Magdalena Barril Vicente
Del Cuerpo Facultativo de Conservadores de Museos del Estado
2014-2019. Directora del Museo de Cuenca, España
1990-2014 Departamento de Protohistoria del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, España
1989-1990 Directora provisional del Museo y Centro de Investigación de Altamira, Santillana del Mar, España
Del Cuerpo de Ayudante de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos
1984-1989 Museo de Palencia, España (entre marzo de 1985 y enero 1986 directora provisional)
1983-1984 Archivo Histórico Provincial de Tarragona
Otros
1982 Inventario Epigráfico de la provincia de Cuenca dirigido por el Prof. D. Martín Almagro Basch
1976- Excavaciones arqueológicas diversas
2014-2019. Directora del Museo de Cuenca, España
1990-2014 Departamento de Protohistoria del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, España
1989-1990 Directora provisional del Museo y Centro de Investigación de Altamira, Santillana del Mar, España
Del Cuerpo de Ayudante de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos
1984-1989 Museo de Palencia, España (entre marzo de 1985 y enero 1986 directora provisional)
1983-1984 Archivo Histórico Provincial de Tarragona
Otros
1982 Inventario Epigráfico de la provincia de Cuenca dirigido por el Prof. D. Martín Almagro Basch
1976- Excavaciones arqueológicas diversas
less
InterestsView All (10)
Uploads
Three figures in fired clay found by chance in different sites of the Cerro de Santa Quiteria in Tébar (Cuenca, Spain) are described and analyzed. They represent schematically a horse head, a bovid and a human head. The horse head has remains of vitreous paste incrustations in the eyes. All the figures are dated to pre-Roman times, related to other contemporary figurines in different sizes, both Iberian and Celtic.
poblaciones ibéricas y el de las célticas, que otros llaman hispano-celtas. La información para determinar el ámbito de procedencia procede de las fuentes antiguas y de las características de los yacimientos y materiales arqueológicos identificados. Se ha venido destacando el distinto grado de influencia de poblaciones del Mediterráneo oriental y medio, rasgos culturales o rituales diferenciadores y, sobre todo, esos materiales identificadores de poblaciones que habitaron coetáneamente territorios contiguos, a las que, incluso, se les suponía distinto grado de civilización. Pero esas poblaciones no estaban aisladas, sino que intercambiaban entre sí materias primas y bienes manufacturados que viajaban por vías de comunicación que se han venido planteando únicamente desde las costas levantina y sur hacia los valles del Duero y Tajo, en momento cronológicos concretos y por la mitad sur de la Península. En los últimos años se ha ampliado la documentación arqueológica en tierras meseteñas, gracias a nuevas revisiones de las fuentes antiguas, excavaciones regladas y hallazgos casuales. Como consecuencia, se está comprobando que tenían modos de vida y muerte equiparables a las de otras áreas peninsulares, aunque con distinto grado de visibilidad.
En este trabajo se resume la dispersión territorial de algunas piezas singulares y poco frecuentes
a partir de las halladas en la actual provincia de Cuenca: determinados modelos de cascos, torques trenzados, fibulas, pinzas de depilar, o goznes de quicialeras entre otros, a partir de sus contextos de hallazgo y su cronología entre siglos V y II a.C. y, se plantea si viajaron de Este a Oeste o de Oeste a Este, es decir, si esas vías de intercambios iban no solo desde las poblaciones ibéricas hacia los territorios celtibéricos, vettones o vacceos por la mitad sur peninsular (pasando por las actuales provincias de Albacete, Jaén ... ) , sino también más al norte (por provincias de Cuenca, Guadalajara .. ) y, además, que algunas piezas e ideas viajaban en sentido contrario, quizás por vías pecuarias y comerciales empleadas ya en épocas anteriores.
