In the present study, production of compactin by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied. ... more In the present study, production of compactin by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied. In the first step, various precultural parameters were studied by substituting one factor at a time. Subsequently, the effect of maltodextrin DE 18 on compactin production was studied. The optimized parameters gave maximum compactin production of 850 mug/gds as compared with 678 mug/gds before optimization. Statistical study was performed to further improve the production and develop a robust model. An improved yield of 950 mug/gds was obtained using the conditions proposed by the experimental model. The present study emphasizes the importance of precultural and nutritional parameters on the production of compactin, and further confirms the usefulness of solid-state fermentation for the production of industrially important secondary metabolites. It also confirms that complex nitrogen sources such as oil cakes can be used for the production of compactin.
CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sint... more CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sintering, and conventional sintering using plasma reactor and high temperature furnace as the heating sources. The compositional ratio (wt) of silimanite, alumina, and zircon were taken as 47:38:15, and 4 wt% of CaO was added to the above compositional ratio for the synthesis of CaO-MUZ. A mixture of tetragonal and cubic zirconia phases have been observed in all the processed CaO-MUZ composites. This observation infers that though the available temperature in plasma sintered and conventionally sintered MUZ specimens is not sufficient for the transformation of monoclinic zirconia to cubic zirconia, the addition of CaO favors this transformation. The arrangement of close compacted small and large crystal grains in conventionally sintered specimen increases the bulk density, while the hardness remains lower in comparison to the plasma-sintered CaO-MUZ. The optical bandgap measurements predict that the CaO-MUZ composites can be used as suitable refractory materials for ceramic industrial applications. We report the suitability of heating sources and the impact of melting and sintering techniques on the structural, microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of CaO-MUZ, so that one can choose appropriate synthesis techniques to achieve the desired product at the industrial scale.
Fine silicon carbide powder was synthesized from bamboo leaf in a DC thermal plasma reactor throu... more Fine silicon carbide powder was synthesized from bamboo leaf in a DC thermal plasma reactor through a single step process. With an applying current of 300 amp and 50 V voltages, the optimum duration of conversion of silica rich bamboo leaf to silicon carbide is 20 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the final product is identified as β-SiC having lattice parameter a = 4.295 Å, which is in close agreement with the reported value of 4.347 Å. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph clearly shows the formation of cubical particles of β-SiC. The micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis also confirm the formation of β-SiC phase.
Silimanite and zircon rich sea beach sand is taken with alumina powder for the synthesis of fused... more Silimanite and zircon rich sea beach sand is taken with alumina powder for the synthesis of fused zirconia mullite (MUZ) composites by extended arc thermal plasma reactor. The bulk density value of fused MUZ (3.79 g/cm3) is well comparable to the density value of commercial available MUZ (3.6 gm/cm3). The electron probe microstructure analysis predicts that alumina is rich in mullite grains, whereas the grain boundary region is rich with zirconia. A small percentage of zirconia is also present in the intragrain region, which reveals that mullite compound is surrounded by well-structured and compacted zirconia. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum reveals the presence of mullite phase along with crystalline Si in the composites.
Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite... more Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite and alumina ratio (60:40 = MU1, 65:35 = MU2, and 75:25 = MU3) within five minutes of thermal plasma treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman studies indicate the presence of corundum phase in MU1 and MU2 compounds, whereas no signature of corundum phase is evident in MU3. This observation confirms that sillimanite and alumina taken in the ratio 75:25 (MU3) are exactly in the appropriate proportion for the complete conversion of mullite. The bulk density is higher in fused MU3 as compared to other two compositions. The optical band gap measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer for this composition is found to be 3.37 eV.
CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sint... more CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sintering, and conventional sintering using plasma reactor and high temperature furnace as the heating sources. The compositional ratio (wt) of silimanite, alumina, and zircon were taken as 47:38:15, and 4 wt% of CaO was added to the above compositional ratio for the synthesis of CaO-MUZ. A mixture of tetragonal and cubic zirconia phases have been observed in all the processed CaO-MUZ composites. This observation infers that though the available temperature in plasma sintered and conventionally sintered MUZ specimens is not sufficient for the transformation of monoclinic zirconia to cubic zirconia, the addition of CaO favors this transformation. The arrangement of close compacted small and large crystal grains in conventionally sintered specimen increases the bulk density, while the hardness remains lower in comparison to the plasma-sintered CaO-MUZ. The optical bandgap measurements predict that the CaO-MUZ composites can be used as suitable refractory materials for ceramic industrial applications. We report the suitability of heating sources and the impact of melting and sintering techniques on the structural, microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of CaO-MUZ, so that one can choose appropriate synthesis techniques to achieve the desired product at the industrial scale.
Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite... more Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite and alumina ratio (60:40 = MU1, 65:35 = MU2, and 75:25 = MU3) within five minutes of thermal plasma treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman studies indicate the presence of corundum phase in MU1 and MU2 compounds, whereas no signature of corundum phase is evident in MU3. This observation confirms that sillimanite and alumina taken in the ratio 75:25 (MU3) are exactly in the appropriate proportion for the complete conversion of mullite. The bulk density is higher in fused MU3 as compared to other two compositions. The optical band gap measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer for this composition is found to be 3.37 eV.
In the present study, compactin production by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied usin... more In the present study, compactin production by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied using solid-state fermentation. Initially, various agro-industrial residues were screened as a support and carbon source. The effect of various process parameters such as initial moisture ...
Summary Studies were carried out on the fermentative production of g-linolenic acid (GLA) using s... more Summary Studies were carried out on the fermentative production of g-linolenic acid (GLA) using seven strains belonging to Mucorales. An oleaginous fungal strain, isolated from the Western Ghats of Kerala produced GLA at a level of 8 % (by mass), when grown in a complex ...
To study the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on the produ... more To study the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on the production of gamma linolenic acid by Mucor sp. RRL001, a central composite design experiment was performed in a 5-L stirred tank bioreactor. The design consisted of a total of 10 runs consisting of runs at five levels for each factor and was divided in two blocks. The ANOVA analysis and Pareto chart of effects suggested agitation speed (p = 0.0142) linear effect and DO concentration (p = 0.0342) quadratic effects were significant factors with significant contribution to the response. The validation run based on the optimum production zone in response surface plot resulted in the maximum 350.3 mg l−1 GLA yield as compared with model predicted value of 340.7 mg l−1. The study suggests that agitation rate is having more pronounced effect on GLA yield than dissolved oxygen concentration by ensuring enhanced mass transfer and by preventing wall growth at elevated agitation speed. Also, it shows that higher GLA yields can be obtained in a simple medium at moderate oxygen saturation and that the Mucor sp. RRL001 is resistant to high agitation linked shear stress and suitable for GLA production at higher scale.
The process of solid-state fermentation for food applications is one of the oldest knowledges ava... more The process of solid-state fermentation for food applications is one of the oldest knowledges available to humans. To many communities it is a part of their traditional knowledge to prepare the fermented food (Hesseltine, 1977). The expanded form of Japanese word for Koji relates to growth of mold. The traditional fermentations such as Koji, Tofu, miso, sauceges, pickles, ensilling are the extension of the traditional fermentation knowledge exploiting the GRAS strains of fungi and bacteria to carry out the fermentation. The processes provide extracellular fungal enzymes and have been the basis to initiate the microbial enzymes production by SSF in industrial environment. The koji process undoubtedly influenced the first production of microbial enzymes by SSF on industrial scale. The emergence of modern SSF based enzyme industry may be attributed to the entrepreneurship of Jokichi Takamine and later by Underkofler‐s efforts in producing mold bran enzymes for saccharification of grain (Bennett, 2001). The discovery of Penicillin in early thirtee‐s and streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin‐s in early fifty‐s took the sheen of the emerging SSF process and emphasized on submerged fermentation. The SSF process development was still in its infancy and was considered not suitable for many of the potential large-scale applications.
The fatty acid profile study was undertaken to study the effect of impeller tip speed-associated ... more The fatty acid profile study was undertaken to study the effect of impeller tip speed-associated shear stress and dissolved oxygen saturation (DO) on the fatty acid composition variation and on total lipid content of the cells. The study was undertaken in a 5-l stirred tank bioreactor using Mucor sp. RRL001. To study the interaction of parameters and their effects, a central composite design was used. The fatty acid profiling during the course of study suggested that oleic acid and palmitic acid were two major components with their composition varying between 34–47% and 29–39.1%, respectively, of the total lipid content. The GLA content varied between 3% and 9% of the total lipid. The lipid profile study also revealed the presence of a minor amount of fatty acids of chain length C:12, C:20, C:22, and C:24. The modeling of lipid accumulation suggested that it follows a quadratic model with both impeller tip speed (p = 0.0166) and dissolved oxygen concentration (p = 0.0098) following the quadratic order of effect. The fermenter run based on the optimum production zone in response surface plot resulted in the maximum 4.8 g l−1 lipid compared with the model-predicted value of 4.49 g l−1. The present study suggests that dissolved oxygen saturation is a more significant contributor to total lipid accumulation. However, the study also suggests that the fatty acid profile of fungal lipid is not directly associated with the shear stress or oxygen availability in Mucor sp. RRL001.
