ImportanceTax evaluations have shown effectiveness in reducing purchases of taxed items. However,... more ImportanceTax evaluations have shown effectiveness in reducing purchases of taxed items. However, few studies have looked at changes in overall dietary intake according to national surveys.ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages and foods to dietary intake over time, and the nutritional dietary profile in total beverages and foods consumed.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from 3 National Health and Nutrition Surveys of a nationally representative sample of participants aged older than 1 year in Mexico from 2012 (pretax), 2016, and 2018 (posttax). Data were analyzed from September 2021 to December 2022.ExposureTaxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense foods implemented since 2014.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcomes were the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages to total beverage volume, the contribution of taxed and untaxed foods to total food energy, and the energy density and content o...
Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en la población adulta mexicana. Mater... more Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en la población adulta mexicana. Material y métodos. Se utilizó información de la submuestra de adultos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 con una muestra de sangre de 10 ml. Se excluyeron 150 individuos con ayuno menor a 8 horas y cuatro personas con diabetes gestacional. La muestra final fue de 1 945 adultos que expande a 78.3 millones de adultos. Resultados. La prevalencia de prediabetes fue de 22.1%, y de diabetes diagnosticada y no diagnosticada de 12.6 y 5.8%, respectivamente, lo que resulta en una prevalencia de diabetes total de 18.3%. Conclusión. La diabetes en México es muy prevalente e implica un reto importante para el sistema de salud. Se requieren acciones contundentes para prevenir la enfermedad, mejorar el tamizaje, el diagnóstico oportuno y el control de la enfermedad.
Background In Mexico, obesity prevalence among adults increased from 23% in 2000 to 36% in 2018, ... more Background In Mexico, obesity prevalence among adults increased from 23% in 2000 to 36% in 2018, approximately. Mexico has not defined short- or long-term obesity goals, obscuring the level of effort required to achieve a relevant impact. We aimed to explore potential obesity goals for 2030 and 2040 in Mexico and to estimate the required caloric reductions to achieve them. Methods and findings We obtained anthropometric and demographic information on the Mexican adult population (age ≥20 years) from the Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 2000, 2006, 2012, 2016, and 2018 (n = 137,907). Each survey wave is cross-sectional, multistage, and representative of the Mexican population at the national, regional, and urban/rural levels. Obesity prevalence was projected for 2030 and 2040 by combining population projections of energy intake by socioeconomic status (SES) with a weight-change microsimulation model taking into account individual-level information on sex, age, physical activ...
Objective. To estimate vaccine uptake and assess sociodemographic conditions associated with vacc... more Objective. To estimate vaccine uptake and assess sociodemographic conditions associated with vaccination barriers and refusal and to explore the effect of a monetary incentive to overcome them. Materials and methods. We used data from adults from the 2021 National Continuous Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during August-October 2021. We evaluated if an hypothetical monetary incentive between 50-650 MXN (~2.5-31 USD) would overcome barriers or refusal. Results. 73.9% were vaccinated with at least one dose, 7.5% refused, 4.8% reported barriers and 13.8% were ineligible at the time of the survey. Refusal and barriers were more frequent in men, older age, lower education and socioeconomic status, unemployed and informal workers. In people with barriers and refusal, the hypothetical incentive increased the acceptance in 57.6% (95%CI 50.7,64.4%) and 17.4% (95%CI 13.2,21.7%) in people with barriers and refusal, respectively. Conclusion. Understanding the reasons for barriers and refu...
BackgroundProcessed discretionary foods and drinks (industrialised sugary drinks, sweet and savou... more BackgroundProcessed discretionary foods and drinks (industrialised sugary drinks, sweet and savoury snacks, and grain‐based sweets) are often target of policies aimed at regulating the food environment. We aimed to understand if a lower intake of processed foods or drinks is associated with substitution or complementation patterns and overall intake.MethodsWe analysed a subsample with two 24‐h dietary recalls of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (358 children, 253 adolescents and 278 adults). We compared within‐person, energy and added sugar intakes between days with and without consumption of each food group with fixed‐effects regressions. We estimated the relative change (change in intake when not consumed/average intake when consumed × 100).ResultsProcessed discretionary foods were not fully substituted, as total energy was 200–400 kcal/day lower when these foods were not consumed. The change in total intake was larger than the intake when consumed (i.e., comp...