Until a few years ago, studies dedicated to the populations of the Iberian Peninsula encountered
by the Carthaginians and Romans have differentiated between two main areas, that of the Iberian populations and that of the Celtic populations, which others call Hispano-Celtic. The information to determine the area of origin comes from ancient sources and from the characteristics of the archaeological sites and materials identified. The different degree of influence of populations from the eastern and middle Mediterranean, differentiating cultural or ritual traits and, above all, those identifying materials of populations that inhabited contiguous territories at the same time, which were even assumed to have a different degree of civilisation, have been highlighted. However, these populations were not isolated, but exchanged raw materials and manufactured goods that travelled along routes of communication that have been proposed only from the Levantine and southern coasts to the Duero and Tagus valleys, at specific chronological points in time and through the southern half of the Peninsula. In recent years, the archaeological documentation in the Meseta region has been expanded, thanks to new revisions of ancient sources, regulated excavations and chance discoveries. As a result, it is becoming clear that they had ways oflife and death comparable to those in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, although with a different degree of visibility. This paper summarises the territorial dispersion of sorne unique and rare pieces found in what is now the province of Cuenca, certain models of helmets, braided torques, fibulae, tweezers or <loor threshold hinges among others, based on the contexts in which they were found and their chronology between the 5th and znd centuries BC. The question is whether they travelled from East to West or from West to East, i.e. whether these trade routes went not only from the Iberian populations to the Celtiberian, Vettones or Vacceans territories in the southern half of the peninsula -passing through the current provinces of Albacete,Jaén ... -, but also further north -through the now provinces of Cuenca, Guadalajara ... - and, furthermore, that sorne pieces and ideas travelled in the opposite direction, perhaps along livestock and trade routes already used in earlier times.
Three Anglo-Saxon books are discussed in relation to the study of the past, its objects, their presentation in museums and sites, as well as the different perceptions that different audiences have of them according to their education, their origin or their direct or indirect involvement in the society being presented and sudied.
A mica-schist mould for a winged axefound at the site known as Sosa II (located in the Eastern area of the Huesca province) is reviewed. This type of axe is mainly found in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula and SE of France, in bronze deposits from the Late Bronze Age, together with other axe models, tolos and/or weapons. The mould was found with a small ensemble of ceramics that present features of their cultural adscription, including small vases and containers with plastic decoration. The finding is compared to others of similar characteristics from France and Spain.
In the Saltworks ef Peralta de la Sal this product (salt) has been exploited until the very end ef the twentieth century through wells and insolation rqfts. U ntil now it was proposed that the oldest exploitation would date from Romans times, but the prospection carried out in March 2021 has confirmed suspicions that its beginning could be placed in the Ancient Bronze Age
and even in an earlier period, as an area with remains ef briquetage anda cooker far the manufacture ef igneous salt has been documented. At the same time, a high site has been located that could be the village where those who worked and / or controlled the exploitation ef salt lived.
Hierro de Francia o Italia. El cuerpo principal está hecho de bronce con un vástago de hierro cubierto de bronce sobre él y un tercer cuerpo con colgantes de bronce estañado. La segunda pieza tiene siete hojas dobladas de bronce, algunas también esta,íadas, que podrían cubrir una vaina de madera recubierta o no de cuero, como encontramos en algunos modelos similares de Austria o Gran Bretaña. Ambas piezas han sido restauradas recientemente en el MAN. La intervención constó de las siguientes fases: documentación y exámenes previos, limpieza, desalación y estabilización, inhibición, protección final, y en el caso de la diadema, realización de un soporte. Durante el proceso de limpieza se detectó la presencia del baño de estaño.
SUMMARY
In 1914 Marquis of Cerralbo digged sorne cremation burials in the celtiberic cemetery at Nava/ría in Clares (Guadalajara). Between the grave goods two peculiar pieces were found. One of them had been considered a diadem, but it has a similar structure to sorne First !ron Age pectorals from France or Ita/y; the main body is made of bronze with a bronze-covered iron stick over it anda third body with tinned bronze pendants. The second pie ce has six bronze folded sheets, some of them a/so tinned, that could cover a wooden/ leather scabbard as we find some similar models at Austria and Britain. Both pieces have been restored at the MAN. The actuation had the next phases: documentation and previous examination, cleaning, desalination, stabilization, inhibition, final protection and to the diadem also a support. During the cleaning it was detected the tin coating.
Brief presentation of two important Iberian oppidum in the SE of the province of Cuenca.
en Sierra Morena y otras zonas peninsulares en época prerromana.
