2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), 2018
Recently, there has been considerable interest in utilizing graphene for biosensing. Graphene has... more Recently, there has been considerable interest in utilizing graphene for biosensing. Graphene has unique characteristic where the bareness of the graphene allows it to be exposed directly to the aqueous solution. As defect can increase the sensing area and assist the surface’s bio-functionalization, hence this paper aims to investigate the biosensing feasibility of defect induced multilayer graphene towards Escherichia coli bacteria detection. Results showed that 10 minutes of incubation time was needed to adsorb E.coli on the graphene surface. In dry measurement, conductivity of the defect induced multilayer graphene decreased but the linearity showed improved range. After the E.coli has been exposed to the defect induced multilayer graphene, the conductivity has been found increased due to the reduction in resistance. This paper showed that the modification on the surface of the graphene can be useful to the sensing application.
Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil mac... more Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil macronutrient testing is helpful for determining the nutrients content in soil before applying fertilizer for quality and process controls of agricultural produce and soil fertility. Spectroscopy is an emerging technology which is rapid and simple has been widely used in agricultural and food analysis processes. The capability of spectroscopy to characterize material from the transmission or absorbance has been used in this paper to measure nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in non-agriculture soil. The paper details preliminary characterization of soil spectroscopy with a Deuterium-Halogen light source and Ocean Optic spectrometer to measure the absorbance level of the macronutrients. The extracted nutrients were mixed with the colour reagent and specific colored solution was developed. Two soil samples have been employed for the experimental characterization, which are...
Today, the number of vehicles using the road including highways and single carriage way is increa... more Today, the number of vehicles using the road including highways and single carriage way is increasing. road structure safety monitoring system that is safe for road users and also important to ensure long-term vehicle safety and prevent accidents due to road damage such as potholes, landslides and uneven roads. Most news reports of road accidents are also caused by potholes that are almost 10-30 cm deep, coupled with heavy rainfall that reduces visibility among drivers, significant damage to the suspension system to the vehicle or unnecessary traffic congestion. In this paper, deep learning detection with YOLOv3 algorithm is proposed apart from researches ranging from accelerometer detection, image processing or machine learning based detection as it is easier to develop and provide more accurate results. After pothole has been detected in real-time webcam, the location will be logged and displayed using Google Maps API for visualization. a total of 330 sets of data were sampled for...
In this paper, the breakdown voltage (VBD) and dark current (ID) of p+/n-well avalanche photodiod... more In this paper, the breakdown voltage (VBD) and dark current (ID) of p+/n-well avalanche photodiodes operating in Geiger is reported. Simulations are performed by implemented the numerical simulations at the technological process and electrical level by using two dimensional TCAD simulations. The simulation analysis aims at relating both the VBD and ID to the relevant the device parameters, such as epitaxial layer thickness and doping concentration, in the context of device performance optimization for photon counting application. The optimized design of the Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) is included with the guard ring by the diffusion of p-wells layer to prevent the edge breakdown by limiting the high electric field at the junction periphery of the device. The result demonstrated that, the SPAD with square shape active area of 2 x 2 µm2 using low doped p-well guard ring has VBD of 27 V and IA of 0.85 pA. The simulation performances are also useful for characterization perform...
Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil mac... more Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil macronutrient testing is helpful for determining the nutrient content in soil before applying fertilizer for quality and process controls of agricultural productivity and soil fertility. Spectroscopy is an emerging technology which is rapid and simple has been widely used in agricultural and food analysis processes. The capability of spectroscopy to characterize material from the transmission or absorbance has been used in this paper to measure nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ) and potassium ( K ) content in organic soil. The paper details preliminary characterization of soil spectroscopy with a Deuterium - Halogen lamp and spectrometer to measure the absorbance level of the macronutrients. The extracted nutrients were mixed with the colour reagent and specific colour ed solution was developed. The result shows high absorbance level for N and P are at 970 nm in wavelength. In addition, N gi ...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), 2020
Fault-tolerant architecture plays a crucial role in the safety and mission-critical application s... more Fault-tolerant architecture plays a crucial role in the safety and mission-critical application such as space and medical application. These applications require high reliability to maintain continuous operation without fault. The tremendous increase in the integration density and the downscaling of the nanotechnology cause the system exposed to the soft error more frequently. This project concerns the development of a 16-bit fault tolerant sparse Kogge Stone Adder (KSA) by implementing Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) approach. The results show that the fault tolerability had been greatly improved at almost double the masking rate of the adder alone and can be operated at the maximum frequency of 166.67 MHz. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) implementation using Silterra 0.18 μm CMOS technology is conducted using Synopsys Electronic Design Automation tools.
