water quality in environmental deliveries to the Everglades Protection Area (EPA), the Project De... more water quality in environmental deliveries to the Everglades Protection Area (EPA), the Project Development Team (PDT) is evaluating the use of a stormwater treatment area (STA) as part of the regional set of projects (see Figure 1 for conceptual schematic of the EAASR). Acknowledging that significant uncertainty exists in many critical design factors, a conceptual-level analysis was performed to assist the PDT identify the key parameters that influence the size of the proposed STA. This analysis established a preliminary set of inflow volumes and phosphorus loads based on a comparison of the With Project simulation (EAA1-4) to the Without Project simulation (2050B3EAA). Using performance results from the recent EAA A1 Storage Reservoir Basis of Design Report (Black & Veatch 2006) and the EAA Regional Feasibility Study (ADA/Burns & McDonnell 2005), preliminary phosphorus reduction characteristics were established for the A1 and A2 reservoirs, as well as STA-3/4 and the proposed STA. ...
In their review of the 2006 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I (SFER), the 2005 expert... more In their review of the 2006 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I (SFER), the 2005 expert panel recommended that “a summary chapter or section be added that synthesizes different chapters, for example, mercury, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur cycling, including their interrelationships.” The panel also suggested that newly added cross-cutting themes, focusing on relevant topics such as water quality, continue to be presented separately in future SFERs. Initial responses by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD or District) to the panelists on their 2006 report general comments are presented in Appendix 1A-1 of this volume. As a follow-up to these responses and to supplement data and supporting information presented in the individual 2007 SFER chapters, this chapter responds to these recommendations and provides an overview of the numerous programs and restoration efforts addressing water quality, and more specifically phosphorus, across the Kissimmee-Okeechobee-...
SUMMARY Pursuant to the requirements of Section 373.4592(13), Florida Statutes (F.S.), this chapt... more SUMMARY Pursuant to the requirements of Section 373.4592(13), Florida Statutes (F.S.), this chapter presents an update on the progress of the implementation of the Long-Term Plan for Achieving Water Quality Goals in the Everglades Protection Area (Long-Term Plan) (Burns and McDonnell, 2003) and subsequent amendments. Because there is overlap between many of the Long-Term Plan projects and other South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD or District) Everglades restoration efforts, the updates for many of the Long-Term Plan projects will appear in other chapters of this volume. The Long-Term Plan projects that cover the Everglades Stormwater Program basins (also known as non-Everglades Construction Project, or non-ECP, basins) and source controls are covered in Chapter 4 of this volume, and the Long-Term Plan projects relating to the Everglades Construction Project Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are covered in Chapter 5 of this volume. Table 8-1 indicates the specific chapters...
SUMMARY The long-term Everglades water quality objective is to implement the optimal combination ... more SUMMARY The long-term Everglades water quality objective is to implement the optimal combination of source controls, Stormwater Treatment Areas, Advanced Treatment Technologies, and/or regulatory programs to ensure that all waters in the Everglades Protection Area meet the phosphorus criterion established in Rule 62-302.540 of the Florida Administrative Code, consistent with the requirements of Florida’s 1994 Everglades Forever Act, as amended by the Florida legislature in 2003. Substantial progress toward reducing phosphorus levels discharged into the Everglades Protection Area has been made by the state of Florida and other stakeholders. The combined performance of the regulatory program in the Everglades Agricultural Area and of the Stormwater Treatment Areas constructed under the 1994 Everglades Construction Project, both mandated by the Everglades Forever Act, has exceeded expectations. As of the end of April 2003, the Everglades Agricultural Area’s Best Management Practices an...
Abstract The Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are large-scale freshwater wetlands con... more Abstract The Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are large-scale freshwater wetlands constructed to reduce total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in runoff to support restoration of the Everglades. TP reduction and retention in STAs occurs through settling, plant growth and accumulation of dead plant material in a layer of peat. This study evaluated the performance of six treatment flow-ways in STA − 2 and STA-3/4, two of the best performing Everglades STAs, through water and TP budget analyses based on over a decade of hydrological, meteorological, and water quality data. STA performance was evaluated by comparing annual and long-term average annual flow-way and treatment cell TP flow-weighted mean outflow (FWMC) concentrations, TP load retention percentage, and TP FWMC reduction percentage. The effects of annual hydraulic loading rate, annual phosphorus loading rate, annual average hydraulic residence time, inflow TP FWMC and annual average water depth on annual flow-way TP FWMC were evaluated. For the six flow-ways studied, a higher frequency of low-level outflow TP annual FWMC was achieved when the annual hydraulic residence time was longer than 14 d, annual hydraulic loading rate was less than or equal to 3.5 cm day−1, the annual water depth was shallower than or equal to 0.65 m, the annual phosphorus loading rate was smaller than or equal to 1.2 g m2 yr−1, or the annual inflow TP FWMC was less than or equal to 100 μg L−1. This study demonstrated that TP settling rate alone is not adequate to evaluate STA treatment performance especially when hydraulic loading rates differ. This study also helped improve understanding of the factors that affected the treatment performance of large-scale constructed wetland flow-ways which consistently retained TP and reduced TP concentrations over a long-term operational period.