- Several silver braided torque fragments from the Driebes hoard (Guadalajara) and such torques of the Manchuela Conquense are presented. In addition to showing a complex craftsmanship they could be related to other silver and gold torques found in Sierra Morena
and other peninsular territories in pre-roman times.
In 2018 the family of the painter Virgilio Vera Espejo donated a series of works to the Museum of Cuenca and in 2019 we published some brief notes on these works and the biography of the painter. This work is a continuation of that, works and biography and some data is corrected.
There is a door hinge, made of bronze and found casually in the conquense site of Villas Viejas, identified with the carpetana city of Contrebia Carbica. It is a piece that demonstrates the existence of a large gate, requires a large amount of metal and it is a type of piece of which very few specimens are known from the Iberian field to the vettón.
Some catalogue cards of the Várez Fisa collection assigned to the Department of Protohistory and Colonisations of the National Archaeological Museum, after being acquired by the State, The collection was exhibited between September and November 2003.
Catalogue files of three of the Celtiberian pieces acquired at auction by the Ministry of Education and Culture and assigned to the Department of Protohistory and Colonisation of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
Pedro Mercedes was a conquense ceramist artist. He began as a potter of utilitarian popular vessels and then designed new forms and adapted technologies known since the antiquity. The mud was worked and decorated it to create an original product, with his own style in form, the aesthetics and that enclosed was counting stories. His ceramics were estimated by artists such as Picasso for others Cuenca’s potters ,that became ceramic artists. Nowadays his style remains in Cuenca, in forms and technology, close to the latest innovation derived from new technologies.
procedentes de las necrópolis celtibéricas de Aguilar de Anguita, en Guadalajara y Alpanseque y Almaluez en
Soria; excavadas las dos primeras por D. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, Marqués de Cerralbo y la tercera por D.
Blas de Taracena. Estos cascos fueron estudiados y reconstruidos en dibujo, idealmente, por D. Juan Cabré y seguidas
sus propuestas en la bibliografía posterior. Los presentamos en su estado actual, que, aunque fragmentario, nos
permite comprobar que son cascos que siguen modelos que han sido transformados en el Mediterráneo central. En
particular el casco de Aguilar de Anguita sigue un tipo etrusco-itálico, de carrilleras avanzadas que transforma el
tipo originario del Mediterráneo oriental; los demás cascos, serían casquetes de forma cónica, con distinta ejecución
y decoración, modelo extendido por Europa central y también modificado en la Península Itálica.
This paper analyzes some helmets kept at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid. They come from
Celtiberian cemeteries at Aguilar de Anguita (province of Guadalajara), Alpanseque and Almaluez (both in
Soria). The first two were excavated by D. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, marquis de Cerralbo, and the third by
D. Blas de Taracena. The helmets were studied and drawn in ideal reconstruction by D. Juan Cabré, whose designs
have been used by later scholars. In this paper we show and draw the helmets in their actual state of preservation,
some of them heavily damaged. However, we’ll de able to show that the Aguilar de Anguita type follows
an etrusco-italic type with peculiar cheekpieces that is in itself a modification of East Mediterranean types. The
other helmets are basically conical in shape, with an altogether different handycraft and decoration, and belong to
a Centroeuropean model, also modified in the Italian Peninsula.
Three figures in fired clay found by chance in different sites of the Cerro de Santa Quiteria in Tébar (Cuenca, Spain) are described and analyzed. They represent schematically a horse head, a bovid and a human head. The horse head has remains of vitreous paste incrustations in the eyes. All the figures are dated to pre-Roman times, related to other contemporary figurines in different sizes, both Iberian and Celtic.
poblaciones ibéricas y el de las célticas, que otros llaman hispano-celtas. La información para determinar el ámbito de procedencia procede de las fuentes antiguas y de las características de los yacimientos y materiales arqueológicos identificados. Se ha venido destacando el distinto grado de influencia de poblaciones del Mediterráneo oriental y medio, rasgos culturales o rituales diferenciadores y, sobre todo, esos materiales identificadores de poblaciones que habitaron coetáneamente territorios contiguos, a las que, incluso, se les suponía distinto grado de civilización. Pero esas poblaciones no estaban aisladas, sino que intercambiaban entre sí materias primas y bienes manufacturados que viajaban por vías de comunicación que se han venido planteando únicamente desde las costas levantina y sur hacia los valles del Duero y Tajo, en momento cronológicos concretos y por la mitad sur de la Península. En los últimos años se ha ampliado la documentación arqueológica en tierras meseteñas, gracias a nuevas revisiones de las fuentes antiguas, excavaciones regladas y hallazgos casuales. Como consecuencia, se está comprobando que tenían modos de vida y muerte equiparables a las de otras áreas peninsulares, aunque con distinto grado de visibilidad.