The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infe... more The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting Lablab purpureus syn. Dolichos lablab (commonly known as Dolichos bean or Hyacinth bean). The genome characterization using PCR with geminiviral degenerate primers and DNA sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of Dolichos lablab. Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B clones were obtained. The DNA-A sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar to other Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolates reported earlier. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the full-length DNA-A of virus isolate revealed more than 97% homology with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-[Cowpea] (AF481865), while the DNA-B also showed >95% homology with MYMIV-[Cp] (AF503580) and MYMIV-[Sb] (AY049771). The phylogenetic analysis of present isolate showed close relationship to legume geminiviruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed presence of six open reading frames (ORFs) in DNA-A, with 2 ORFs aligned in sense and 4 ORFs in antisense orientation. Similarly, DNA-B contained two open reading frames (ORFs), one in sense and another in antisense orientation.
The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infe... more The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting Lablab purpureus syn. Dolichos lablab (commonly known as Dolichos bean or Hyacinth bean). The genome characterization using PCR with geminiviral degenerate primers and DNA sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of Dolichos lablab. Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B clones were obtained. The DNA-A sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar to other Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolates reported earlier. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the full-length DNA-A of virus isolate revealed more than 97% homology with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-[Cowpea] (AF481865), while the DNA-B also showed >95% homology with MYMIV-[Cp] (AF503580) and MYMIV-[Sb] (AY049771). The phylogenetic analysis of present isolate showed close relationship to legume geminiviruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed presence of six open reading frames (ORFs) in DNA-A, with 2 ORFs aligned in sense and 4 ORFs in antisense orientation. Similarly, DNA-B contained two open reading frames (ORFs), one in sense and another in antisense orientation.
In the present study, production of compactin by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied. ... more In the present study, production of compactin by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied. In the first step, various precultural parameters were studied by substituting one factor at a time. Subsequently, the effect of maltodextrin DE 18 on compactin production was studied. The optimized parameters gave maximum compactin production of 850 mug/gds as compared with 678 mug/gds before optimization. Statistical study was performed to further improve the production and develop a robust model. An improved yield of 950 mug/gds was obtained using the conditions proposed by the experimental model. The present study emphasizes the importance of precultural and nutritional parameters on the production of compactin, and further confirms the usefulness of solid-state fermentation for the production of industrially important secondary metabolites. It also confirms that complex nitrogen sources such as oil cakes can be used for the production of compactin.
CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sint... more CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sintering, and conventional sintering using plasma reactor and high temperature furnace as the heating sources. The compositional ratio (wt) of silimanite, alumina, and zircon were taken as 47:38:15, and 4 wt% of CaO was added to the above compositional ratio for the synthesis of CaO-MUZ. A mixture of tetragonal and cubic zirconia phases have been observed in all the processed CaO-MUZ composites. This observation infers that though the available temperature in plasma sintered and conventionally sintered MUZ specimens is not sufficient for the transformation of monoclinic zirconia to cubic zirconia, the addition of CaO favors this transformation. The arrangement of close compacted small and large crystal grains in conventionally sintered specimen increases the bulk density, while the hardness remains lower in comparison to the plasma-sintered CaO-MUZ. The optical bandgap measurements predict that the CaO-MUZ composites can be used as suitable refractory materials for ceramic industrial applications. We report the suitability of heating sources and the impact of melting and sintering techniques on the structural, microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of CaO-MUZ, so that one can choose appropriate synthesis techniques to achieve the desired product at the industrial scale.
Fine silicon carbide powder was synthesized from bamboo leaf in a DC thermal plasma reactor throu... more Fine silicon carbide powder was synthesized from bamboo leaf in a DC thermal plasma reactor through a single step process. With an applying current of 300 amp and 50 V voltages, the optimum duration of conversion of silica rich bamboo leaf to silicon carbide is 20 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the final product is identified as β-SiC having lattice parameter a = 4.295 Å, which is in close agreement with the reported value of 4.347 Å. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph clearly shows the formation of cubical particles of β-SiC. The micro-Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis also confirm the formation of β-SiC phase.
