Orbital Communications Adaptor (OCA) Flight Controllers, in NASA's International Space Statio... more Orbital Communications Adaptor (OCA) Flight Controllers, in NASA's International Space Station Mission Control Center, use different computer systems to uplink, downlink, mirror, archive, and deliver files to and from the International Space Station (ISS) in real time. The OCA Mirroring System (OCAMS) is a multiagent software system (MAS) that is operational in NASA's Mission Control Center. This paper presents OCAMS and its workings in an operational setting where flight controllers rely on the system 24x7. We also discuss the return on investment, based on a simulation baseline, six months of 24x7 operations at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and a projection of future capabilities. This paper ends with a discussion of the value of MAS and future planned functionality and capabilities.
An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounti... more An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounting systems that process millions of transactions to produce the numbers summarized in a company’s financial statements. Accounting systems contain internal controls, procedures designed to detect and correct errors and irregularities that may occur in the processing of transactions. In a complex accounting system, it can be an extremely difficult task for the auditor to anticipate the possible errors that can occur and to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls at detecting them. An accurate analysis must take into account the unique features of each company’s business processes. To cope with this complexity and variability, the Comet system applies a model-based reasoning approach to the analysis of accounting systems and their controls. An auditor uses Comet to create a hierarchical flowchart model that describes the intended processing of business transactions by an accounting syst...
Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or ... more Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or do not represent it at all. This paper presents a formal description of a frame language that provides semantically sound facilities for representing default information and an efficient serial algorithm for inheriting default information down class-subclass and class-member hierarchies constructed in that language. We present the inheritance algorithm in two forms. In the first form, the algorithm provides justifications to a TMS, which then manages the inherited information. In the second form, the algorithm performs its own, special-purpose truth maintenance and therefore is useable in a system that does not include a general-purpose TMS.
The Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System, introduced by de Kleer, is a powerful new tool for... more The Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System, introduced by de Kleer, is a powerful new tool for organizing a search through a space of alternatives. However, the ATMS is oriented towards inferential problem solving, and provides no special mechanisms for modeling actions or state changes. We describe an approach to applying the ATMS to the task of representing the effects of actions. The approach extends traditional tree-structured context mechanisms to allow context merges. It also takes advantage of the underlying ATMS to detect inconsistent contexts and to maintain derived results. Some results are presented concerning possible approaches to the treatment of merges in questionable circumstances. Finally, the analysis of actions in terms of a truth maintenance system suggests the need for a more elaborate treatment of contradiction in such systems than exists at present.
Demand and capacity imbalances in the US national airspace are resolved using traffic management ... more Demand and capacity imbalances in the US national airspace are resolved using traffic management initiatives designed, in current operations, with little collaboration with the airspace users. NASA and its partners have developed a new collaborative concept of operations that requires the users and airspace service provider to work together to choose initiatives that better satisfy the business needs of the users while also ensuring safety to the same standard as today. In this paper, we describe an approach to implementing this concept through a software negotiation framework underpinned by technology developed in the artificial intelligence community. We describe our exploration of peer-to-peer negotiation and how the number of conversation threads and the time sensitivity of offer acceptance led us to a centralized approach. The centralized approach uses hill climbing to evaluate airport slot allocations from a user perspective and a linear programming solver to seek solutions co...
L'invention a trait a un systeme ainsi qu'a la methode afferente permettant d'execute... more L'invention a trait a un systeme ainsi qu'a la methode afferente permettant d'executer une recherche dans plusieurs bases de donnees par classification des donnees en entites. Selon l'un des aspects de l'invention, on utilise un ordinateur (101) pour analyser les champs d'une base de donnees et affecter a ces champs des types et des roles specifiques d'entite, que l'on utilisera ensuite pour mener la recherche, la centrer et la faciliter.
[1990] Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Conference on Tools for Artificial Intelligence, 1990
ABSTRACT An implemented knowledge-based system tool, called JOSIE is presented, that allows speci... more ABSTRACT An implemented knowledge-based system tool, called JOSIE is presented, that allows specialized representations to be efficiently integrated into a uniform framework. As with previous systems of this type, JOSIE allows different kinds of knowledge to be represented differently. Specialized representations are used to improve an application system's efficiency. One way they gain efficiency is by representing some of their beliefs implicitly. The authors have identified two problems with integrating such specialized representations with a forward-directed rule system. The rule invocation problem is the problem of ensuring that rules are triggered from implicit beliefs. The implicit dependency problem is the problem of integrating dependency maintenance, performed by a specialized representation with a general-purpose truth maintenance system. A solution to these problems is presented for a broad class of specialized representations
We present an overview of an implemented knowledge system development tool, called JOSIE, that pr... more We present an overview of an implemented knowledge system development tool, called JOSIE, that provides a general framework for integrating specialized representation and reasoning facilities. In our presentation we emphasize the problematic issues that ...
Proceedings of AAAI-87, 6th Conference of the …, 1987
Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or ... more Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or do not represent it at all. This paper presents a formal description of a frame language that provides semantically sound facilities for representing default information and an efficient ...
Auditors have the task of determining whether the financial statements of a company are a fair pr... more Auditors have the task of determining whether the financial statements of a company are a fair presentation of the company's financial position. An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the account-ing systems that produce the numbers ...