The optoelectronic mixing is an attractive approach for high frequency in millimeter wave band du... more The optoelectronic mixing is an attractive approach for high frequency in millimeter wave band due to an advantages of low loss and modulate high frequency signal for up and down conversion. Due to this advantage, it is practical implementation of RoF whereby it performs the detection and frequency conversion simultaneously that are required at antenna BS. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) enable to photodetects and optoelectronic converters for radio over fiber communication systems [1, 2]. Hence, HBT has been identified as a suitable candidate of an OEM by simultaneously photodetecting an intensity modulated wavelength frequency translating the detected signal to a higher or lower frequency which can provide high mixing efficiency up to 30GHz. In this work, analysis of the spectral model of HBT in lattice-matched InP/InGaAs as an optoelectronic mixer in millimeter-wave radio over fiber (RoF) has been done thoroughly. The proposed HBT was analysed by considering the wavelengt...
A spectrophotometer with an LED as the light source for uric acid detection is proposed in this w... more A spectrophotometer with an LED as the light source for uric acid detection is proposed in this work. The mechanism of uric acid detection is based on energy absorbed by sodium urate, which is a chemical product of uric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. For the performance validation, comparison between the spectrophotometer with an LED and halogen lamp is carried out. Measurement results suggest that the spectrophotometer system with LED light has better sensitivity than that with halogen light. At a 460 nm wavelength, the sensitivity for the spectrophotometer with an LED is 0.0046 dL/mg, which is 73% higher than that with halogen light that records 0.0012 dL/mg. This enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher luminous efficacy of the LED light beam. As a result, a larger amount of flux interacts with the sample, leading to the sensitivity enhancement. The spectrophotometer with an LED is also applied for the detection of uric acid in a real human urine sample. Based on the...
2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), 2018
This paper presents a low-noise and low-power transimpedance amplifier (TIA,) intended for use as... more This paper presents a low-noise and low-power transimpedance amplifier (TIA,) intended for use as an analog frontend for a very low biomedical signal detection. Different topologies are reviewed, and then the most appropriate structures are characterized. A common gate transimpedance amplifier has been designed in 0.13 µm CMOS process. Experimental results obtained show that the TIA connected to a Geiger mode photodiode with a total capacitance of 2 pF performed a bandwidth of 2.47 GHz with transimpedance gain of 53.8 and input referred current noise of 28.1 pA/(Hz)1/2 by using regulated cascade topology. The core circuit of the poposed analog front-end receiver occupies a chip area of 900 µm2 with power dissipation of 1.8 mW. These encouraging results have exhibited the potential of the circuit for use in the CMOS photon detector for biomedical sensing application.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2017
A study of oxygen plasma on multilayer graphene is done with different flow rates. This is to all... more A study of oxygen plasma on multilayer graphene is done with different flow rates. This is to allow a controlled amount of defect fabricated on the graphene. Results from the study showed that the intensity ratio of defect between D peak and G peak was strongly depended on the amount of oxygen flow rate thus affected the 2D band of the spectra. The inter-defect distance LD ≥ 15 nm of each sample indicated that low-defect density was fabricated. The surface roughness of the multilayer graphene also increased and reduced the conductivity of the multilayer graphene.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2018
The trend of health care screening devices in the world is increasingly towards the favor of port... more The trend of health care screening devices in the world is increasingly towards the favor of portability and wearability. This is because these wearable screening devices are not restricting the patient’s freedom and daily activities. While the demand of low power and low cost biomedical system on chip is increasing in exponential way, the front-end electrocardiogram (ECG) amplifiers are still suffering from flicker noise for low frequency cardiac signal acquisition, 50Hz power line electromagnetic interference, and the large unstable input offsets due to the electrode-skin interface is not attached properly. In this paper, a CMOS based ECG amplifier that suitable for low power wearable cardiac screening is proposed. The amplifier adopts the highly stable folded cascode topology and later being implemented into RC feedback circuit for low frequency DC offset cancellation. By using 0.13µm CMOS technology from Silterra, the simulation results show that this front-end circuit can achi...