En este trabajo se resume la dispersión territorial de algunas piezas singulares y poco frecuentes
a partir de las halladas en la actual provincia de Cuenca: determinados modelos de cascos, torques trenzados, fibulas, pinzas de depilar, o goznes de quicialeras entre otros, a partir de sus contextos de hallazgo y su cronología entre siglos V y II a.C. y, se plantea si viajaron de Este a Oeste o de Oeste a Este, es decir, si esas vías de intercambios iban no solo desde las poblaciones ibéricas hacia los territorios celtibéricos, vettones o vacceos por la mitad sur peninsular (pasando por las actuales provincias de Albacete, Jaén ... ) , sino también más al norte (por provincias de Cuenca, Guadalajara .. ) y, además, que algunas piezas e ideas viajaban en sentido contrario, quizás por vías pecuarias y comerciales empleadas ya en épocas anteriores.
Until a few years ago, studies dedicated to the populations of the Iberian Peninsula encountered
by the Carthaginians and Romans have differentiated between two main areas, that of the Iberian populations and that of the Celtic populations, which others call Hispano-Celtic. The information to determine the area of origin comes from ancient sources and from the characteristics of the archaeological sites and materials identified. The different degree of influence of populations from the eastern and middle Mediterranean, differentiating cultural or ritual traits and, above all, those identifying materials of populations that inhabited contiguous territories at the same time, which were even assumed to have a different degree of civilisation, have been highlighted. However, these populations were not isolated, but exchanged raw materials and manufactured goods that travelled along routes of communication that have been proposed only from the Levantine and southern coasts to the Duero and Tagus valleys, at specific chronological points in time and through the southern half of the Peninsula. In recent years, the archaeological documentation in the Meseta region has been expanded, thanks to new revisions of ancient sources, regulated excavations and chance discoveries. As a result, it is becoming clear that they had ways oflife and death comparable to those in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, although with a different degree of visibility. This paper summarises the territorial dispersion of sorne unique and rare pieces found in what is now the province of Cuenca, certain models of helmets, braided torques, fibulae, tweezers or <loor threshold hinges among others, based on the contexts in which they were found and their chronology between the 5th and znd centuries BC. The question is whether they travelled from East to West or from West to East, i.e. whether these trade routes went not only from the Iberian populations to the Celtiberian, Vettones or Vacceans territories in the southern half of the peninsula -passing through the current provinces of Albacete,Jaén ... -, but also further north -through the now provinces of Cuenca, Guadalajara ... - and, furthermore, that sorne pieces and ideas travelled in the opposite direction, perhaps along livestock and trade routes already used in earlier times.
Three Anglo-Saxon books are discussed in relation to the study of the past, its objects, their presentation in museums and sites, as well as the different perceptions that different audiences have of them according to their education, their origin or their direct or indirect involvement in the society being presented and sudied.
A mica-schist mould for a winged axefound at the site known as Sosa II (located in the Eastern area of the Huesca province) is reviewed. This type of axe is mainly found in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula and SE of France, in bronze deposits from the Late Bronze Age, together with other axe models, tolos and/or weapons. The mould was found with a small ensemble of ceramics that present features of their cultural adscription, including small vases and containers with plastic decoration. The finding is compared to others of similar characteristics from France and Spain.
In the Saltworks ef Peralta de la Sal this product (salt) has been exploited until the very end ef the twentieth century through wells and insolation rqfts. U ntil now it was proposed that the oldest exploitation would date from Romans times, but the prospection carried out in March 2021 has confirmed suspicions that its beginning could be placed in the Ancient Bronze Age
and even in an earlier period, as an area with remains ef briquetage anda cooker far the manufacture ef igneous salt has been documented. At the same time, a high site has been located that could be the village where those who worked and / or controlled the exploitation ef salt lived.
