and water conservation practices in maintaining soil nutrient and farm productivity. Use of appropriate sowing and weeding practices had shown positive impact on seedling growth. With underlying principal of social acceptability and ecological suitability, the study proposed the farm-forestry design with intercropping of horticulture (like Turmeric, Ginger, Pineapple etc), field crops (like Ragi, Arhar, Sorghum, Maize, Niger etc.) and medicinal plants (like Acorus calamus, Asparagus abascendus, Centalla asiatica etc.).
Institutions are humanly devised informal and formal constrains that structures the social, political, and economic interaction, to create order and reduce uncertainty in exchange (North 1991). Institutions can be defined as the sets of working rules that are used to determine who is eligible to make decisions in some arena, what actions are allowed or constrained, what aggregation rule will be used, what procedures must be followed, what information must or must not be provided, and what payoffs will be assigned to individuals dependent on their actions (Ostrom 1991).
Institutional design (ID) is thought to be as creation of specifications of components and rules of engagement (Weimer 1995). The understanding of ID facilitates institutional actors to formulate effective strategies for program formalization, resource allocation, and policy implementation. These strategies of ID are outcome of technologies interface with nature of natural resources, community collectivization, state’s policy environment, and market characteristics.
To build the narrative for demystifying the notion of excellence, I will take cue from farewell speech of present generation sporting icon Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar. And the reason taking the speech is his achievements and failures in the field of sports – cricket – and his perseverance to take that journey for over two decades, is unparallel in competitive sports.It is very rare in history of human society, when people across gender, age, class and professionals come together to accolade someone’s lifetime success and failure too.
In this background the article is an attempt to open the debate about the importance of relationships and role of institutions in nurturing excellence rather than just accepting it as gifted attributes that can be possessed by few individuals only.
"Background
Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of CH4 (mainly from paddy fields) and N2O (from N-fertilizer application), the two important greenhouse gases causing global warming. Most studies had developed the inventories of CH4 and N2O emission at the country level (larger scale) for India, but not many studies are available at the local scale (e.g. district level) on these greenhouse gases (GHGs). Assam is an important state in the North Eastern region of India. In addition to being the regional economic hub for the entire region, agriculture is the major contributor to the state's gross domestic product. In Assam about three-fourths of the area is under paddy cultivation and rice is the staple food. With this background, a district wise inventory of CH4 and N2O emission in the North Eastern state of Assam, India was carried out using different emission factors, viz., IPCC, Indian factors and others, to highlight the discrepancies that arose in the emission estimation of these important GHGs while used at the smaller scale i.e. district level. This study emphasizes the need for better methodologies at the local level for GHGs inventories. This study also reiterates the fact that no emission factor is universally applicable across all regions. The GHGs like CH4 and N2O are highly site and crop specific and the factors required for their inventory are driven by cultural practices, agronomic management, soil resources and socio-economic drivers.
Material and methods
In this study, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology was used for the estimation of CH4 and N2O emission. In case of N2O emission, both direct and indirect emission from agricultural soil was estimated for the various districts of Assam.
Results
The CH4 (base year 2000--2001) and N2O (base year 2001--2002) emission was estimated to be 121 Gg and 1.36 Gg from rice paddy and agricultural fields of Assam state respectively.
Conclusions
This study is the first report on the estimation of the GHG emission at the district level from the entire state of Assam, agriculturally one very important state of North Eastern India. This state is also considered as remote due to its geographical location. The study clearly elucidates that there is large variation in the emission inventory of CH4 and N2O at the district level (local scale) when different emission factors are used. This calls for detailed and comprehensive data collection and mapping at the micro level for accurate inventory of greenhouse gases in future from agriculture fields."""
"With fast changing social and economic milieus of society, our education system and especially teachers are put into compartment of scrutiny. Subjects and topics are taught in class as if they are static, emotionless, compartmentalised and predictable. An attempt has been made to highlight the relationship that needs to be institutionalised in the educational system between teacher-student to make the learning process a dynamic wheel for change. Education is about understanding the values of what one teaches, studies and has respect for that [un]learning. This paper attempts to explore the identifiable characteristics of teachers-student relationship, which tries to defy the persisting narration sickness believed to have permeated in the existing educational institutions.
Key words: education, teacher, student, institutions."
Renewable Energy Development Cooperative (REDCO) Ltd was primarily involved in the production of electricity from a solar photovoltaic plant and its distribution to ten hamlets of Durbuk. Earlier, a diesel generator set was used for electricity production and was distributed by the state electricity board, which was irregular and not dependable. With the inception of the cooperative, regular supply of electricity to the hamlets had been made which helped the cooperative in gaining people’s faith. However, for Dorges Tstanzin and the board members of the cooperative, the uneven financial posi-tion remained a major concern since the establishment. Money had been ‘pump primed’ from other activities to maintain the normal functioning of the cooperative. Against this backdrop, the cooperative had limited options to promote handicraft and ecotourism-based activities for revenue generation in Durbuk. This compelled Dorges to ponder over the situation about how to formalize new plans and strategies for entering into these new fields for achieving long-term organizational and financial sustainability of the cooperative.
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is a key ingredient for all sectors of a modern economy and plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life in less developed economies. In 2001, India was ranked sixth in the world in terms of energy demand; accounting for 3.5% of total energy consumed, and is expected to grow at 4.8% in the future. India imports 70% of the oil it uses, and the country has been hit hard by the increasing price of oil, uncertainty and environmental hazards that are concerned with the consumption of fossil fuels. In such context, bioenergy constitute a suitable alternative source of energy for India, as large amounts of raw material are available to be harnessed. Among various options available for bioenergy, biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification are three major options, which have huge potential in India to develop as energy sources and where investments made would be economical. India has approximately 50 million hectares of degraded wasteland that lie outside the areas demarcated as national forests, and another 34 million hectares of protected forest area, in much of which tree cover is severely degraded. A massive programme is needed to develop energy plantations consisting of oil seed species for biodiesel production and fast-growing tree crops for a national network of small, decentralised biomass gasifiers power plants. The irrigated cropped area could be used for sugarcane growing for bioethanol production. The present book reviews the status of technology in terms of cost and performance for biodiesel, bioethanol and biomass gasification in India and abroad. It also highlights barriers and constraints and technology interventions required for the development of these bioenergy options. It suggests policy interventions and action plan for the development and promotion of bioenergy in India.