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
A flexible optical sensor unit was developed for the detection of albumin level in human urine. I... more A flexible optical sensor unit was developed for the detection of albumin level in human urine. It consists of polydimethylsiloxane thinfilm with the microscopic glass as the substrate. A gradual increase of albumin level may indicate signs of health problem such as diabetes, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. The experimental results showed there are a spectral shift and an increase in absorbed light increase in intensity of light with sodium urate at different concentration as a substitute of urine sample. The transmittance and reflection of PDMS was determined in the 400–1400 nm wavelength range using halogen-detrium as the excitation light source to predict the sensor sensitivity based on the Beer–Lambert law. The results exhibited that the light intensity increases as the concentration of the sodium urate increases. This performance of prototype sensor ignites an alternative for albumin detection using flexible structure.
Loss analysis due to the insertion of optical fiber in short wavelength spectrophotometer system ... more Loss analysis due to the insertion of optical fiber in short wavelength spectrophotometer system is experimentally conducted to improve resolution and flexibility of the system design. In this paper, type, length and bending diameter of the optical fiber are analyzed as a preliminary work towards the development of a low-loss spectrophotometer system. In order to analyze a suitable type of fiber to be adopted in this system, a 20 mm length and 0 mm bending diameter of a single-mode fiber (SMF), multi-mode fiber (MMF) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fiber are tested. The length and bending diameter of the suitable fiber is then varied from 20 mm to 60 mm and 6 mm to 22 mm respectively. In this paper, light emitting diode (LED) centered at 525 nm wavelength with 35 nm full width half maximum (FWHM) is used as the spectrophotometer light source while silicon photodiode is used as the detector. In this work, photodetector output voltage is recorded to analyze the loss contributed by ...
2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), 2018
Recently, there has been considerable interest in utilizing graphene for biosensing. Graphene has... more Recently, there has been considerable interest in utilizing graphene for biosensing. Graphene has unique characteristic where the bareness of the graphene allows it to be exposed directly to the aqueous solution. As defect can increase the sensing area and assist the surface’s bio-functionalization, hence this paper aims to investigate the biosensing feasibility of defect induced multilayer graphene towards Escherichia coli bacteria detection. Results showed that 10 minutes of incubation time was needed to adsorb E.coli on the graphene surface. In dry measurement, conductivity of the defect induced multilayer graphene decreased but the linearity showed improved range. After the E.coli has been exposed to the defect induced multilayer graphene, the conductivity has been found increased due to the reduction in resistance. This paper showed that the modification on the surface of the graphene can be useful to the sensing application.
Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil mac... more Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil macronutrient testing is helpful for determining the nutrients content in soil before applying fertilizer for quality and process controls of agricultural produce and soil fertility. Spectroscopy is an emerging technology which is rapid and simple has been widely used in agricultural and food analysis processes. The capability of spectroscopy to characterize material from the transmission or absorbance has been used in this paper to measure nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in non-agriculture soil. The paper details preliminary characterization of soil spectroscopy with a Deuterium-Halogen light source and Ocean Optic spectrometer to measure the absorbance level of the macronutrients. The extracted nutrients were mixed with the colour reagent and specific colored solution was developed. Two soil samples have been employed for the experimental characterization, which are...
Today, the number of vehicles using the road including highways and single carriage way is increa... more Today, the number of vehicles using the road including highways and single carriage way is increasing. road structure safety monitoring system that is safe for road users and also important to ensure long-term vehicle safety and prevent accidents due to road damage such as potholes, landslides and uneven roads. Most news reports of road accidents are also caused by potholes that are almost 10-30 cm deep, coupled with heavy rainfall that reduces visibility among drivers, significant damage to the suspension system to the vehicle or unnecessary traffic congestion. In this paper, deep learning detection with YOLOv3 algorithm is proposed apart from researches ranging from accelerometer detection, image processing or machine learning based detection as it is easier to develop and provide more accurate results. After pothole has been detected in real-time webcam, the location will be logged and displayed using Google Maps API for visualization. a total of 330 sets of data were sampled for...