Abstract The effect of high flows on total phosphorus (TP) removal in a 40-ha periphyton-based st... more Abstract The effect of high flows on total phosphorus (TP) removal in a 40-ha periphyton-based stormwater treatment area wetland (PSTA Cell) located in Stormwater Treatment Area (STA)-3/4 was evaluated by subjecting the PSTA Cell to three short-duration (3-day) hydraulic (high-inflow) pulses. The intent was to mimic hydraulic conditions that would be experienced during large storm events should the PSTA concept be implemented throughout the complex of treatment wetlands (STAs) operated by the South Florida Water Management District for Everglades restoration. The average inflow rate to the PSTA Cell during the pulses (1.3–2.0 m3 s−1) was approximately three to four times higher than under normal operation. The hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) during the pulses (28–43 cm d−1) matched the peak 3-day HLRs observed in STA-3/4 during high inflows associated with storm runoff. Correspondingly, the phosphorus loading rates (PLRs) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) during the pulses (2.3–6.3 mg m−2 d−1 and 1.4–1.8 days, respectively) were substantially higher and lower, respectively, compared to PLRs and HRTs in the PSTA Cell under normal operation. No reduction in TP removal performance was observed in the PSTA Cell during the pulses, and there was no indication that post-pulse outflow TP concentrations increased compared to pre-pulse levels in response to the pulse events. The short-term increase in hydraulic and TP loads during this study did not compromise the treatment efficacy of the PSTA Cell. If implementable in a cost-effective manner in the STAs, the PSTA concept could be part of a treatment strategy that achieves TP effluent limits mandated for these wetlands.
water quality in environmental deliveries to the Everglades Protection Area (EPA), the Project De... more water quality in environmental deliveries to the Everglades Protection Area (EPA), the Project Development Team (PDT) is evaluating the use of a stormwater treatment area (STA) as part of the regional set of projects (see Figure 1 for conceptual schematic of the EAASR). Acknowledging that significant uncertainty exists in many critical design factors, a conceptual-level analysis was performed to assist the PDT identify the key parameters that influence the size of the proposed STA. This analysis established a preliminary set of inflow volumes and phosphorus loads based on a comparison of the With Project simulation (EAA1-4) to the Without Project simulation (2050B3EAA). Using performance results from the recent EAA A1 Storage Reservoir Basis of Design Report (Black & Veatch 2006) and the EAA Regional Feasibility Study (ADA/Burns & McDonnell 2005), preliminary phosphorus reduction characteristics were established for the A1 and A2 reservoirs, as well as STA-3/4 and the proposed STA. ...
In their review of the 2006 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I (SFER), the 2005 expert... more In their review of the 2006 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I (SFER), the 2005 expert panel recommended that “a summary chapter or section be added that synthesizes different chapters, for example, mercury, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur cycling, including their interrelationships.” The panel also suggested that newly added cross-cutting themes, focusing on relevant topics such as water quality, continue to be presented separately in future SFERs. Initial responses by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD or District) to the panelists on their 2006 report general comments are presented in Appendix 1A-1 of this volume. As a follow-up to these responses and to supplement data and supporting information presented in the individual 2007 SFER chapters, this chapter responds to these recommendations and provides an overview of the numerous programs and restoration efforts addressing water quality, and more specifically phosphorus, across the Kissimmee-Okeechobee-...
SUMMARY Pursuant to the requirements of Section 373.4592(13), Florida Statutes (F.S.), this chapt... more SUMMARY Pursuant to the requirements of Section 373.4592(13), Florida Statutes (F.S.), this chapter presents an update on the progress of the implementation of the Long-Term Plan for Achieving Water Quality Goals in the Everglades Protection Area (Long-Term Plan) (Burns and McDonnell, 2003) and subsequent amendments. Because there is overlap between many of the Long-Term Plan projects and other South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD or District) Everglades restoration efforts, the updates for many of the Long-Term Plan projects will appear in other chapters of this volume. The Long-Term Plan projects that cover the Everglades Stormwater Program basins (also known as non-Everglades Construction Project, or non-ECP, basins) and source controls are covered in Chapter 4 of this volume, and the Long-Term Plan projects relating to the Everglades Construction Project Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are covered in Chapter 5 of this volume. Table 8-1 indicates the specific chapters...