A major challenge for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is affordable and adequat... more A major challenge for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is affordable and adequate monitoring of disease progression and population exposure as the primary source relevant epidemiological indicators. Serology testing enables assessing population exposure and to guide vaccination strategies but requires rigorous accuracy validation before population-wide implementation. We adapted a two-step ELISA protocol as a single-step protocol for detection of IgG against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared its diagnostic accuracy with a commercial immunoassay anti-nucleoprotein IgG. Both methods yielded adequate and comparable diagnostic accuracy after 3 weeks post-symptom onset and were implemented in a nation-wide population based serological survey during August–November 2020. Anti-RBD National seroprevalence was 23.6%, 1.3% lower, but not significantly, than for anti-N. Double positive seroprevalence was 19.7%. Anti-N single-positive se...
ABSTRACTBackgroundThe consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with obesity, ... more ABSTRACTBackgroundThe consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes to SSB. Over the last 10 years, Brazil has almost doubled its obesity prevalence, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut 23 percentage points to existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. To simulate the potential impact of updating the fiscal policy towards SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and model the potential impact of a new 20 or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and healthcare costs.Methods and FindingsUsing household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions using a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages, (2) alcoholic...
Multimorbidity is a complex challenge affecting individuals, families, caregivers, and health sys... more Multimorbidity is a complex challenge affecting individuals, families, caregivers, and health systems worldwide. The burden of multimorbidity is remarkable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) given the many existing challenges in these settings. Investigating multimorbidity in LMICs poses many challenges including the different conditions studied, and the restriction of data sources to relatively few countries, limiting comparability and representativeness. This has led to a paucity of evidence on multimorbidity prevalence and trends, disease clusters, and health outcomes, particularly longitudinal outcomes. In this paper, based on our experience of investigating multimorbidity in LMICs contexts, we discuss how the structure of the health system does not favor addressing multimorbidity, and how this is amplified by social and economic disparities and, more recently, by the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that generating epidemiologic data around multimorbidity with similar metho...
Objetivo. Describir a la plataforma Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) como herramienta de... more Objetivo. Describir a la plataforma Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) como herramienta de alfabetización en salud, a través de la evaluación de la eficiencia terminal, la ganancia de competencias y satisfacción de los usuarios de cursos en línea masivos en el tema de Covid-19. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de 20 cursos ofertados entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Se evaluaron las calificaciones pre y pos, el número total de registros, el total de cursos terminados y la satisfacción del usuario. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 4.9 millones de usuarios y 10 millones de inscripciones, en todos los estados de la República mexicana, con una eficiencia terminal de 85%, una ganancia de competencias de 30% y una satisfacción de 9.34 (10). Conclusiones. La plataforma CLIMSS ha mostrado ser una herramienta para la alfabetización en salud con un alcance de millones de mexicanos en temas relacionados con la crisis sanitaria Covid-19.
Seroprevalence surveys provide estimates of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population... more Seroprevalence surveys provide estimates of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population, regardless of disease severity and test availability. In Mexico in 2020, COVID-19 cases reached a maximum in July and December. We aimed to estimate the national and regional seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies across demographic and socioeconomic groups in Mexico after the first wave, from August to November 2020. We used nationally representative survey data including 9,640 blood samples. Seroprevalence was estimated by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, adjusting by the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay test. The national seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 24.9% (95%CI 22.2, 26.7), being lower for adults 60 years and older. We found higher seroprevalence among urban and metropolitan areas, low socioeconomic status, low education and workers. Among seropositive people, 67.3% were asymptomatic. Social distancing, lockdown measures and vaccination ...
Background Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates (IFRs) in developing countries remain... more Background Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates (IFRs) in developing countries remain poorly characterized. Mexico has one of the highest reported COVID-19 case-fatality rates worldwide, although available estimates do not consider serologic assessment of prior exposure nor all SARS-CoV-2-related deaths. We aimed to estimate sex- and age-specific IFRs for SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico. Methods The total number of people in Mexico with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was derived from National Survey of Health and Nutrition-COVID-19 (ENSANUT 2020 Covid-19)—a nationally representative serosurvey conducted from August to November 2020. COVID-19 mortality data matched to ENSANUT’s dates were retrieved from the death-certificate registry, which captures the majority of COVID-19 deaths in Mexico, and from the national surveillance system, which covers the subset of COVID-19 deaths that were identified by the health system and were confirmed through a positive polymerase chain rea...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Shifting food environments in Latin America have potentially contributed to an increase in the co... more Shifting food environments in Latin America have potentially contributed to an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages, along with decreases in healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Yet, little is known about the impact that such changes in the food environment have on blood pressure in low- and middle-income countries, including Mexico. We utilized individual-level systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measures from the 2016 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT, n = 2798 adults). Using an inventory of food stores based on the economic census for 2010 and 2016, we calculated the change in the density of fruit and vegetable stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets. Multilevel regression was used to estimate the association between the 2010–2016 food environment neighborhood-level changes with individual-level blood pressure measured in 2016. Declines in neighborhood-level density of fruit and vegetable store...