Silimanite and zircon rich sea beach sand is taken with alumina powder for the synthesis of fused... more Silimanite and zircon rich sea beach sand is taken with alumina powder for the synthesis of fused zirconia mullite (MUZ) composites by extended arc thermal plasma reactor. The bulk density value of fused MUZ (3.79 g/cm3) is well comparable to the density value of commercial available MUZ (3.6 gm/cm3). The electron probe microstructure analysis predicts that alumina is rich in mullite grains, whereas the grain boundary region is rich with zirconia. A small percentage of zirconia is also present in the intragrain region, which reveals that mullite compound is surrounded by well-structured and compacted zirconia. The X-ray photoelectron spectrum reveals the presence of mullite phase along with crystalline Si in the composites.
Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite... more Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite and alumina ratio (60:40 = MU1, 65:35 = MU2, and 75:25 = MU3) within five minutes of thermal plasma treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman studies indicate the presence of corundum phase in MU1 and MU2 compounds, whereas no signature of corundum phase is evident in MU3. This observation confirms that sillimanite and alumina taken in the ratio 75:25 (MU3) are exactly in the appropriate proportion for the complete conversion of mullite. The bulk density is higher in fused MU3 as compared to other two compositions. The optical band gap measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer for this composition is found to be 3.37 eV.
CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sint... more CaO doped zirconia mullite (CaO-MUZ) samples were synthesized through plasma melting, plasma sintering, and conventional sintering using plasma reactor and high temperature furnace as the heating sources. The compositional ratio (wt) of silimanite, alumina, and zircon were taken as 47:38:15, and 4 wt% of CaO was added to the above compositional ratio for the synthesis of CaO-MUZ. A mixture of tetragonal and cubic zirconia phases have been observed in all the processed CaO-MUZ composites. This observation infers that though the available temperature in plasma sintered and conventionally sintered MUZ specimens is not sufficient for the transformation of monoclinic zirconia to cubic zirconia, the addition of CaO favors this transformation. The arrangement of close compacted small and large crystal grains in conventionally sintered specimen increases the bulk density, while the hardness remains lower in comparison to the plasma-sintered CaO-MUZ. The optical bandgap measurements predict that the CaO-MUZ composites can be used as suitable refractory materials for ceramic industrial applications. We report the suitability of heating sources and the impact of melting and sintering techniques on the structural, microstructural, mechanical, and optical properties of CaO-MUZ, so that one can choose appropriate synthesis techniques to achieve the desired product at the industrial scale.
Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite... more Plasma-fused mullite compounds were prepared from beach sand sillimanite with varying sillimanite and alumina ratio (60:40 = MU1, 65:35 = MU2, and 75:25 = MU3) within five minutes of thermal plasma treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman studies indicate the presence of corundum phase in MU1 and MU2 compounds, whereas no signature of corundum phase is evident in MU3. This observation confirms that sillimanite and alumina taken in the ratio 75:25 (MU3) are exactly in the appropriate proportion for the complete conversion of mullite. The bulk density is higher in fused MU3 as compared to other two compositions. The optical band gap measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometer for this composition is found to be 3.37 eV.
In the present study, compactin production by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied usin... more In the present study, compactin production by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied using solid-state fermentation. Initially, various agro-industrial residues were screened as a support and carbon source. The effect of various process parameters such as initial moisture ...
Summary Studies were carried out on the fermentative production of g-linolenic acid (GLA) using s... more Summary Studies were carried out on the fermentative production of g-linolenic acid (GLA) using seven strains belonging to Mucorales. An oleaginous fungal strain, isolated from the Western Ghats of Kerala produced GLA at a level of 8 % (by mass), when grown in a complex ...
To study the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on the produ... more To study the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on the production of gamma linolenic acid by Mucor sp. RRL001, a central composite design experiment was performed in a 5-L stirred tank bioreactor. The design consisted of a total of 10 runs consisting of runs at five levels for each factor and was divided in two blocks. The ANOVA analysis and Pareto chart of effects suggested agitation speed (p = 0.0142) linear effect and DO concentration (p = 0.0342) quadratic effects were significant factors with significant contribution to the response. The validation run based on the optimum production zone in response surface plot resulted in the maximum 350.3 mg l−1 GLA yield as compared with model predicted value of 340.7 mg l−1. The study suggests that agitation rate is having more pronounced effect on GLA yield than dissolved oxygen concentration by ensuring enhanced mass transfer and by preventing wall growth at elevated agitation speed. Also, it shows that higher GLA yields can be obtained in a simple medium at moderate oxygen saturation and that the Mucor sp. RRL001 is resistant to high agitation linked shear stress and suitable for GLA production at higher scale.