SUMMARY The long-term Everglades water quality objective is to implement the optimal combination ... more SUMMARY The long-term Everglades water quality objective is to implement the optimal combination of source controls, Stormwater Treatment Areas, Advanced Treatment Technologies, and/or regulatory programs to ensure that all waters in the Everglades Protection Area meet the phosphorus criterion established in Rule 62-302.540 of the Florida Administrative Code, consistent with the requirements of Florida’s 1994 Everglades Forever Act, as amended by the Florida legislature in 2003. Substantial progress toward reducing phosphorus levels discharged into the Everglades Protection Area has been made by the state of Florida and other stakeholders. The combined performance of the regulatory program in the Everglades Agricultural Area and of the Stormwater Treatment Areas constructed under the 1994 Everglades Construction Project, both mandated by the Everglades Forever Act, has exceeded expectations. As of the end of April 2003, the Everglades Agricultural Area’s Best Management Practices an...
Abstract The Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are large-scale freshwater wetlands con... more Abstract The Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are large-scale freshwater wetlands constructed to reduce total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in runoff to support restoration of the Everglades. TP reduction and retention in STAs occurs through settling, plant growth and accumulation of dead plant material in a layer of peat. This study evaluated the performance of six treatment flow-ways in STA − 2 and STA-3/4, two of the best performing Everglades STAs, through water and TP budget analyses based on over a decade of hydrological, meteorological, and water quality data. STA performance was evaluated by comparing annual and long-term average annual flow-way and treatment cell TP flow-weighted mean outflow (FWMC) concentrations, TP load retention percentage, and TP FWMC reduction percentage. The effects of annual hydraulic loading rate, annual phosphorus loading rate, annual average hydraulic residence time, inflow TP FWMC and annual average water depth on annual flow-way TP FWMC were evaluated. For the six flow-ways studied, a higher frequency of low-level outflow TP annual FWMC was achieved when the annual hydraulic residence time was longer than 14 d, annual hydraulic loading rate was less than or equal to 3.5 cm day−1, the annual water depth was shallower than or equal to 0.65 m, the annual phosphorus loading rate was smaller than or equal to 1.2 g m2 yr−1, or the annual inflow TP FWMC was less than or equal to 100 μg L−1. This study demonstrated that TP settling rate alone is not adequate to evaluate STA treatment performance especially when hydraulic loading rates differ. This study also helped improve understanding of the factors that affected the treatment performance of large-scale constructed wetland flow-ways which consistently retained TP and reduced TP concentrations over a long-term operational period.
Abstract The effect of high flows on total phosphorus (TP) removal in a 40-ha periphyton-based st... more Abstract The effect of high flows on total phosphorus (TP) removal in a 40-ha periphyton-based stormwater treatment area wetland (PSTA Cell) located in Stormwater Treatment Area (STA)-3/4 was evaluated by subjecting the PSTA Cell to three short-duration (3-day) hydraulic (high-inflow) pulses. The intent was to mimic hydraulic conditions that would be experienced during large storm events should the PSTA concept be implemented throughout the complex of treatment wetlands (STAs) operated by the South Florida Water Management District for Everglades restoration. The average inflow rate to the PSTA Cell during the pulses (1.3–2.0 m3 s−1) was approximately three to four times higher than under normal operation. The hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) during the pulses (28–43 cm d−1) matched the peak 3-day HLRs observed in STA-3/4 during high inflows associated with storm runoff. Correspondingly, the phosphorus loading rates (PLRs) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) during the pulses (2.3–6.3 mg m−2 d−1 and 1.4–1.8 days, respectively) were substantially higher and lower, respectively, compared to PLRs and HRTs in the PSTA Cell under normal operation. No reduction in TP removal performance was observed in the PSTA Cell during the pulses, and there was no indication that post-pulse outflow TP concentrations increased compared to pre-pulse levels in response to the pulse events. The short-term increase in hydraulic and TP loads during this study did not compromise the treatment efficacy of the PSTA Cell. If implementable in a cost-effective manner in the STAs, the PSTA concept could be part of a treatment strategy that achieves TP effluent limits mandated for these wetlands.
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