Orbital Communications Adaptor (OCA) Flight Controllers, in NASA's International Space Statio... more Orbital Communications Adaptor (OCA) Flight Controllers, in NASA's International Space Station Mission Control Center, use different computer systems to uplink, downlink, mirror, archive, and deliver files to and from the International Space Station (ISS) in real time. The OCA Mirroring System (OCAMS) is a multiagent software system (MAS) that is operational in NASA's Mission Control Center. This paper presents OCAMS and its workings in an operational setting where flight controllers rely on the system 24x7. We also discuss the return on investment, based on a simulation baseline, six months of 24x7 operations at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and a projection of future capabilities. This paper ends with a discussion of the value of MAS and future planned functionality and capabilities.
An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounti... more An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the accounting systems that process millions of transactions to produce the numbers summarized in a company’s financial statements. Accounting systems contain internal controls, procedures designed to detect and correct errors and irregularities that may occur in the processing of transactions. In a complex accounting system, it can be an extremely difficult task for the auditor to anticipate the possible errors that can occur and to evaluate the effectiveness of the controls at detecting them. An accurate analysis must take into account the unique features of each company’s business processes. To cope with this complexity and variability, the Comet system applies a model-based reasoning approach to the analysis of accounting systems and their controls. An auditor uses Comet to create a hierarchical flowchart model that describes the intended processing of business transactions by an accounting syst...
Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or ... more Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or do not represent it at all. This paper presents a formal description of a frame language that provides semantically sound facilities for representing default information and an efficient serial algorithm for inheriting default information down class-subclass and class-member hierarchies constructed in that language. We present the inheritance algorithm in two forms. In the first form, the algorithm provides justifications to a TMS, which then manages the inherited information. In the second form, the algorithm performs its own, special-purpose truth maintenance and therefore is useable in a system that does not include a general-purpose TMS.
The Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System, introduced by de Kleer, is a powerful new tool for... more The Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System, introduced by de Kleer, is a powerful new tool for organizing a search through a space of alternatives. However, the ATMS is oriented towards inferential problem solving, and provides no special mechanisms for modeling actions or state changes. We describe an approach to applying the ATMS to the task of representing the effects of actions. The approach extends traditional tree-structured context mechanisms to allow context merges. It also takes advantage of the underlying ATMS to detect inconsistent contexts and to maintain derived results. Some results are presented concerning possible approaches to the treatment of merges in questionable circumstances. Finally, the analysis of actions in terms of a truth maintenance system suggests the need for a more elaborate treatment of contradiction in such systems than exists at present.
Demand and capacity imbalances in the US national airspace are resolved using traffic management ... more Demand and capacity imbalances in the US national airspace are resolved using traffic management initiatives designed, in current operations, with little collaboration with the airspace users. NASA and its partners have developed a new collaborative concept of operations that requires the users and airspace service provider to work together to choose initiatives that better satisfy the business needs of the users while also ensuring safety to the same standard as today. In this paper, we describe an approach to implementing this concept through a software negotiation framework underpinned by technology developed in the artificial intelligence community. We describe our exploration of peer-to-peer negotiation and how the number of conversation threads and the time sensitivity of offer acceptance led us to a centralized approach. The centralized approach uses hill climbing to evaluate airport slot allocations from a user perspective and a linear programming solver to seek solutions co...
L'invention a trait a un systeme ainsi qu'a la methode afferente permettant d'execute... more L'invention a trait a un systeme ainsi qu'a la methode afferente permettant d'executer une recherche dans plusieurs bases de donnees par classification des donnees en entites. Selon l'un des aspects de l'invention, on utilise un ordinateur (101) pour analyser les champs d'une base de donnees et affecter a ces champs des types et des roles specifiques d'entite, que l'on utilisera ensuite pour mener la recherche, la centrer et la faciliter.
[1990] Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Conference on Tools for Artificial Intelligence, 1990
ABSTRACT An implemented knowledge-based system tool, called JOSIE is presented, that allows speci... more ABSTRACT An implemented knowledge-based system tool, called JOSIE is presented, that allows specialized representations to be efficiently integrated into a uniform framework. As with previous systems of this type, JOSIE allows different kinds of knowledge to be represented differently. Specialized representations are used to improve an application system's efficiency. One way they gain efficiency is by representing some of their beliefs implicitly. The authors have identified two problems with integrating such specialized representations with a forward-directed rule system. The rule invocation problem is the problem of ensuring that rules are triggered from implicit beliefs. The implicit dependency problem is the problem of integrating dependency maintenance, performed by a specialized representation with a general-purpose truth maintenance system. A solution to these problems is presented for a broad class of specialized representations
We present an overview of an implemented knowledge system development tool, called JOSIE, that pr... more We present an overview of an implemented knowledge system development tool, called JOSIE, that provides a general framework for integrating specialized representation and reasoning facilities. In our presentation we emphasize the problematic issues that ...
Proceedings of AAAI-87, 6th Conference of the …, 1987
Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or ... more Most frame languages either are glaringly deficient in their treatment of default information or do not represent it at all. This paper presents a formal description of a frame language that provides semantically sound facilities for representing default information and an efficient ...
Auditors have the task of determining whether the financial statements of a company are a fair pr... more Auditors have the task of determining whether the financial statements of a company are a fair presentation of the company's financial position. An important problem faced by auditors is gauging how much reliance can be placed on the account-ing systems that produce the numbers ...
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