Hierro de Francia o Italia. El cuerpo principal está hecho de bronce con un vástago de hierro cubierto de bronce sobre él y un tercer cuerpo con colgantes de bronce estañado. La segunda pieza tiene siete hojas dobladas de bronce, algunas también esta,íadas, que podrían cubrir una vaina de madera recubierta o no de cuero, como encontramos en algunos modelos similares de Austria o Gran Bretaña. Ambas piezas han sido restauradas recientemente en el MAN. La intervención constó de las siguientes fases: documentación y exámenes previos, limpieza, desalación y estabilización, inhibición, protección final, y en el caso de la diadema, realización de un soporte. Durante el proceso de limpieza se detectó la presencia del baño de estaño.
SUMMARY
In 1914 Marquis of Cerralbo digged sorne cremation burials in the celtiberic cemetery at Nava/ría in Clares (Guadalajara). Between the grave goods two peculiar pieces were found. One of them had been considered a diadem, but it has a similar structure to sorne First !ron Age pectorals from France or Ita/y; the main body is made of bronze with a bronze-covered iron stick over it anda third body with tinned bronze pendants. The second pie ce has six bronze folded sheets, some of them a/so tinned, that could cover a wooden/ leather scabbard as we find some similar models at Austria and Britain. Both pieces have been restored at the MAN. The actuation had the next phases: documentation and previous examination, cleaning, desalination, stabilization, inhibition, final protection and to the diadem also a support. During the cleaning it was detected the tin coating.
Brief presentation of two important Iberian oppidum in the SE of the province of Cuenca.
en Sierra Morena y otras zonas peninsulares en época prerromana.
- Several silver braided torque fragments from the Driebes hoard (Guadalajara) and such torques of the Manchuela Conquense are presented. In addition to showing a complex craftsmanship they could be related to other silver and gold torques found in Sierra Morena
and other peninsular territories in pre-roman times.
In 2018 the family of the painter Virgilio Vera Espejo donated a series of works to the Museum of Cuenca and in 2019 we published some brief notes on these works and the biography of the painter. This work is a continuation of that, works and biography and some data is corrected.
There is a door hinge, made of bronze and found casually in the conquense site of Villas Viejas, identified with the carpetana city of Contrebia Carbica. It is a piece that demonstrates the existence of a large gate, requires a large amount of metal and it is a type of piece of which very few specimens are known from the Iberian field to the vettón.
Some catalogue cards of the Várez Fisa collection assigned to the Department of Protohistory and Colonisations of the National Archaeological Museum, after being acquired by the State, The collection was exhibited between September and November 2003.
Catalogue files of three of the Celtiberian pieces acquired at auction by the Ministry of Education and Culture and assigned to the Department of Protohistory and Colonisation of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract
Pedro Mercedes was a conquense ceramist artist. He began as a potter of utilitarian popular vessels and then designed new forms and adapted technologies known since the antiquity. The mud was worked and decorated it to create an original product, with his own style in form, the aesthetics and that enclosed was counting stories. His ceramics were estimated by artists such as Picasso for others Cuenca’s potters ,that became ceramic artists. Nowadays his style remains in Cuenca, in forms and technology, close to the latest innovation derived from new technologies.
procedentes de las necrópolis celtibéricas de Aguilar de Anguita, en Guadalajara y Alpanseque y Almaluez en
Soria; excavadas las dos primeras por D. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, Marqués de Cerralbo y la tercera por D.
Blas de Taracena. Estos cascos fueron estudiados y reconstruidos en dibujo, idealmente, por D. Juan Cabré y seguidas
sus propuestas en la bibliografía posterior. Los presentamos en su estado actual, que, aunque fragmentario, nos
permite comprobar que son cascos que siguen modelos que han sido transformados en el Mediterráneo central. En
particular el casco de Aguilar de Anguita sigue un tipo etrusco-itálico, de carrilleras avanzadas que transforma el
tipo originario del Mediterráneo oriental; los demás cascos, serían casquetes de forma cónica, con distinta ejecución
y decoración, modelo extendido por Europa central y también modificado en la Península Itálica.