The process of solid-state fermentation for food applications is one of the oldest knowledges ava... more The process of solid-state fermentation for food applications is one of the oldest knowledges available to humans. To many communities it is a part of their traditional knowledge to prepare the fermented food (Hesseltine, 1977). The expanded form of Japanese word for Koji relates to growth of mold. The traditional fermentations such as Koji, Tofu, miso, sauceges, pickles, ensilling are the extension of the traditional fermentation knowledge exploiting the GRAS strains of fungi and bacteria to carry out the fermentation. The processes provide extracellular fungal enzymes and have been the basis to initiate the microbial enzymes production by SSF in industrial environment. The koji process undoubtedly influenced the first production of microbial enzymes by SSF on industrial scale. The emergence of modern SSF based enzyme industry may be attributed to the entrepreneurship of Jokichi Takamine and later by Underkofler‐s efforts in producing mold bran enzymes for saccharification of grain (Bennett, 2001). The discovery of Penicillin in early thirtee‐s and streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin‐s in early fifty‐s took the sheen of the emerging SSF process and emphasized on submerged fermentation. The SSF process development was still in its infancy and was considered not suitable for many of the potential large-scale applications.
The fatty acid profile study was undertaken to study the effect of impeller tip speed-associated ... more The fatty acid profile study was undertaken to study the effect of impeller tip speed-associated shear stress and dissolved oxygen saturation (DO) on the fatty acid composition variation and on total lipid content of the cells. The study was undertaken in a 5-l stirred tank bioreactor using Mucor sp. RRL001. To study the interaction of parameters and their effects, a central composite design was used. The fatty acid profiling during the course of study suggested that oleic acid and palmitic acid were two major components with their composition varying between 34–47% and 29–39.1%, respectively, of the total lipid content. The GLA content varied between 3% and 9% of the total lipid. The lipid profile study also revealed the presence of a minor amount of fatty acids of chain length C:12, C:20, C:22, and C:24. The modeling of lipid accumulation suggested that it follows a quadratic model with both impeller tip speed (p = 0.0166) and dissolved oxygen concentration (p = 0.0098) following the quadratic order of effect. The fermenter run based on the optimum production zone in response surface plot resulted in the maximum 4.8 g l−1 lipid compared with the model-predicted value of 4.49 g l−1. The present study suggests that dissolved oxygen saturation is a more significant contributor to total lipid accumulation. However, the study also suggests that the fatty acid profile of fungal lipid is not directly associated with the shear stress or oxygen availability in Mucor sp. RRL001.
The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infe... more The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting Lablab purpureus syn. Dolichos lablab (commonly known as Dolichos bean or Hyacinth bean). The genome characterization using PCR with geminiviral degenerate primers and DNA sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of Dolichos lablab. Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B clones were obtained. The DNA-A sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar to other Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolates reported earlier. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the full-length DNA-A of virus isolate revealed more than 97% homology with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-[Cowpea] (AF481865), while the DNA-B also showed >95% homology with MYMIV-[Cp] (AF503580) and MYMIV-[Sb] (AY049771). The phylogenetic analysis of present isolate showed close relationship to legume geminiviruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed presence of six open reading frames (ORFs) in DNA-A, with 2 ORFs aligned in sense and 4 ORFs in antisense orientation. Similarly, DNA-B contained two open reading frames (ORFs), one in sense and another in antisense orientation.
The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infe... more The present work describes cloning of genomic components of whitefly transmitted geminivirus infecting Lablab purpureus syn. Dolichos lablab (commonly known as Dolichos bean or Hyacinth bean). The genome characterization using PCR with geminiviral degenerate primers and DNA sequencing were used to describe the bipartite virus associated with yellow mosaic disease of Dolichos lablab. Full-length DNA-A and DNA-B clones were obtained. The DNA-A sequence analysis showed that the isolate was similar to other Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) isolates reported earlier. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the full-length DNA-A of virus isolate revealed more than 97% homology with Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus-[Cowpea] (AF481865), while the DNA-B also showed >95% homology with MYMIV-[Cp] (AF503580) and MYMIV-[Sb] (AY049771). The phylogenetic analysis of present isolate showed close relationship to legume geminiviruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis showed presence of six open reading frames (ORFs) in DNA-A, with 2 ORFs aligned in sense and 4 ORFs in antisense orientation. Similarly, DNA-B contained two open reading frames (ORFs), one in sense and another in antisense orientation.
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