Papers by Zdravka Tzankova
This article examines the dynamics and likely effects of NGO efforts at private, market-driven re... more This article examines the dynamics and likely effects of NGO efforts at private, market-driven regulation of antibiotics use in US agriculture. Currently led by the Consumers Union, such NGO efforts aim to eliminate unnecessary and dangerous antibiotic uses in agriculture (most notably the feeding of antibiotics to healthy animals for the purposes of prophylaxis and growth promotion). To that end, NGOs are pressing large food retailers – powerful and reputationally sensitive market actors – to demand antibiotics-free meat and refuse selling meat produced with sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics. NGOs, that is, are pressing retailers to use their buyer power and private authority to help abolish agricultural practices that are as routine and long-standing as they are dangerous to public health. This turn to the market as a source of private regulatory authority and power for antibiotics use reform can be largely traced to the ongoing success of agricultural and pharmaceutical interest...
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Social Science Research Network, 2013
Nutrient pollution of rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries is one of the preeminent water qualit... more Nutrient pollution of rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries is one of the preeminent water quality issues in the United States today, and poses a significant threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Agricultural nonpoint discharges, the runoff of nitrogen and phosphorous from animal manure and chemical fertilizers, are the primary sources of such nutrient pollution.A pervasive and long-standing problem, nonpoint pollution, nutrient and otherwise, has proven to be one of the toughest challenges in contemporary environmental regulation. This situation is significantly attributable to the political and administrative dynamics of fragmented regulatory authority. The power to control such nonpoint discharges remains largely beyond the reach of federal Clean Water Act authority, and rests with the states, who have proven to be reluctant regulators.This Article proposes a new, conceptually different approach to changing the regulatory status quo and tackling the problem of nonpoint nutr...
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Water Sustainability eJournal, 2014
Growing in presence and visibility, eco-labels and other forms of green certification are the mor... more Growing in presence and visibility, eco-labels and other forms of green certification are the more visible signs of a broader social and policy phenomenon: the rise of private regulation and nonstate, market-based governance of industry environmental and resource practices. The growth of private regulatory initiatives, especially initiatives led by NGOs and other civil society actors, is increasingly accompanied by concerns over their potential to detract from public, government regulation.This paper offers some important insights on the nature and consequences of interaction between more traditional forms of public, government regulation and the growing realm of market-based regulation by nonstate actors. It does so by focusing on the burgeoning field of private, market-based fisheries regulation to examine the public policy and regulatory implications of growing NGO use of market-based regulation. My observations and analysis suggest important potential for positive synergies betw...
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The period from the 1950s to the present is a time of key jurisdictional and conceptual changes i... more The period from the 1950s to the present is a time of key jurisdictional and conceptual changes in the U.S. management of ocean areas and resources; it is also a time of significant practical changes in the ecological health of ocean environments. Conceptually, ocean and coastal resource agencies, such as the Nation Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the Minerals Management Service (MMS) have continuously struggled to balance protection of marine environments with economically productive uses of these environments and their considerable resources. What has changed, however, in some cases appreciably, is the practical success of such balancing, especially the extent to which conservation and broader environmental protection were pursued and attained in the face of economic and resource pressures. The nation also experienced important shifts in scientific, managerial, and societal definitions of conservation, with an increa...
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There is now little doubt that the world’s fisheries are in crisis. Mounting scientific evidence ... more There is now little doubt that the world’s fisheries are in crisis. Mounting scientific evidence points to dramatic declines in global catches. Increasingly, many are making the case that farming fish offers a solution to meeting the growing demand for seafood that catching fish cannot provide. Aquaculture now accounts for roughly one-third of the world’s total supply of food fish and undoubtedly the contribution of aquaculture to seafood supplies will increase in the future. Aquaculture has the potential to become a sustainable practice that can supplement capture fisheries and significantly contribute to feeding the world’s growing population. However, instead of helping to ease the crisis in wild fisheries, unsustainable aquaculture development could exacerbate the problems and create new ones, damaging our important and already-stressed coastal areas. The vast majority of aquaculture takes place in Asia. In 2002, over 70% of worldwide aquaculture production was in China alone. M...
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The Bay Checkerspot Butterfly reached its threatened status largely as a result of habitat loss t... more The Bay Checkerspot Butterfly reached its threatened status largely as a result of habitat loss through development. The species now benefits from the habitat protection powers of the Endangered Species Act, yet the biggest new hazard to the survival of remaining Bay Checkerspot Butterfly populations may come from atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Driven by combustion and agricultural emissions, such deposition is an important cause of change in ecosystem structure and function, including potentially critical changes in the remaining Bay Checkerspot Butterfly habitat. We use the Bay Checkerspot Butterfly case to examine whether the Endangered Species Act, as it currently stands, is capable of protecting endangered species from the newly appreciated, remote-origin threat of nitrogen deposition. We employ legal analysis that builds on relevant case law to determine whether the limitations on harmful activities as set by sections 7 and 9 of the Endangered Species Act can be applied to t...