This paper analyzes some helmets kept at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid. They come from
Celtiberian cemeteries at Aguilar de Anguita (province of Guadalajara), Alpanseque and Almaluez (both in
Soria). The first two were excavated by D. Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, marquis de Cerralbo, and the third by
D. Blas de Taracena. The helmets were studied and drawn in ideal reconstruction by D. Juan Cabré, whose designs
have been used by later scholars. In this paper we show and draw the helmets in their actual state of preservation,
some of them heavily damaged. However, we’ll de able to show that the Aguilar de Anguita type follows
an etrusco-italic type with peculiar cheekpieces that is in itself a modification of East Mediterranean types. The
other helmets are basically conical in shape, with an altogether different handycraft and decoration, and belong to
a Centroeuropean model, also modified in the Italian Peninsula.
Here, several silver ornaments found in the Sorian celtiberic deposits of San Martín de Ucero, Numancia in Garray or without known origin, dating from the 4th to 2nd centuries a.C. are studied.
It presents an imbrex or curved tile decorated with an antefixe on it, which comes from the Roman city of Ercavica (Cañaveruelas, Cuenca). The iconography of the antefixe consists of a bust of a eded woman, which can be considered an example of cultural interaction of the Celtibera population originating in the territory.
Brief descriptive and cultural analysis of materials found in the excavations of the necropolis "El Cuarto" from Griegos, in the province of Teruel, digging by D. Martín Almagro Basch in 1934. They correspond to the old and full phases of the Celtiberian necropolis from the eastern plateau.
The treasure found in Driebes in 1945 is reviewed, which consisted of two findings close to each other, to which is added another discovered in the sixteenth century and known by archival documents. The review refers to the information about its discovery, some of the notable pieces, the different proposals on its hiding that go from the Sertorian wars to the Second Punic War and, to the interpretations about its function as a silversmith's deposit, hacksilver or votive deposit and if it was hidden for reasons of insecurity or for cultural reasons
Juan Cabré Aguiló was an archaeologist who was closely linked to the National Archaeological Museum during the first half of the 20th century and ended up working there. This work shows their relationship, taking as a basis the different functions of the museum and his actions in this respect. Also his relationship with personalities such as the Marquis of Cerralbo and Gómez Moreno.
Activity carried out in the Museum of Cuenca, guided by the Department of Education and Cultural Action (DEAC) of the museum and with the participation of members of the Association of Down Syndrome of Cuenca (ADOCU), aimed at learning and understanding the historical and cultural heritage in a playful and participatory way.
Texts with summary information on some circumstances that have surrounded the lives of women from Prehistory to the present, written in the Cuenca Museum, between 2016 and 2019 to commemorate March 8, International Women's Day. Posters are dedicated to Women in Prehistory and Protohistory (2016), Women in Roman times (2017), Women in the Middle Ages (2018), Women in the Modern and Contemporary Ages (2019).
https://cultura.castillalamancha.es/museos/nuestros-museos/museo-de-cuenca/actividades/celebracion-del-dia-internacional-de-la-mujer-2016-2019
Texts of an exhibition in the Museum of Cuenca that covers aspects of religiosity that are perceived in everyday life from the Paleolithic to the present. They include food, grooming, rites of passage, festivities. Since in 2018 the 40th anniversary of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 was commemorated, a comparison of the different constitutions since the 19th century is included.
https://cultura.castillalamancha.es/museos/exposiciones-temporales/el-mas-alla-en-el-mas-aca-presencias-de-lo-religioso-en-la-vida-cotidiana
Texts from an exhibition in Cuenca's Museum, on the importance of food in our life and culture. It shows how from Prehistory objects were manufactured to process the food or present it to the table, to eat at home or in collective banquets. It does so through two sections dedicated to the main ways of cooking: "Cook and boil", "Roast and fry", and several of the most important food groups throughout our history: "wine and oil", " honey "," salt and spices "and" milk and cheese ".
https://cultura.castillalamancha.es/museos/exposiciones-temporales/vueltas-con-los-alimentos-apuntes-historicos-sobre-el-menaje
Meeting about origin and early development of copper mining and metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as its analysis and study techniques and methods .