In this paper, the breakdown voltage (VBD) and dark current (ID) of p+/n-well avalanche photodiod... more In this paper, the breakdown voltage (VBD) and dark current (ID) of p+/n-well avalanche photodiodes operating in Geiger is reported. Simulations are performed by implemented the numerical simulations at the technological process and electrical level by using two dimensional TCAD simulations. The simulation analysis aims at relating both the VBD and ID to the relevant the device parameters, such as epitaxial layer thickness and doping concentration, in the context of device performance optimization for photon counting application. The optimized design of the Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) is included with the guard ring by the diffusion of p-wells layer to prevent the edge breakdown by limiting the high electric field at the junction periphery of the device. The result demonstrated that, the SPAD with square shape active area of 2 x 2 µm2 using low doped p-well guard ring has VBD of 27 V and IA of 0.85 pA. The simulation performances are also useful for characterization perform...
Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil mac... more Soil is a medium for plant roots to grow, absorb water and necessary solutes for growth. Soil macronutrient testing is helpful for determining the nutrient content in soil before applying fertilizer for quality and process controls of agricultural productivity and soil fertility. Spectroscopy is an emerging technology which is rapid and simple has been widely used in agricultural and food analysis processes. The capability of spectroscopy to characterize material from the transmission or absorbance has been used in this paper to measure nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ) and potassium ( K ) content in organic soil. The paper details preliminary characterization of soil spectroscopy with a Deuterium - Halogen lamp and spectrometer to measure the absorbance level of the macronutrients. The extracted nutrients were mixed with the colour reagent and specific colour ed solution was developed. The result shows high absorbance level for N and P are at 970 nm in wavelength. In addition, N gi ...
2020 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), 2020
Fault-tolerant architecture plays a crucial role in the safety and mission-critical application s... more Fault-tolerant architecture plays a crucial role in the safety and mission-critical application such as space and medical application. These applications require high reliability to maintain continuous operation without fault. The tremendous increase in the integration density and the downscaling of the nanotechnology cause the system exposed to the soft error more frequently. This project concerns the development of a 16-bit fault tolerant sparse Kogge Stone Adder (KSA) by implementing Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) approach. The results show that the fault tolerability had been greatly improved at almost double the masking rate of the adder alone and can be operated at the maximum frequency of 166.67 MHz. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) implementation using Silterra 0.18 μm CMOS technology is conducted using Synopsys Electronic Design Automation tools.
The optoelectronic mixing is an attractive approach for high frequency in millimeter wave band du... more The optoelectronic mixing is an attractive approach for high frequency in millimeter wave band due to an advantages of low loss and modulate high frequency signal for up and down conversion. Due to this advantage, it is practical implementation of RoF whereby it performs the detection and frequency conversion simultaneously that are required at antenna BS. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) enable to photodetects and optoelectronic converters for radio over fiber communication systems [1, 2]. Hence, HBT has been identified as a suitable candidate of an OEM by simultaneously photodetecting an intensity modulated wavelength frequency translating the detected signal to a higher or lower frequency which can provide high mixing efficiency up to 30GHz. In this work, analysis of the spectral model of HBT in lattice-matched InP/InGaAs as an optoelectronic mixer in millimeter-wave radio over fiber (RoF) has been done thoroughly. The proposed HBT was analysed by considering the wavelengt...
A spectrophotometer with an LED as the light source for uric acid detection is proposed in this w... more A spectrophotometer with an LED as the light source for uric acid detection is proposed in this work. The mechanism of uric acid detection is based on energy absorbed by sodium urate, which is a chemical product of uric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. For the performance validation, comparison between the spectrophotometer with an LED and halogen lamp is carried out. Measurement results suggest that the spectrophotometer system with LED light has better sensitivity than that with halogen light. At a 460 nm wavelength, the sensitivity for the spectrophotometer with an LED is 0.0046 dL/mg, which is 73% higher than that with halogen light that records 0.0012 dL/mg. This enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher luminous efficacy of the LED light beam. As a result, a larger amount of flux interacts with the sample, leading to the sensitivity enhancement. The spectrophotometer with an LED is also applied for the detection of uric acid in a real human urine sample. Based on the...