Several strategies have been proposed to reduce the intake of added sugars in the population. In ... more Several strategies have been proposed to reduce the intake of added sugars in the population. In Mexico, a 10% sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) tax was implemented in 2014, and the implementation of other nutritional policies, such as product reformulation to reduce added sugars, is under discussion. WHO recommends that all individuals consume less than 10% of their total energy intake (TEI) from added sugars. We propose gradually reducing added sugars in SSBs to achieve an average 10% consumption of added sugars in the Mexican population over 10 years and to estimate the expected impact of reformulation in adult body weight and obesity. Baseline consumption for added sugars and SSBs, sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), height, and weight for Mexican adults were obtained from the 2012 Mexico National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). On average, 12.6% of the TEI was contributed by added sugars; we defined a 50% reduction in added sugars in SSBs over 10 years as a reformulatio...
To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys... more To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys and to describe treatment and its complications. Mexico's national surveys Ensa 2000, Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2016 were used. For 2016, logistic regression models and measures of central tendency and dispersion were obtained. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 was 9.4%. The increase of 2.2% relative to 2012 was not significant and only observed in patients older than 60 years. While preventive measures have increased, the access to medical treatment and lifestyle has not changed. The treatment has been modified, with an increase in insulin and decrease in hypoglycaemic agents. Population aging, lack of screening actions and the increase in diabetes complications will lead to an increase on the burden of disease. Policy measures targeting primary and secondary prevention of diabetes are crucial.
ImportanceTax evaluations have shown effectiveness in reducing purchases of taxed items. However,... more ImportanceTax evaluations have shown effectiveness in reducing purchases of taxed items. However, few studies have looked at changes in overall dietary intake according to national surveys.ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages and foods to dietary intake over time, and the nutritional dietary profile in total beverages and foods consumed.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from 3 National Health and Nutrition Surveys of a nationally representative sample of participants aged older than 1 year in Mexico from 2012 (pretax), 2016, and 2018 (posttax). Data were analyzed from September 2021 to December 2022.ExposureTaxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense foods implemented since 2014.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcomes were the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages to total beverage volume, the contribution of taxed and untaxed foods to total food energy, and the energy density and content o...
Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en la población adulta mexicana. Mater... more Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en la población adulta mexicana. Material y métodos. Se utilizó información de la submuestra de adultos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 con una muestra de sangre de 10 ml. Se excluyeron 150 individuos con ayuno menor a 8 horas y cuatro personas con diabetes gestacional. La muestra final fue de 1 945 adultos que expande a 78.3 millones de adultos. Resultados. La prevalencia de prediabetes fue de 22.1%, y de diabetes diagnosticada y no diagnosticada de 12.6 y 5.8%, respectivamente, lo que resulta en una prevalencia de diabetes total de 18.3%. Conclusión. La diabetes en México es muy prevalente e implica un reto importante para el sistema de salud. Se requieren acciones contundentes para prevenir la enfermedad, mejorar el tamizaje, el diagnóstico oportuno y el control de la enfermedad.
Background In Mexico, obesity prevalence among adults increased from 23% in 2000 to 36% in 2018, ... more Background In Mexico, obesity prevalence among adults increased from 23% in 2000 to 36% in 2018, approximately. Mexico has not defined short- or long-term obesity goals, obscuring the level of effort required to achieve a relevant impact. We aimed to explore potential obesity goals for 2030 and 2040 in Mexico and to estimate the required caloric reductions to achieve them. Methods and findings We obtained anthropometric and demographic information on the Mexican adult population (age ≥20 years) from the Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 2000, 2006, 2012, 2016, and 2018 (n = 137,907). Each survey wave is cross-sectional, multistage, and representative of the Mexican population at the national, regional, and urban/rural levels. Obesity prevalence was projected for 2030 and 2040 by combining population projections of energy intake by socioeconomic status (SES) with a weight-change microsimulation model taking into account individual-level information on sex, age, physical activ...
