7 Maintaining a healthy environment and conserving biodiversity are major policy protection goals... more 7 Maintaining a healthy environment and conserving biodiversity are major policy protection goals. 8 Legal frameworks therefore require the protection of human, animal and plant health, and the 9 environment. A challenge, however, is that protection goals outlined in legislation are often too 10 general and broad to be directly applicable for environmental risk assessment (ERA) performed by the 11 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Therefore, general and broadly formulated protection goals 12 need to be translated into specific protection goals. This Guidance presents a framework, which 13 accounts for biodiversity and ecosystem services, to make policy protection goals operational for use 14 in EFSA’s ERAs. The proposed approach follows three sequential steps: (1) the identification of 15 relevant Ecosystem Services; (2) the identification of service providing units supporting/providing 16 relevant Ecosystem Services; and (3) the specification of the degree/parameters of protec...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
In China, the fungicide fludioxonil, that accumulates and persists in sediments, has a widespread... more In China, the fungicide fludioxonil, that accumulates and persists in sediments, has a widespread agricultural use to control various fungal diseases. Its residues may cause toxic effects to benthic aquatic fauna, thereby impacting ecosystem service functions of aquatic ecosystems. To assess the potential environmental effects of fludioxonil in the sediment compartment of edge-of-field surface waters, sediment-spiked single-species toxicity tests with benthic macroinvertebrates were performed. In all experiments artificial sediment was used with an organic carbon content of 2.43% on dry weight basis. The single-species tests were conducted with 8 benthic macroinvertebrates covering different taxonomic groups typical for the Yangtze River Delta, China. The 28d-EC10 and 28-LC10 values thus obtained were used to construct species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). In addition, our data were supplemented with similar fludioxonil-spiked sediment toxicity data for benthic invertebrates from the Netherlands. Based on SSDs constructed with 28d-EC10 values of 8 benthic species from our experiments in China, hazardous concentrations to 5% of the species tested (HC5’s) of respectively 0.57 mg fludioxonil/kg dry weight sediment and 5.4 µg fludioxonil/L pore water were obtained. Supplementing our data from China with 8 similar toxicity data for other benthic species from the Netherlands, these HC5 values became respectively 1.2 mg fludioxonil/kg dry weight sediment and 11 µg fludioxonil/L pore water.
7 Based on consultation with Member States, EFSA asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the 8 G... more 7 Based on consultation with Member States, EFSA asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the 8 Guidance Document on persistence in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific 9 knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel developed a revised 10 methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms. Based on a previous opinion of the 11 Panel, the methodology is developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in 12 the soil pore water. The goal of the exposure assessment is provisionally the 90th percentile of the 13 exposure concentration in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory zones. The 14 exposure-assessment methodology is restricted to spray applications to annual crops under 15 conventional or reduced tillage (excluding tillage systems with ridges and furrows). The Panel 16 proposes a tiered approach. Tier 1 is based on a simple analytical model. Tier 2A is based on 17 simulations with n...
Current risk assessment of plant protection products is performed on a formulated-product-by-form... more Current risk assessment of plant protection products is performed on a formulated-product-by-formulated-product basis and does not take into account the fact that products may be mixed and/or that different products are used sequentially within a growing season. This report evaluates three possibilities for taking these aspects into account in the future that target the risks for surface water. The investigated methods have been shown to be able to take ‘multiple stresses’ into consideration. Further investigation is needed to check if these methods are sufficient. In this report, three different methods were used to assess the multiple stresses caused by parallel and sequential applications of plant protection products according to realistic application scenarios during the growing season of a tuber crop and an orchard crop. The methods show the effects of the different products on the organisms living in a ditch at the edge of a field. The first method used is the so-called Toxic ...
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance D... more The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance Document on persistence in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel started the development of a revised methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms. Based on a previous opinion of the Panel, the methodology is developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in the soil pore water. The aim of the exposure assessment is the spatial 90 th percentile of the exposure concentration (maximum in time) in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory zones. The assessment of this percentile will include the uncertainty of substance and soil properties. The exposure assessment methodology is a function of (i) the type of crop (annual, pasture, permanent or rice), (ii) the tillage system and (iii) the application technique of the plant protection product. Based...
... Titre du document / Document title. Effects of nutrient loading and insecticide application o... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Effects of nutrient loading and insecticide application on the ecology of Elodea-dominated freshwater microcosms. I: Responses of plankton and zooplanktivorous insects. Auteur(s) / Author(s). ...