2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), 2018
This paper presents a low-noise and low-power transimpedance amplifier (TIA,) intended for use as... more This paper presents a low-noise and low-power transimpedance amplifier (TIA,) intended for use as an analog frontend for a very low biomedical signal detection. Different topologies are reviewed, and then the most appropriate structures are characterized. A common gate transimpedance amplifier has been designed in 0.13 µm CMOS process. Experimental results obtained show that the TIA connected to a Geiger mode photodiode with a total capacitance of 2 pF performed a bandwidth of 2.47 GHz with transimpedance gain of 53.8 and input referred current noise of 28.1 pA/(Hz)1/2 by using regulated cascade topology. The core circuit of the poposed analog front-end receiver occupies a chip area of 900 µm2 with power dissipation of 1.8 mW. These encouraging results have exhibited the potential of the circuit for use in the CMOS photon detector for biomedical sensing application.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2017
A study of oxygen plasma on multilayer graphene is done with different flow rates. This is to all... more A study of oxygen plasma on multilayer graphene is done with different flow rates. This is to allow a controlled amount of defect fabricated on the graphene. Results from the study showed that the intensity ratio of defect between D peak and G peak was strongly depended on the amount of oxygen flow rate thus affected the 2D band of the spectra. The inter-defect distance LD ≥ 15 nm of each sample indicated that low-defect density was fabricated. The surface roughness of the multilayer graphene also increased and reduced the conductivity of the multilayer graphene.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2018
The trend of health care screening devices in the world is increasingly towards the favor of port... more The trend of health care screening devices in the world is increasingly towards the favor of portability and wearability. This is because these wearable screening devices are not restricting the patient’s freedom and daily activities. While the demand of low power and low cost biomedical system on chip is increasing in exponential way, the front-end electrocardiogram (ECG) amplifiers are still suffering from flicker noise for low frequency cardiac signal acquisition, 50Hz power line electromagnetic interference, and the large unstable input offsets due to the electrode-skin interface is not attached properly. In this paper, a CMOS based ECG amplifier that suitable for low power wearable cardiac screening is proposed. The amplifier adopts the highly stable folded cascode topology and later being implemented into RC feedback circuit for low frequency DC offset cancellation. By using 0.13µm CMOS technology from Silterra, the simulation results show that this front-end circuit can achi...
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
A flexible optical sensor unit was developed for the detection of albumin level in human urine. I... more A flexible optical sensor unit was developed for the detection of albumin level in human urine. It consists of polydimethylsiloxane thinfilm with the microscopic glass as the substrate. A gradual increase of albumin level may indicate signs of health problem such as diabetes, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. The experimental results showed there are a spectral shift and an increase in absorbed light increase in intensity of light with sodium urate at different concentration as a substitute of urine sample. The transmittance and reflection of PDMS was determined in the 400–1400 nm wavelength range using halogen-detrium as the excitation light source to predict the sensor sensitivity based on the Beer–Lambert law. The results exhibited that the light intensity increases as the concentration of the sodium urate increases. This performance of prototype sensor ignites an alternative for albumin detection using flexible structure.
Loss analysis due to the insertion of optical fiber in short wavelength spectrophotometer system ... more Loss analysis due to the insertion of optical fiber in short wavelength spectrophotometer system is experimentally conducted to improve resolution and flexibility of the system design. In this paper, type, length and bending diameter of the optical fiber are analyzed as a preliminary work towards the development of a low-loss spectrophotometer system. In order to analyze a suitable type of fiber to be adopted in this system, a 20 mm length and 0 mm bending diameter of a single-mode fiber (SMF), multi-mode fiber (MMF) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fiber are tested. The length and bending diameter of the suitable fiber is then varied from 20 mm to 60 mm and 6 mm to 22 mm respectively. In this paper, light emitting diode (LED) centered at 525 nm wavelength with 35 nm full width half maximum (FWHM) is used as the spectrophotometer light source while silicon photodiode is used as the detector. In this work, photodetector output voltage is recorded to analyze the loss contributed by ...
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