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Law, 2015
This article examines the dynamics and likely effects of NGO efforts at private, market-driven re... more This article examines the dynamics and likely effects of NGO efforts at private, market-driven regulation of antibiotics use in US agriculture. Currently led by the Consumers Union, such NGO efforts aim to eliminate unnecessary and dangerous antibiotic uses in agriculture (most notably the feeding of antibiotics to healthy animals for the purposes of prophylaxis and growth promotion). To that end, NGOs are pressing large food retailers – powerful and reputationally sensitive market actors – to demand antibiotics-free meat and refuse selling meat produced with sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics. NGOs, that is, are pressing retailers to use their buyer power and private authority to help abolish agricultural practices that are as routine and long-standing as they are dangerous to public health. This turn to the market as a source of private regulatory authority and power for antibiotics use reform can be largely traced to the ongoing success of agricultural and pharmaceutical interest...
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Page 1. Addressing Ballast-Mediated Marine Invasions in the United States and Australia: The Scie... more Page 1. Addressing Ballast-Mediated Marine Invasions in the United States and Australia: The Science and Politics of Defining and Managing Ecological Risks by Zdravka Petrova Tzankova BA (Mount Holyoke College) 1998 ...
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Growing in presence and visibility, eco-labels and other forms of green certification are the mor... more Growing in presence and visibility, eco-labels and other forms of green certification are the more visible signs of a broader social and policy phenomenon: the rise of private regulation and nonstate, market-based governance of environmental and resource practices. The growth of private regulatory initiatives, especially initiatives led by NGOs and other civil society actors, is increasingly accompanied by concerns over their potential to detract from public, government regulation. This paper seeks to generate insights on the nature and consequences of interaction between more traditional forms of public, government regulation and the growing realm of market-based regulation by nonstate actors. It does so by focusing on the burgeoning field of private, market-based fisheries regulation to examine the public policy and regulatory implications of growing NGO use of market-based regulation. My observations and analysis suggest important potential for positive synergies between the priv...
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Federal conservation policy has seen a new development recently: the use of the Clean Water Act (... more Federal conservation policy has seen a new development recently: the use of the Clean Water Act (CWA) as a tool for regulating ballast water discharges from ships and, thereby, for preventing biological invasions caused by the discharge of nonindigenous organisms in ballast. Some outcomes of this new method for regulating ballast water discharge are obvious. Less obvious is the way that superimposing CWA regulatory authority on an already existing system of U.S. ballast law and regulation is likely to change the politics of ballast regulation. What do such changes in regulatory politics spell for the future of regulatory protections against biological invasions caused by discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated ballast water, and for the future of conservation? This paper focuses on the latter questions.
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The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures
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Regulation & Governance
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Energy Research & Social Science
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William Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 2013
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Environ Polit, 2009
The US and Australia – western democracies with similar histories of public awareness on environm... more The US and Australia – western democracies with similar histories of public awareness on environmental issues and broadly comparable records of policy and regulatory action to safeguard environmental quality – have responded differently to one of the newest and most significant threats to marine bioidiversity: that of biological invasions mediated by the ballast water of commercial shipping. Each country has framed the same invasion risks differently for the purposes of policy and regulation: Australia has decided to use a more narrowly circumscribed, target-species-based approach whereas US policy and regulation takes a more comprehensive and precautionary approach. These somewhat surprising national regulatory choices are traced to differences in the structure of each country’s process for ballast policy decision making and most importantly to the policy role of ecological expertise within this process.
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Federal conservation policy has seen a new development recently: the use of the Clean Water Act (... more Federal conservation policy has seen a new development recently: the use of the Clean Water Act (CWA) as a tool for regulating ballast water discharges from ships and, thereby, for preventing biological invasions caused by the discharge of nonindigenous organisms in ballast. Some outcomes of this new method for regulating ballast water discharge are obvious, but superimposing CWA regulatory authority on an already existing system of U.S. ballast law and regulation is also likely to change the politics of ballast regulation in some more subtle, less obvious, yet practically significant ways. What do such changes in regulatory politics spell for the future of regulatory protections against biological invasions caused by discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated ballast water, and for the future of conservation?
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Page 1. Addressing Ballast-Mediated Marine Invasions in the United States and Australia: The Scie... more Page 1. Addressing Ballast-Mediated Marine Invasions in the United States and Australia: The Science and Politics of Defining and Managing Ecological Risks by Zdravka Petrova Tzankova BA (Mount Holyoke College) 1998 ...
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Guide to U.S. Environmental Policy, 2014
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Papers by Zdravka Tzankova