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016
Chemical contaminants released into the in the environment may have adverse effects on (non-targe... more Chemical contaminants released into the in the environment may have adverse effects on (non-target) species, populations and communities. The return of a stressed system to its pre-disturbance or other reference state, i.e. the ecological recovery, may depend on various factors related to the affected taxon, the ecosystem of concern and the type of stressor with consequences for the assessment and management of risks associated with chemical contaminants. Whereas the effects caused by short-term exposure might be acceptable to some extent, the conditions under which ecological recovery can serve as a decision criterion in the environmental risk assessment of chemical stressors remains to be evaluated. For a generic consideration of recovery in the risk assessment of chemicals, we reviewed case studies of natural and artificial aquatic systems and evaluate five aspects that might cause variability in population recovery time: (1) taxonomic differences and life-history variability, (2) factors related to ecosystem type and community processes, (3) type of disturbance, (4) comparison of field and semi-field studies, and (5) effect magnitude, i.e., the decline in population size following disturbance. We discuss our findings with regard to both retrospective assessments and prospective risk assessment.
Under typical agricultural use of an insecticide, it is likely that only part of an edge-of-field... more Under typical agricultural use of an insecticide, it is likely that only part of an edge-of-field drainage ditch will be directly contaminated by spray drift. The response, including recovery, of aquatic macroinvertebrates in sprayed ditch sections may be affected by immigration of organisms from adjacent nonsprayed ditch sections, but also the population dynamics in nonsprayed sections (refuges) may be affected by nearby contaminated patches (known as action at a distance). Experimental ditches were used to study the influence of the presence of nearby refuges on the responses of macroinvertebrates in ditch sections directly sprayed with the insecticide lufenuron, and vice versa. The treatment regimes differed in the proportion of the ditch (0, 33, 67, and 100% of surface area) that was sprayed to reach a lufenuron concentration of 3 microg/L in the water column of the sprayed ditch section. In sprayed ditch sections, clear treatment-related effects were observed for adult midges in the emergence traps and for aquatic arthropods (mainly juveniles) in the artificial substrate/sweep net samples. The extent in magnitude and duration of effects in sprayed ditch sections was overall larger when a larger proportion of the ditch was sprayed and/or the distance to the refuge was larger. In nonsprayed ditch sections of partially treated ditches, treatment-related effects were absent or minor for macroinvertebrates that predominantly dwell on or in the sediment compartment, particularly at a larger distance from the sprayed ditch sections. More mobile arthropods that predominantly dwell in the water column showed clear treatment-related effects in the nonsprayed ditch sections as well, but action at a distance was smaller if a smaller proportion of ditch was treated.
7 Maintaining a healthy environment and conserving biodiversity are major policy protection goals... more 7 Maintaining a healthy environment and conserving biodiversity are major policy protection goals. 8 Legal frameworks therefore require the protection of human, animal and plant health, and the 9 environment. A challenge, however, is that protection goals outlined in legislation are often too 10 general and broad to be directly applicable for environmental risk assessment (ERA) performed by the 11 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Therefore, general and broadly formulated protection goals 12 need to be translated into specific protection goals. This Guidance presents a framework, which 13 accounts for biodiversity and ecosystem services, to make policy protection goals operational for use 14 in EFSA’s ERAs. The proposed approach follows three sequential steps: (1) the identification of 15 relevant Ecosystem Services; (2) the identification of service providing units supporting/providing 16 relevant Ecosystem Services; and (3) the specification of the degree/parameters of protec...
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
In China, the fungicide fludioxonil, that accumulates and persists in sediments, has a widespread... more In China, the fungicide fludioxonil, that accumulates and persists in sediments, has a widespread agricultural use to control various fungal diseases. Its residues may cause toxic effects to benthic aquatic fauna, thereby impacting ecosystem service functions of aquatic ecosystems. To assess the potential environmental effects of fludioxonil in the sediment compartment of edge-of-field surface waters, sediment-spiked single-species toxicity tests with benthic macroinvertebrates were performed. In all experiments artificial sediment was used with an organic carbon content of 2.43% on dry weight basis. The single-species tests were conducted with 8 benthic macroinvertebrates covering different taxonomic groups typical for the Yangtze River Delta, China. The 28d-EC10 and 28-LC10 values thus obtained were used to construct species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). In addition, our data were supplemented with similar fludioxonil-spiked sediment toxicity data for benthic invertebrates from the Netherlands. Based on SSDs constructed with 28d-EC10 values of 8 benthic species from our experiments in China, hazardous concentrations to 5% of the species tested (HC5’s) of respectively 0.57 mg fludioxonil/kg dry weight sediment and 5.4 µg fludioxonil/L pore water were obtained. Supplementing our data from China with 8 similar toxicity data for other benthic species from the Netherlands, these HC5 values became respectively 1.2 mg fludioxonil/kg dry weight sediment and 11 µg fludioxonil/L pore water.