Objective. To estimate vaccine uptake and assess sociodemographic conditions associated with vacc... more Objective. To estimate vaccine uptake and assess sociodemographic conditions associated with vaccination barriers and refusal and to explore the effect of a monetary incentive to overcome them. Materials and methods. We used data from adults from the 2021 National Continuous Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during August-October 2021. We evaluated if an hypothetical monetary incentive between 50-650 MXN (~2.5-31 USD) would overcome barriers or refusal. Results. 73.9% were vaccinated with at least one dose, 7.5% refused, 4.8% reported barriers and 13.8% were ineligible at the time of the survey. Refusal and barriers were more frequent in men, older age, lower education and socioeconomic status, unemployed and informal workers. In people with barriers and refusal, the hypothetical incentive increased the acceptance in 57.6% (95%CI 50.7,64.4%) and 17.4% (95%CI 13.2,21.7%) in people with barriers and refusal, respectively. Conclusion. Understanding the reasons for barriers and refu...
BackgroundProcessed discretionary foods and drinks (industrialised sugary drinks, sweet and savou... more BackgroundProcessed discretionary foods and drinks (industrialised sugary drinks, sweet and savoury snacks, and grain‐based sweets) are often target of policies aimed at regulating the food environment. We aimed to understand if a lower intake of processed foods or drinks is associated with substitution or complementation patterns and overall intake.MethodsWe analysed a subsample with two 24‐h dietary recalls of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (358 children, 253 adolescents and 278 adults). We compared within‐person, energy and added sugar intakes between days with and without consumption of each food group with fixed‐effects regressions. We estimated the relative change (change in intake when not consumed/average intake when consumed × 100).ResultsProcessed discretionary foods were not fully substituted, as total energy was 200–400 kcal/day lower when these foods were not consumed. The change in total intake was larger than the intake when consumed (i.e., comp...
A major challenge for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is affordable and adequat... more A major challenge for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is affordable and adequate monitoring of disease progression and population exposure as the primary source relevant epidemiological indicators. Serology testing enables assessing population exposure and to guide vaccination strategies but requires rigorous accuracy validation before population-wide implementation. We adapted a two-step ELISA protocol as a single-step protocol for detection of IgG against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared its diagnostic accuracy with a commercial immunoassay anti-nucleoprotein IgG. Both methods yielded adequate and comparable diagnostic accuracy after 3 weeks post-symptom onset and were implemented in a nation-wide population based serological survey during August–November 2020. Anti-RBD National seroprevalence was 23.6%, 1.3% lower, but not significantly, than for anti-N. Double positive seroprevalence was 19.7%. Anti-N single-positive se...
ABSTRACTBackgroundThe consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with obesity, ... more ABSTRACTBackgroundThe consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes to SSB. Over the last 10 years, Brazil has almost doubled its obesity prevalence, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut 23 percentage points to existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. To simulate the potential impact of updating the fiscal policy towards SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and model the potential impact of a new 20 or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and healthcare costs.Methods and FindingsUsing household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions using a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages, (2) alcoholic...
Multimorbidity is a complex challenge affecting individuals, families, caregivers, and health sys... more Multimorbidity is a complex challenge affecting individuals, families, caregivers, and health systems worldwide. The burden of multimorbidity is remarkable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) given the many existing challenges in these settings. Investigating multimorbidity in LMICs poses many challenges including the different conditions studied, and the restriction of data sources to relatively few countries, limiting comparability and representativeness. This has led to a paucity of evidence on multimorbidity prevalence and trends, disease clusters, and health outcomes, particularly longitudinal outcomes. In this paper, based on our experience of investigating multimorbidity in LMICs contexts, we discuss how the structure of the health system does not favor addressing multimorbidity, and how this is amplified by social and economic disparities and, more recently, by the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that generating epidemiologic data around multimorbidity with similar metho...