7 Based on consultation with Member States, EFSA asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the 8 G... more 7 Based on consultation with Member States, EFSA asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the 8 Guidance Document on persistence in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific 9 knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel developed a revised 10 methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms. Based on a previous opinion of the 11 Panel, the methodology is developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in 12 the soil pore water. The goal of the exposure assessment is provisionally the 90th percentile of the 13 exposure concentration in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory zones. The 14 exposure-assessment methodology is restricted to spray applications to annual crops under 15 conventional or reduced tillage (excluding tillage systems with ridges and furrows). The Panel 16 proposes a tiered approach. Tier 1 is based on a simple analytical model. Tier 2A is based on 17 simulations with n...
Current risk assessment of plant protection products is performed on a formulated-product-by-form... more Current risk assessment of plant protection products is performed on a formulated-product-by-formulated-product basis and does not take into account the fact that products may be mixed and/or that different products are used sequentially within a growing season. This report evaluates three possibilities for taking these aspects into account in the future that target the risks for surface water. The investigated methods have been shown to be able to take ‘multiple stresses’ into consideration. Further investigation is needed to check if these methods are sufficient. In this report, three different methods were used to assess the multiple stresses caused by parallel and sequential applications of plant protection products according to realistic application scenarios during the growing season of a tuber crop and an orchard crop. The methods show the effects of the different products on the organisms living in a ditch at the edge of a field. The first method used is the so-called Toxic ...
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance D... more The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance Document on persistence in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel started the development of a revised methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms. Based on a previous opinion of the Panel, the methodology is developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in the soil pore water. The aim of the exposure assessment is the spatial 90 th percentile of the exposure concentration (maximum in time) in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory zones. The assessment of this percentile will include the uncertainty of substance and soil properties. The exposure assessment methodology is a function of (i) the type of crop (annual, pasture, permanent or rice), (ii) the tillage system and (iii) the application technique of the plant protection product. Based...
... Titre du document / Document title. Effects of nutrient loading and insecticide application o... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Effects of nutrient loading and insecticide application on the ecology of Elodea-dominated freshwater microcosms. I: Responses of plankton and zooplanktivorous insects. Auteur(s) / Author(s). ...
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016
Chemical contaminants released into the in the environment may have adverse effects on (non-targe... more Chemical contaminants released into the in the environment may have adverse effects on (non-target) species, populations and communities. The return of a stressed system to its pre-disturbance or other reference state, i.e. the ecological recovery, may depend on various factors related to the affected taxon, the ecosystem of concern and the type of stressor with consequences for the assessment and management of risks associated with chemical contaminants. Whereas the effects caused by short-term exposure might be acceptable to some extent, the conditions under which ecological recovery can serve as a decision criterion in the environmental risk assessment of chemical stressors remains to be evaluated. For a generic consideration of recovery in the risk assessment of chemicals, we reviewed case studies of natural and artificial aquatic systems and evaluate five aspects that might cause variability in population recovery time: (1) taxonomic differences and life-history variability, (2) factors related to ecosystem type and community processes, (3) type of disturbance, (4) comparison of field and semi-field studies, and (5) effect magnitude, i.e., the decline in population size following disturbance. We discuss our findings with regard to both retrospective assessments and prospective risk assessment.
Under typical agricultural use of an insecticide, it is likely that only part of an edge-of-field... more Under typical agricultural use of an insecticide, it is likely that only part of an edge-of-field drainage ditch will be directly contaminated by spray drift. The response, including recovery, of aquatic macroinvertebrates in sprayed ditch sections may be affected by immigration of organisms from adjacent nonsprayed ditch sections, but also the population dynamics in nonsprayed sections (refuges) may be affected by nearby contaminated patches (known as action at a distance). Experimental ditches were used to study the influence of the presence of nearby refuges on the responses of macroinvertebrates in ditch sections directly sprayed with the insecticide lufenuron, and vice versa. The treatment regimes differed in the proportion of the ditch (0, 33, 67, and 100% of surface area) that was sprayed to reach a lufenuron concentration of 3 microg/L in the water column of the sprayed ditch section. In sprayed ditch sections, clear treatment-related effects were observed for adult midges in the emergence traps and for aquatic arthropods (mainly juveniles) in the artificial substrate/sweep net samples. The extent in magnitude and duration of effects in sprayed ditch sections was overall larger when a larger proportion of the ditch was sprayed and/or the distance to the refuge was larger. In nonsprayed ditch sections of partially treated ditches, treatment-related effects were absent or minor for macroinvertebrates that predominantly dwell on or in the sediment compartment, particularly at a larger distance from the sprayed ditch sections. More mobile arthropods that predominantly dwell in the water column showed clear treatment-related effects in the nonsprayed ditch sections as well, but action at a distance was smaller if a smaller proportion of ditch was treated.
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