Objetivo. Describir a la plataforma Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) como herramienta de... more Objetivo. Describir a la plataforma Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) como herramienta de alfabetización en salud, a través de la evaluación de la eficiencia terminal, la ganancia de competencias y satisfacción de los usuarios de cursos en línea masivos en el tema de Covid-19. Material y métodos. Se analizaron datos de 20 cursos ofertados entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Se evaluaron las calificaciones pre y pos, el número total de registros, el total de cursos terminados y la satisfacción del usuario. Resultados. Se registraron un total de 4.9 millones de usuarios y 10 millones de inscripciones, en todos los estados de la República mexicana, con una eficiencia terminal de 85%, una ganancia de competencias de 30% y una satisfacción de 9.34 (10). Conclusiones. La plataforma CLIMSS ha mostrado ser una herramienta para la alfabetización en salud con un alcance de millones de mexicanos en temas relacionados con la crisis sanitaria Covid-19.
Seroprevalence surveys provide estimates of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population... more Seroprevalence surveys provide estimates of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population, regardless of disease severity and test availability. In Mexico in 2020, COVID-19 cases reached a maximum in July and December. We aimed to estimate the national and regional seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies across demographic and socioeconomic groups in Mexico after the first wave, from August to November 2020. We used nationally representative survey data including 9,640 blood samples. Seroprevalence was estimated by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, adjusting by the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay test. The national seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 24.9% (95%CI 22.2, 26.7), being lower for adults 60 years and older. We found higher seroprevalence among urban and metropolitan areas, low socioeconomic status, low education and workers. Among seropositive people, 67.3% were asymptomatic. Social distancing, lockdown measures and vaccination ...
Background Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates (IFRs) in developing countries remain... more Background Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates (IFRs) in developing countries remain poorly characterized. Mexico has one of the highest reported COVID-19 case-fatality rates worldwide, although available estimates do not consider serologic assessment of prior exposure nor all SARS-CoV-2-related deaths. We aimed to estimate sex- and age-specific IFRs for SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico. Methods The total number of people in Mexico with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was derived from National Survey of Health and Nutrition-COVID-19 (ENSANUT 2020 Covid-19)—a nationally representative serosurvey conducted from August to November 2020. COVID-19 mortality data matched to ENSANUT’s dates were retrieved from the death-certificate registry, which captures the majority of COVID-19 deaths in Mexico, and from the national surveillance system, which covers the subset of COVID-19 deaths that were identified by the health system and were confirmed through a positive polymerase chain rea...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022
Shifting food environments in Latin America have potentially contributed to an increase in the co... more Shifting food environments in Latin America have potentially contributed to an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages, along with decreases in healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Yet, little is known about the impact that such changes in the food environment have on blood pressure in low- and middle-income countries, including Mexico. We utilized individual-level systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measures from the 2016 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT, n = 2798 adults). Using an inventory of food stores based on the economic census for 2010 and 2016, we calculated the change in the density of fruit and vegetable stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets. Multilevel regression was used to estimate the association between the 2010–2016 food environment neighborhood-level changes with individual-level blood pressure measured in 2016. Declines in neighborhood-level density of fruit and vegetable store...
Several strategies have been proposed to reduce the intake of added sugars in the population. In ... more Several strategies have been proposed to reduce the intake of added sugars in the population. In Mexico, a 10% sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) tax was implemented in 2014, and the implementation of other nutritional policies, such as product reformulation to reduce added sugars, is under discussion. WHO recommends that all individuals consume less than 10% of their total energy intake (TEI) from added sugars. We propose gradually reducing added sugars in SSBs to achieve an average 10% consumption of added sugars in the Mexican population over 10 years and to estimate the expected impact of reformulation in adult body weight and obesity. Baseline consumption for added sugars and SSBs, sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), height, and weight for Mexican adults were obtained from the 2012 Mexico National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). On average, 12.6% of the TEI was contributed by added sugars; we defined a 50% reduction in added sugars in SSBs over 10 years as a reformulatio...
To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys... more To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys and to describe treatment and its complications. Mexico's national surveys Ensa 2000, Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2016 were used. For 2016, logistic regression models and measures of central tendency and dispersion were obtained. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 was 9.4%. The increase of 2.2% relative to 2012 was not significant and only observed in patients older than 60 years. While preventive measures have increased, the access to medical treatment and lifestyle has not changed. The treatment has been modified, with an increase in insulin and decrease in hypoglycaemic agents. Population aging, lack of screening actions and the increase in diabetes complications will lead to an increase on the burden of disease. Policy measures targeting primary and secondary prevention of diabetes are crucial.
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